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French Colonialism Unmasked

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FRENCH C OLONIALISM UNMASKED The Vichy Years in French West Africa R U T H G I N I O 1 French Colonialism Unmasked 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 [First Page] 12 13 [-1], (1) 14 15 Lines: 0 to 11 16 17 ——— 18 * 507.0pt PgVar ——— 19 Normal Page 20 * PgEnds: PageBreak 21 22 23 [-1], (1) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page i / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 [-2], (2) 14 15 Lines: 11 to 40 16 17 ——— 18 * 382.4pt PgVar ——— 19 Normal Page 20 * PgEnds: Eject 21 22 23 [-2], (2) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 France Overseas: 32 Studies in Empire 33 and Decolonization 34 35 series editors 36 Philip Boucher 37 38 A. J. B. Johnston 39 James D. Le Sueur 40 Tyler Stovall BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page ii / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 2 3 ruth ginio 4 5 6 7 French Colonialism Unmasked 8 9 The Vichy Years in French West Africa 10 11 12 13 [-3], (3) 14 15 Lines: 40 to 59 16 17 ——— 18 * 104.0pt PgVar ——— 19 Normal Page 20 * PgEnds: PageBreak 21 22 23 [-3], (3) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 University of Nebraska Press 32 Lincoln and London 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page iii / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 © 2006 by the Board of Regents 2 of the University of Nebraska 3 All rights reserved Manufactured in the 4 United States of America 5 ⅜ϱ 6 7 Library of Congress 8 Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ginio, Ruth, 1966– 9 French colonialism unmasked: the 10 Vichy years in French West Africa 11 / Ruth Ginio. 12 p. cm.—(France overseas) 13 Includes bibliographical [-4], (4) 14 references and index. isbn-13: 978-0-8032-2212-0 15 (cloth: alk. paper) Lines: 59 to 107 16 isbn-10: 0-8032-2212-2 17 (cloth: alk. paper) ——— 18 1. Africa, French-speaking West— * 198.17601pt PgVar ——— 19 History—1884–1960. 2. Africa, French-speaking West—Colonial Normal Page 20 influence. 3. World War, 1939– * PgEnds: PageBreak 21 1945—Africa, French-speaking 22 West. I. Title. II. Series. 23 dt532.5.g56 2006 [-4], (4) 24 966'.0097541—dc22 25 2005017224 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page iv / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 2 3 In loving memory of my mother, Aviva Lipstein, 4 who was persecuted by the Vichy regime and saved 5 by noble-hearted French men and women 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 [-5], (5) 14 15 Lines: 107 to 116 16 17 ——— 18 * 452.72002pt PgVar ——— 19 Normal Page 20 * PgEnds: PageBreak 21 22 23 [-5], (5) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page v / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 [-6], (6) 14 15 Lines: 116 to 117 16 17 ——— 18 0.0pt PgVar ——— 19 Normal Page 20 PgEnds: T X 21 E 22 23 [-6], (6) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page vi / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 Contents 2 3 4 5 List of Illustrations viii 6 Acknowledgments ix 7 Introduction xiii 8 part one 9 French West Africa and Its Place in the Vichy Colonial Idea 1 10 1. Setting the Stage for Vichy: French West Africa on the Eve of 11 World War II 3 12 2. “A Source of Pride and Greatness”: The Place of the Empire 13 [-7], (7) in Vichy Ideology 11 14 15 part two Lines: 117 to 214 16 The National Revolution in French West Africa 23 17 3. Vichy Settles In: Administrative Changes and Continuity 25 ——— 18 4. Spreading the National Revolution in fwa: Propaganda, Education, * 42.94798pt PgVar ——— 19 and Social Organizations 33 Normal Page 20 5. “Thinking Big”: Vichy Economic Visions in fwa 59 * PgEnds: PageBreak 21 part three 22 Vichy Encounters with African Society 87 23 [-7], (7) 6. Vichy and the “Products” of Assimilation: Citizens, Western-Educated 24 Africans, and African Christians 93 25 7. The Vichy Regime and the “Traditional” Elements of African Society: 26 Chiefs, Soldiers, and Muslims 117 27 8. Vichy Colonialism and African Society: Change and Continuity 153 28 29 part four 30 The Long-Term Significance of the Vichy Period for West African History 159 31 9. Vichy Colonialism: A Comparative Perspective 161 32 10. Vichy’s Postwar Impact: Decolonization in fwa 173 33 Conclusions 183 34 Notes 191 35 Bibliography 213 36 Index 231 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page vii / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 Illustrations 2 3 4 5 Map 6 Northwestern Africa (1940–1942)xiv 7 8 Photographs 9 1. Map of Africa at the colonies’ exposition in Paris, October 1942 19 10 2. Cub Scouts parade on Joan of Arc Day in Dakar, 11 May 1941 41 11 3. Legion Day celebrations in Dakar 51 12 13 Tables [-8], (8) 14 1. Wood coal industry in Senegal, 1937–1941 68 15 2. Needs in wartime 73 Lines: 214 to 255 16 3. Needs in normal times (according to the Ten-Year Plan) 79 17 4. Maximum number of workers to be recruited from each colony 80 ——— 18 * 297.587pt PgVar ——— 19 Normal Page 20 * PgEnds: PageBreak 21 22 23 [-8], (8) 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page viii / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio 1 Acknowledgments 2 3 4 5 This book is the culmination of a long research project that started as 6 a Ph.D. dissertation presented to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. 7 It all began in a conversation I had with Michel Abitbol, my advisor, 8 who understood my deep and personal interest in the Vichy period and 9 suggested that I dedicate my thesis to this period in French West Africa, 10 which was fascinating but emotionally easier than delving into wartime 11 Europe. During the years in which I wrote my dissertation and later, when [First Page] 12 he was no longer formally responsible for my work, Michel never ceased 13 to provide professional guidance and practical help and advice. He read [-9], (1) 14 every chapter promptly but carefully, and although he was occupied with 15 many other responsibilities and duties at the time, he always had time to Lines: 0 to 16 16 resolve an unexpected difficulty. I wish to thank him with all my heart 17 for his patience, his caring, and most of all his trust and encouragement. ——— 18 I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee, 0.0pt PgVar ——— 19 Naomi Chazan, Richard I. Cohen, and Robert Wistrich, for their useful Normal Page 20 advice. To Naomi I owe special thanks for teaching me some basic rules PgEnds: T X 21 of academic writing and for “inflicting” on me her love for Africa. E 22 The Harry S. Truman Research Institute for the Advancement of Peace 23 provided me with an intellectually and socially vibrant environment, first [-9], (1) 24 as a Ph.D. candidate and later as a Research Fellow. The corridor conver- 25 sations I had with some of my colleagues and friends there often proved 26 very useful, as well as pleasant, and opened my mind in new directions. 27 Efrat Ben Ze’ev never ceased to encourage me to think further about every 28 statement I made, Louise Bethlehem opened up for me a whole new world 29 of academic thinking, with Lynn Schler I could always discuss African 30 history, and Asher Kaufman shared with me his perspective on French 31 colonialism in Lebanon. I would like to thank the former director Amnon 32 Cohen and the present one, Eyal Ben-Ari, for their encouragement and, 33 no less important, for the institute’s invaluable financial assistance over 34 the years. The research scholarships I received from the institute during 35 the preparation of my thesis, particularly the Young Truman Scholar post- 36 doctoral fellowship, allowed me to dedicate most of my time to research 37 and travel to archives abroad. A special grant from the Truman Institute’s 38 publications committee enabled me to complete the process of turning 39 my dissertation into a book. Also from the Truman Institute, I would like 40 to thank my friend and English editor, Lisa Perlman, who is probably a BOB — University of Nebraska Press / Page ix / / French Colonialism Unmasked / Ruth Ginio x Acknowledgments 1 Vichy-in-fwa expert by now. Her sharp eye and professional skills helped 2 cover the weaknesses of a text written by a nonnative English speaker. 3 Tirza Margalioth and the library staff at the institute were friendly and 4 helpful in ordering microfilms and journals. 5 I would like to thank the heads of the Institute for Asian and African 6 Studies at the Hebrew University, Reuven Amitai, Steven Kaplan, and 7 Arye Levin, who offered me a place to teach and work, as well as financial 8 support.
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    Des Africaines rebelles : Léonie Abo, Aoua Kéita, Simone Kaya Une exploration de l'héritage féministe des Canadiennes d'origine africaine by Sarah Arlène Nyakeru A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts In Canadian Studies Faculté Saint-Jean University of Alberta © Sarah Arlène Nyakeru, 2020 Abstract This research demonstrates the importance of taking into account the cultural and social history of African women who are part of the African diaspora of Canada, since these women immigrate with social and cultural background, including gender relations. In this work, we argue that the universalizing approach of Western feminism perpetuates imperialist ideologies. Before defining Feminism among African immigrant women in North- America, it is essential to listen to the voice of colonized African women. Their cultural heritage underlines the importance of knowing other stories from women from various countries to provide essential nuances of public discourse and policy related to the rights and claims of African Canadian women. Knowing the Afro-feminist discourse in Canada would help to build an identity among immigrant women that fosters a sense of belonging to today’s multicultural Canadian society. Through the post-colonial approach that takes into account the impact of colonization on the relationship between women and men in Africa, we have been able to bring to life the unknown stories of African women in order to understand the issues related to the status of women of yesterday and today. The memoirs of Léonie Abo (Une Femme du Congo by Ludo Martens) and the autobiographies of Aoua Kéita (Femme d'Afrique, La vie d'Aoua Kéita racontée par elle-même) and Simone Kaya (Les danseuses d'Impé-eya, jeunes filles à Abidjan) reveal that indeed, colonialism has added a second layer on gender inequalities in African societies.