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Ontario's Greenbelt in an International Context 5 Ontario’s Greenbelt in an International Context Comparing Ontario’s Greenbelt to its Counterparts in Europe and North America 5 Written and researched by the Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy Maureen Carter-Whitney Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation Occasional Paper Series February 2008 Copyright © 2008 Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation All Rights Reserved Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation 68 Scollard Street, Suite 201 Toronto, Ontario M5R 1G2 Canada Tel (416) 960-0001 Fax (416) 960-0030 [email protected] www.ourgreenbelt.ca Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and Policy 130 Spadina Avenue, Suite 305 Toronto, Ontario M5V 2L4 Canada Tel (416) 923-3529 Fax (416) 923-5949 [email protected] www.cielap.org ISSN 1912-4171 Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation Occasional Paper Series (Print) ISSN 1912-418X Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation Occasional Paper Series (Online) The Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation is committed to promoting awareness and education about Ontario’s Greenbelt. To this end we occasionally publish research and general interest papers that explore our three pro- gram areas: viable agriculture and viticulture; vibrant rural communities; and, a restored and protected natural environment. Ontario’s Greenbelt in an International Context: Comparing Ontario’s Greenbelt to its Counterparts in Europe and North America By Maureen Carter-Whitney ISBN 978-0-9781524-6-8 The views and opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors only and do not necessarily represent the views of the Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation, their Officers or Directors. We have done our best to confirm that all facts and figures are accurate. However, we do not retain liability for any errors or misrepresentations. Titles in the Friends of the Greenbelt Foundation Occasional Paper Series 1- Farmers’ Markets: Opportunities for Preserving Greenbelt Agriculture 2 - The Holland Marsh: Challenges and Opportunities in the Greenbelt 3 - Planting the First Seed: Creating Opportunities for Ethnic Farmers & Young Farmers in the Greenbelt 4 - Greenbelt Walks: An Overview of the Opportunities and Challenges of Major Trails in the Greenbelt 5 - Ontario's Greenbelt in an International Context: Comparing Ontario's Greenbelt to its Counterparts in Europe and North America Table of Contents Executive Summary.................................................................................................................1 Figure 1 - Ontario Greenbelt.................................................................................2 1. Introduction...........................................................................................................................9 Table 1 - Greenbelt Size Comparison...............................................................12 Table 2 - Ontario Greenbelt.................................................................................12 Table 3 - London, UK Green Belt........................................................................13 Table 4 - German Green Belt...............................................................................15 Table 5 - Netherlands Green Heart...................................................................16 Table 6 - Portland, Oregon Urban Growth Boundary................................17 Table 7 - British Columbia Agricultural Land Reserve...............................19 2. Legal and Governance Structures...............................................................................21 3. Distinctive Features..........................................................................................................26 Figure 2 - Greenbelts in England.......................................................................27 Figure 3 - Iron Curtain Green Belt in Germany.............................................30 Figure 4 - Netherlands Green Heart.................................................................31 Figure 5 - Portland, Oregon Urban Growth Boundary..............................33 Figure 6 - British Columbia Agricultural Land Resource...........................35 Figure 7 - Ontario Greenbelt...............................................................................36 4. Greenbelt Stewards..........................................................................................................37 5. Political Issues: Threats and Foes................................................................................41 6. Successes and Challenges.............................................................................................49 6.1 London, UK Green Belt...................................................................................49 6.2 German Iron Curtain Green Belt.................................................................52 6.3 Netherlands Green Heart..............................................................................53 6.4 Portland, Oregon Urban Growth Boundary...........................................55 6.5 British Columbia Agricultural Land Reserve..........................................58 6.6 Ontario Greenbelt............................................................................................59 7. Other Jurisdictions of Interest.....................................................................................63 7.1 Copenhagen Finger Plan..............................................................................63 7.2 Ottawa Greenbelt............................................................................................64 7.3 Florida Greenbelt Law....................................................................................64 7.4 San Francisco Bay Area Greenbelt.............................................................64 8. Common Threats to Greenbelts..................................................................................66 8.1 Housing and Urban Development Pressure..........................................66 8.2 Resource Extraction........................................................................................67 8.3 Agriculture..........................................................................................................67 8.4 Transportation..................................................................................................67 9. Conclusions: Lessons Learned.....................................................................................68 9.1 Governance, Research and Public Policy.................................................68 9.2 Support for Farmers, Quality Farmland and Local Food...................69 9.3 Education............................................................................................................70 9.4 Accessibility........................................................................................................70 9.5 Fundraising.........................................................................................................70 10. Recommendations for Ontario’s Greenbelt..........................................................71 10.1 Reducing Development Pressure............................................................71 10.2 Environmental Contributions...................................................................72 10.3 Viable Agriculture..........................................................................................72 10.4 Governance, Research and Public Policy..............................................73 10.5 Education..........................................................................................................73 Endnotes...................................................................................................................................75 Executive Summary ntario’s Greenbelt is positioned to be the most successful and most useful Greenbelt in the world. As the largest greenbelt, the Ontario Greenbelt is an area of perma- nently protected land spanning 1.8 million acres across southern Ontario. The area stretches from Niagara Falls to Tobermory to Peterborough and encompasses green space, farmland, vibrant communities, forests, wetlands and watersheds. It surrounds Othe province’s Golden Horseshoe – the most populated area of Canada, and is vital to the quality of life in southern Ontario. The purpose of the Greenbelt is to protect key environmentally sensitive lands and farmlands from development and sprawl. This research report outlines six international areas in Europe and North America that have established greenbelts near rapidly growing urban areas. It takes a detailed look at the London, UK Green Belt; Germany’s Iron Curtain Green Belt; the Netherlands’ Green Heart and Randstad region; the Portland, Oregon Urban Growth Boundary; and British Columbia’s Agricultural Land Reserve; as well as the Ontario Greenbelt. Most of these regions have existed for several decades, some for centuries, and provide valu- 1 2 OCCASIONAL PAPERS e FRIENDS OF THE GREENBELT FOUNDATION able insights into the political issues that are confronted and successes and challenges experienced by jurisdictions with respect to greenbelts. These areas were chosen for various reasons including: the longevity of the greenbelt areas; similar values and goals relating to agriculture, natural heritage, and tourism and recreation; similar housing and development pressures faced; and the acknowl- edged need to curb urban sprawl and encourage sustainable transportation and infrastructure in the regions. The Canadian Institute for Environmental Law and
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