Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Bristol City Council

Bristol City Council

2016 Air Quality Annual Status Report (ASR)

In fulfilment of Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 Local Air Quality Management

January 2017

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 Bristol City Council

Local Authority Andrew Edwards; Steve Crawshaw, Matt Officer Scammell Department Sustainable City and Climate Change Team 3rd Floor CREATE Centre Smeaton Road Address Bristol BS1 6XN Telephone 01179 224331

E-mail [email protected] Report Reference BCC_ASR_2016 number Date January 2017

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 Bristol City Council

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area Air Quality in Bristol City Council

Air pollution is associated with a number of adverse health impacts. It is recognised as a contributing factor in the onset of heart disease and cancer. Additionally, air pollution particularly affects the most vulnerable in society: children and older people, and those with heart and lung conditions. There is also often a strong correlation with equalities issues, because areas with poor air quality are also often the less affluent areas1,2.

The annual health cost to society of the impacts of particulate matter alone in the UK is estimated to be around £16 billion3.

Bristol is a city, unitary authority area and ceremonial county in South West England, 105 miles (169 km) west of London, and 44 miles (71 km) east of Cardiff. With an estimated population of 432,500 for the unitary authority at present, and a surrounding urban area with an estimated 617,000 residents, it is England's sixth, and the United Kingdom's eighth most populous city, one of England's core cities and the most populous city in South West England.

The main pollutants of concern within Bristol are nitrogen dioxide and particulate pollution. Monitoring in Bristol shows that we are currently in breach of the annual and hourly objectives for nitrogen dioxide, set at 40µg/m3and 200µg/m3 (with a permissible 18 hours per year above the 200µg/m3 limit allowed) respectively. Whilst monitoring of particulate pollution in the city is limited it is possible that exceedance of objectives occur in some isolated areas. Measures to reduce nitrogen dioxide pollution should also reduce particulate pollution.

In those locations with the highest pollution levels, emissions from motor vehicles are by far the largest contributor to pollution. Contribution to air pollution is also made by

1 Environmental equity, air quality, socioeconomic status and respiratory health, 2010 2 Air quality and social deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis, 2006 3 Defra. Abatement cost guidance for valuing changes in air quality, May 2013

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 i Bristol City Council other combustion processes such as domestic heating (especially wood burning) and industry for example. There is also a contribution from sources outside of the local authority area, particularly in the case of particulate pollution where contributions from agriculture and industry can be significant at times when weather patterns result in a build-up of pollution in the atmosphere. In those locations that exceed the nitrogen dioxide air quality objectives however, over 80% of pollution is from local traffic sources. As a result, actions and decisions by BCC, other West of England (WoE) authorities and most significantly, the citizens in the WoE all directly impact upon the level of air pollution in the city.

A recent report into the health effects of air pollution in Bristol4 concluded that around 300 deaths each year in the City of Bristol can be attributed to exposure to nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter (PM2.5), with roughly an equal number attributable to both pollutants. This represents about 8.5% of deaths in the administrative area of Bristol being attributable to air pollution.

Pollutants such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and some heavy metals used to be monitored in Bristol, however, this has ceased as compliance with health based air quality objectives for these pollutants was demonstrated. Monitoring of nitrogen dioxide continues extensively throughout the city. Nitrogen dioxide concentrations have demonstrated an improving trend in recent years; however, exceedences of objectives for this pollutant are still measured at a wide number of locations throughout the city.

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. A summary of the AQMA declared by Bristol City Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=36

4 Air Quality Consultants Ltd. (2017). Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Bristol,

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 ii Bristol City Council

Bristol’s monitoring network is focused on nitrogen dioxide (NO2), as the concentrations of this pollutant near busy roads exceeds the UK and EU objectives.

The Bristol City Council monitoring network consists of:

 six real time NO2 monitors which provide continuous live data which is uploaded automatically to a public website: http://www.bristol.airqualitydata.com/

 107 NO2 diffusion tubes which provide a monthly and annual concentration for this pollutant.

The Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs (Defra) operate one monitoring site in Bristol which measures NO2, particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and ozone (O3) pollution. This site is in St Pauls at an “urban background” location away from busy roads.

2015 continues the trend that has shown a general reduction in concentrations of nitrogen dioxide levels at monitoring sites in the city over the past 5 years. Concentrations are still at a similar level or slightly higher than those measured in 2000 and are still higher than the health based EU and UK limits on many roads in the city centre and along the main arterial routes leading from the city centre.

The source of air pollution, in those locations exceeding the health based limits for nitrogen dioxide, originates predominantly from motor vehicles; the approach to improving air pollution needs to focus on measures to reduce the number of vehicles on our roads, reduce congestion and clean up the emissions from vehicles. There is a long established collaboration between the four former Avon authorities (now referred to as the West of England authorities). In this regard, the Travel West brand acknowledges the fact that the commuter doesn’t think in terms of authority boundaries. The Sustainable Transport Transition Year fund and the Go Ultra Low City Scheme (a West of England project) follow on from the successful Local Sustainable Transport Fund that the Travel West brand carried forward.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 iii Bristol City Council

Transport issues cut across the city's boundaries and the considerable effort and investment to address them is done in close collaboration with neighbouring authorities. The strategy and plans on transport are contained in the Joint Local Transport Plan (JLTP) currently JLTP (3)5, shared with the neighbouring authorities of Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and South Gloucestershire. The JLTP (3) covers the period 2011 – 2026. Goal 3 within the JLTP3 is to improve air quality in the Air Quality Management Areas.

Actions to Improve Air Quality

A wide range of activities that have the potential to improve air quality have and are being undertaken within Bristol and the wider West of England region. These range from major infrastructure projects such as Metrobus to engagement in behavioural change initiatives such as work place travel planning.

Metrobus and MetroWest

Metrobus has been designed to link and connect with existing rail and bus services and is part of an integrated approach to travel investment that includes measures to improve cycling and walking, traffic and parking management and improvements to rail via MetroWest.

5 West of England Partnership. (2011). West of England Joint Local Transport Plan 3 2011-2026

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 iv Bristol City Council

Figure 0.1 – Metrobus Plan Details

GoUltraLowWest

GoUltraLowWest is an OLEV funded project which has provided grant funding for £7m investment in promotion of electric vehicles through the West of England region. The project is in its planning phase; however, there are proposals for electric vehicle rapid charging hubs, where electric vehicles can charge from 0% to 80% in 30 minutes and a commitment from local authorities and businesses in the area to incorporate EV’s into their vehicle fleets. Bristol city Council is looking to make 10- 20% of its fleet fully electric over the next 4 years. The project also aims to double the existing charge point network from 200 to 400 points with implementation for this project being targeted for 2017-2021.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 v Bristol City Council

Bristol City Council operates an electric vehicle to carry out environmental monitoring work throughout the West of England using an electric vehicle. The purchase of the vehicle was funded through the Defra Air Quality Grant.

Figure 0.2 – Bristol City Council Electric Vehicle

Cycle Ambition Fund

The cycle ambition fund involves a combination of improving existing routes and revitalising streets, addressing barriers to cycling and walking such as busy roads, and overcoming the impact of cities topography such as crossing rivers and avoiding steep hills enabling Bristol to provide better door-to-door journeys throughout the west of England region.

Residents’ Parking Scheme

Residents parking schemes have been rolled out to many central areas of the city with the aim of reducing and discouraging commuter parking in these areas. It is thought that this initiative, combined with a restructuring of bus ticket pricing has led

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 vi Bristol City Council to a significant increase in bus patronage with a 17% increase between 2013/14 and 2014/15.

20mph Zones

A scheme of 20mph zones was rolled out in six phases throughout Bristol and completed in September 2015. The main aims of the scheme were to improve safety, health and community. By smoothing traffic flow the acceleration phases, during which vehicle pollution emissions are at their highest, are reduced. By reducing deceleration from higher speeds there is also a reduction in the generation of particle pollution from tyre and brake wear. 20mph limits are shown to improve safety and encourage more walking and cycling and therefore 20mph zones are considered a positive air quality improvement measure rather than worsening it, as has been argued by some of those people opposed to 20mph limits.

CLAiR-City

The four-year CLAiR-City project (Citizen-led air pollution reduction in cities), funded through the EU’s Horizon 2020 program, features 16 research partners including the pilot cities of Bristol (UK); Amsterdam (NL); Aveiro region (PT); Ljubljana (SI); Sosnowiec (PL) and the Liguria region (IT). The project is aimed at creating a major shift in public understanding towards the causes of poor air quality – encouraging a focus on people’s everyday practices like commuting and shopping rather than technology and top-down approaches. The project will use innovate tools like specially made apps and games for smart phones to generate citizen-led policies to improve air-related health in our cities.

As a partner city Bristol will help shape the tools being developed through extensive local engagement with the aim of improving citizens understanding of the air quality problem in the city and informing acceptable strategies to reduce pollution.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 vii Bristol City Council Local Priorities and Challenges

The motion ‘Clean air now for Bristol’, received Full Council support in November 2016 and sets out a number of measures that are considered a priority. Full Council noted that “Bristol’s air pollution urgently needs to be reduced.” Full details of the motion can be found here (Motion 14).

In 2016 a Mayoral Air Quality Working group was set up within BCC. The aim of this group is to improve air quality, to provide a positive impact on health and wellbeing for all communities including the most vulnerable, support a flourishing local economy and accelerate the transition to a zero emission city. This working group co- chaired by the Cabinet Members for i) Transport and ii) City Health and Wellbeing aims:

 To advise on the implementation of the Administration’s Air Quality Commitments.

 To guide the development of a new Air Quality Action Plan that improves health and addresses compliance with the exceedances of air quality objectives and fulfils the council’s statutory duty.

 To develop plans for the implementation of a Clean Air Zone as part of the Air Quality Action Plan.

 To contribute to national policy and guidance such as from DEFRA and NICE.

 To monitor the impact of interventions on air quality and public health in Bristol.

It will be challenging to deliver and implement many of these priorities in the current financial climate. We will be replying upon a commitment from National Government to provide the required funding to allow an effective and fully funded air quality action plan to be developed, adopted and fully implemented.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 viii Bristol City Council

A National Air Quality Action Plan that is wide ranging and which uses all possible policy interventions, to compliment rather than contradict local air quality actions, will be essential to ensure that the benefits of local air quality improvement actions are maximised and effective in reducing pollution levels in Bristol.

It is likely that some of the required actions will result in some significant changes to the city and the way in which people chose to move around it. It will be challenging to ensure that residents, businesses and visitors to the area fully understand the serious nature of air pollution and the reasons why the improvement measures are needed. A major part of any process to implement air quality improvement actions will involve an effective communication strategy to enhance the understanding that people have of the local air quality problem and the severity of the health impacts that it causes.

How to Get Involved

There are many different ways in which people can help contribute towards reducing air pollution in Bristol. Air pollution, at locations where we are recording illegal levels of nitrogen dioxide, comes predominantly from emissions from vehicles. By choosing to travel around the city by foot, by bicycle or using public transport you can eliminate your personal contribution to poor air quality in the city. To find out more information on sustainable transport options throughout the West of England region you can visit the Travel West Website or its sister Website Better by Bike.

For those journeys taken by cars, choosing to travel outside of peak times can help. In the longer term, if you are deciding to replace your current car, as a general rule, the following hierarchy can be followed to identify which types of vehicles have the lowest emissions of pollutants which are harmful to health.

 Electric Vehicles

 Plug in Petrol Hybrid

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 ix Bristol City Council

 Petrol hybrid

 Gas or petrol/Downsize petrol

 Plug in Diesel Hybrid

 Diesel Hybrid

 Diesel/Downsize Diesel

Whilst government vehicle taxation is based solely on the relative emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), this can be misleading to those looking for a vehicle that has low emissions of pollutants that are directly harmful to health. Often, diesel cars are promoted as being ‘low emission/eco’ vehicles. Whilst these may offer relatively low

‘official’ CO2 emissions, diesel vehicles are much worse for air pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide and particulates, which are of greatest concern for local air quality. Petrol vehicles are much cleaner than diesel vehicles with petrol hybrids and fully electric vehicles being even better.

Annual reports which include results from air quality monitoring in the city are available on the Bristol City Council Website.

Real time air quality data is displayed and can be viewed and downloaded at our Bristol Air Quality Data Website.

Our diffusion tube monitoring data, which shows annual nitrogen dioxide at all our monitoring locations throughout the city, can be found on the Bristol City Council Pinpoint Website by using this link: http://maps.bristol.gov.uk/pinpoint/ and selecting ‘Environment and Planning’ and then ticking the ‘Air Quality Monitors’ box. The extent of the current air quality management area can also be displayed by ticking the relevant box.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 x Bristol City Council Table of Contents

Executive Summary: Air Quality in Our Area ...... i Air Quality in Bristol City Council ...... i Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... iv Metrobus and MetroWest ...... iv GoUltraLowWest ...... v Cycle Ambition Fund ...... vi Residents’ Parking Scheme ...... vi 20mph Zones ...... vii CLAiR-City ...... vii Local Priorities and Challenges ...... viii How to Get Involved...... ix 1 Local Air Quality Management ...... 13 2 Actions to Improve Air Quality ...... 14 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas ...... 14 2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Bristol ...... 15

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and or Concentrations...... 25 3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance ...... 28 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken ...... 28 3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 28 3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites...... 29 3.2 Individual Pollutants ...... 29

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)...... 29

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10) ...... 35

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5) ...... 35 Appendix A: Monitoring Results ...... 37 Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015 ...... 59 Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC ...... 60 Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations ...... 77 Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England ...... 81 Glossary of Terms ...... 82

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 xi Bristol City Council

List of Tables Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas ...... 14 Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality ...... 17

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 37 Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites ...... 38 Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 46 Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results ...... 56 Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results...... 57 Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results ...... 57 Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results ...... 58

Table C.1 - Tubes Outside AQMA Exceeding the Annual Air Quality Objective for NO2 Since 2011 ...... 60 Table C.2 - Diffusion Tube Results for Avonmouth Road 2011-2015 ...... 67 Table C.3 – AIR PT Scheme Results for Somerset County Council ...... 73

List of Figures

Figure 0.1 – Metrobus Plan Details ...... v Figure 0.2 – Bristol City Council Electric Vehicle ...... vi Figure 2.1 - 2014 All Cause Adult Mortality from Public Health Outcomes Indicator . 26 Figure 3.1 - Annual Nitrogen Dioxide at City Centre Locations...... 31 Figure 3.2 - Annual Nitrogen Dioxide at M32 and Newfoundland Way Locations...... 32 Figure 3.3 - 2015 Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Results for 2015 – Central Area ...... 33 Figure 3.4 - 2015 Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Results for 2015 – Avonmouth and Lawrence Weston ...... 34

Figure C.1 - 2015 Summary Data from NO2 Distance Calculator for Tube 311 ...... 62 Figure C.2 - 2015 Summary Data from NO2 Distance Calculator for Tube 314 ...... 64 Figure C.3 - Location of Diffusion Tube Sites on Whiteladies Road and Blackboy Hill65 Figure C.4 – Avonmouth Road Monitoring Locations ...... 68 Figure C.5 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Brislington ...... 69 Figure C.6 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Fishponds ...... 70 Figure C.7 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Newfoundland Way 70 Figure C.8 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Parsons Street ...... 70 Figure C.9 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Rupert Street ...... 71 Figure C.10 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: St Pauls ...... 72 Figure C.11 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Wells Road ...... 72

Figure D.1 - Central Area Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations ...... 77 Figure D.2 – Avonmouth and Lawrence Weston Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations78 Figure D.3 – Location of Real-time Monitoring Sites ...... 79 Figure D.4 – Extent of Air Quality Management Area ...... 80

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 xii Bristol City Council

1 Local Air Quality Management

This report provides an overview of air quality in Bristol during 2015. It fulfils the requirements of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) as set out in Part IV of the Environment Act (1995) and the relevant Policy and Technical Guidance documents.

The LAQM process places an obligation on all local authorities to regularly review and assess air quality in their areas, and to determine whether or not the air quality objectives are likely to be achieved. Where an exceedance is considered likely the local authority must declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) and prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) setting out the measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives. This Annual Status Report (ASR) is an annual requirement showing the strategies employed by Bristol City Council to improve air quality and any progress that has been made.

The statutory air quality objectives applicable to LAQM in England can be found in Table E.1 in Appendix E.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 13 Bristol City Council

2 Actions to Improve Air Quality 2.1 Air Quality Management Areas

Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) are declared when there is an exceedance or likely exceedance of an air quality objective. After declaration, the authority must prepare an Air Quality Action Plan (AQAP) within 12-18 months setting out measures it intends to put in place in pursuit of the objectives.

A summary of the AQMA declared by Bristol City Council can be found in Table 2.1. Further information related to declared AQMAs, including maps of AQMA boundaries are available online at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/aqma/local-authorities?la_id=36. A map showing the extent of the Air Quality Management Area for Bristol can be found in Appendix D, Figure D.3 – Location of Real-time Monitoring Sites

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 14 Bristol City Council

Figure D.4.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 15 Bristol City Council

Levels of annual nitrogen dioxide pollution are being monitored along Whiteladies Road and Avonmouth Road in order to determine whether extension of the existing AQMA and re-declaration of an additional area along Avonmouth Road is required. This is discussed in more detail in Appendix C.

Table 2.1 – Declared Air Quality Management Areas Pollutants AQMA and Air City / One Line Description Action Plan Name Quality Town Objectives  NO2, 1- Hour and An area covering the city The Action Plan is Annual Bristol centre and parts of the main contained within Mean Bristol AQMA radial roads including the the Joint Local  PM10, 24- M32. Transport Plan 3 Hour Mean

2.2 Progress and Impact of Measures to address Air Quality in Bristol

Bristol City Council has taken forward a number of measures during the current reporting year of 2015 in pursuit of improving local air quality. Details of all measures completed, in progress or planned are set out in Table 2.2. Key completed measures include the following measures discussed in detail below.

Residents’ Parking Scheme roll out was complete in January 2016. This was introduced in order to help reduce and manage traffic entering the central area, especially during peak periods when traffic congestion and pollution is at its worst. It is thought that this is one of the reasons that there has been a 17% increase in bus patronage in Bristol between 2013/14 and 2014/15.

The following elements of the existing residents parking areas are being reviewed:

 Scheme boundaries

 Operating hours

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 16 Bristol City Council

 Pay and display

 The positioning of double yellow lines, loading bays and disabled bays

This is being done in order to ensure that they work as well as possible.

Completion in September 2015 of roll out of 20mph speed limits. All roads, except dual carriageways, 40mph and 50mph roads were considered for the 20mph speed limit to benefit safety, health and community.

Installation of the 100th SourceWest electric vehicle chargepoint was completed in 2015. Installation of 15 Rapid electric vehicle chargepoints throughout the West of England region was completed in early 2015. The rapid chargpoints and their installation were part funded from an OLEV grant and part funded by Siemens who worked with BCC to source the chargepoint technology and install the units.

More details on some of the measures outlined in Table 2.2 can be found in documents such as the Joint Local Transport Plan 3 2011-20265 which is supported by various strategies on key issues such as public transport, cycling and walking.

Bristol City Council’s priorities for the coming year include developing a new AQAP, which is to be developed and delivered through the recently formed Mayoral Air Pollution Working Group.

There is commitment in West of England Devolution Deal to implement a Clean Air Zone in order to tackle the region’s air pollution problems. The Devolution Agreement States:

“The Combined Authority Shadow Board will bring forward proposals that would enable the Mayor and Combined Authority to implement Clean Air Zones in the Combined Authority area. This will help achieve Air Quality Plan objectives at both the national and local level”.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 17 Bristol City Council

Securing funding to carry out a full and thorough feasibility study to determine the type and scale of clean air zone(s) needed and to ensure this is considered in the context of other wider air quality improvement measures and other strategic transport measures will be a priority during the next year.

A big focus will also be to secure funding for transport measures through this Devolution Deal and forthcoming Access Fund following on from the Sustainable Transport Transition Fund and Local Sustainable Transport Fund to ensure it is possible to continue and expand on the initiatives these previous funding streams have facilitated.

Throughout the West of England a joint priority will be to deliver the initial measures funded by the Go Ultra Low City Scheme to encourage the uptake of Ultra Low Emission Vehicles and lower transport emissions in the AQMAs.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 18 Bristol City Council

Table 2.2 – Progress on Measures to Improve Air Quality

Target Key Estimated Measure EU EU Lead Planning Implementation Pollution Progress Measure Performance Completion Comments No. Category Classification Authority Phase Phase Reduction in to Date Indicator Date the AQMA

No Specific Indicator- Various before and after Scheme fully surveys will be No specific implemented carried out on target for in September traffic speeds, Improvement in 2015. Petition launched in 2015 to scrap road casualties Air Quality but Ongoing 20mph in all but hospital and school and noise. the expected monitoring locations. One of main arguments Continued Reduction of Implemented, smoothing of with review in against 20mph made on Traffic Implemented, but annual 1 20mph rollout Speed Limits, BCC but under traffic flows, Autumn 2017/18 misunderstanding that it will worsen Management under review monitoring of 20mph zones review improved safety 16/spring 17, air quality. Counter petition launched nitrogen dioxide and modal shift with any to keep and extend 20mph zones at 107 locations is aimed at changes which gained less support than the throughout the improving Air arising from petition to scrap them. city to identify Quality in the this coming the trends in AQMA. into effect in pollutant levels 2017/18 along roads where 20mph has been introduced.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 19 Bristol City Council

200 businesses receiving sustainable travel support’ Number of business employers engagement signed up to officers. receive travel smoothing of Programme planning traffic flows funded support. Annual from reduction through DfT Travel to Work Workplace Promoting in single Sustainable Workplace Survey 2 Travel Travel Ongoing Ongoing occupancy Travel 2017/18 travel plans WoE monitoring Planning Alternatives vehicle use and Transition progress of associated Year Fund employee travel emissions 16/17. Target habits and (NO ) for 2017/18 – reduction in 2 2019/20 to single have 350 occupancy businesses vehicle use. signed up to this scheme, subject to funding award.

Usage figures Service contract re-tendered in early have 2016. New contract required remained operators to use Euro VI buses. This steady since was an improvement of the previous 3 Park and 2006/7 to Alternatives Monitoring Ongoing contract which required a minimum Bus-based Ride Sites Already 2015. 3 to Private Bus-based P&R usage of monitoring of of Euro IV. New Park and Ride sites P&R WoE Already implemented Cleaner Car Use services usage due to open by end of 2018 at implemented buses being Emersons Green and Parkway contracted to North. Both sites are in South improve Gloucestershire but will be serving emissions the city centre. performance.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 20 Bristol City Council

Expansion of 8 bays in East of Bristol 160 car clubs 120 car club planned for summer 2017. Co- cars deployed cars currently Wheels using Replicate Grant to Alternatives in Bristol. 50 EV in use in introduce EV Car club vehicles in 4 Car Clubs to Private Car Clubs Ongoing Ongoing Ongoing WoE car clubs cars Bristol. 0 EV Ashley, Easton and Lawrence Hill. Car Use by 2021 in WoE car clubs Go-Ultra Low OLEV grant to be used area. currently to introduce additional EV car club bays.

Number of Pilot for Car and Lift- Alternatives Car and lift- employees 2017/18 5 sharing to Private sharing Ongoing Ongoing participating in 2018 WoE subject to scheme Car Use schemes Join My funding Journey service

Number of Reducing Since 2011 the FCC has resulted in 140 businesses pollution and Financial 5 tonnes of NOx emissions avoided, businesses Freight and Freight signed up. No. congestion in support for 157 tonnes of CO and 18,000 trips Freight signed up to 2 6 Delivery Consolidation Bristol Ongoing Ongoing of journeys the AQMA is the FCC to saved. Consolidation service Management Centre (FCC) and Bath replaced the reason for come to an In recent corporate budget review across Bristol through the operation of end in 2017 FCC identified as a cost saving so and Bath consolidation the FCC. future of this is now uncertain.

100 ULEV 1 EV in vehicles across current BCC WoE council fleet used for Public Vehicle fleet - Prioritising environmental Promoting Procurement - representing purchase of monitoring Low Prioritising 20-25% 7 EV vehicles in 2016/17 17/18 – 20/21 work. 2018 Emission uptake of low WoE transfer. public sector Business Transport emission Expected that fleets case for fleet vehicles Bristol will replacement procure around program 45 EVs (10%) being made. of the fleet.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 21 Bristol City Council

1 Free permit Band A based on CO2 emissions. per household Potential side effect of this measure Promoting Free ULEV for Band A Number of is encouraging highly polluting diesel Low Priority Parking permits being Ongoing. To 8 vehicles in Ongoing Ongoing ULEV permits vehicles, many of which meet the Emission for LEVs Bristol issued when be reviewed. Bristol administered CO Band A criteria but are not good Transport criteria met. 2 Resident for emissions of pollutants that are

Parking Zones harmful to health (NOX and PM)

Procuring alternative Doubling Refuelling existing EV Promoting Number of 200 additional infrastructure to charge point Low public/private charge points Part of Go-Ultra Low OLEV grant 9 promote Low 16/17 17/18-20/21 2020/21 network from Emission WoE charge point across the funded project Emission 200-400 Transport (not units) WoE Vehicles, EV points recharging, Gas fuel recharging

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 22 Bristol City Council

Sustainable travel 22 electric campaigns to loan bikes promote issued, 68 Dr alternatives to Bike car use, maintenance promoted sessions through our delivered, principle travel 3430 people website: Wide range of participated in travelwest.info Promoting Intensive active initiatives with Promotion of some offers via the BCC 11 promoting Travel travel campaign Ongoing Ongoing individual Ongoing http://www.betterbybike.info/ WoE travel sustainable Alternatives & infrastructure targets for Website challenge, 14 transport each. grants given schemes such to business to as loan bikes, encourage match-funded walking and grants for cycling and employer 24 travel onsite champions sustainable recruited. travel infrastructure

Strategic Local Growth highway fund Currently improvements, delivering Re-prioritising better walking road space Demand and cycling away from cars, management infrastructure Local Growth Traffic including and increases 14 Ongoing Ongoing along River Ongoing Fund Management Access WoE in sustainable Avon Path. management, transport Roll out of Selective options. real-time vehicle priority, information at bus priority, high bus stops. vehicle

occupancy lane

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 23 Bristol City Council

Smoothing of cobbles on popular route, Improved crossing in Castle Park, 500 additional Plan to implement a number of new bike stands developments to improve cycling Cycling installed, Cycle City Promoting Increased infrastructure in the city. Details can improvements improvement Ambition Travel Ongoing Ongoing levels of cycling Yes Ongoing be found at the travel west website: and BCC of Grant Alternatives in the city https://travelwest.info/projects/cycle- engagement. harbourside ambition-fund/bristol bridge and 4

rounds of engagement in Easton to discuss how cycling can be encouraged.

Improved services, through Improved reduced More detail is available at Transport Better Bus Bus Route services and journey time https://travelwest.info/projects/better- Planning and Ongoing Ongoing Yes Ongoing Area Fund Improvements WoE increased bus and bus-area Infrastructure patronage increased reliability on 8 important corridors

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 24 Bristol City Council

Upgrading Urban Traffic Management Improved traffic Current Control UTC, Reduce management upgrade to be (UTMC) to Traffic Congestion congestion 15 Ongoing Ongoing capabilities and completed by March 2017 deliver Management management, BCC should improve reduced End March improved traffic reduction air pollution. congestion 2017 traffic management system

Improved bus Services, Encouragement quicker journey of modal shift Construction Euro VI minimum for metrobus buses Transport times and more MetroBus Bus route through Phase. being specified for first two years 16 Planning and Finished Ongoing reliable services 2017/18 BRT scheme improvements BCC provision of Tender for then improvements on those Infrastructure from both quick reliable Services standards moving forward. northern and bus services. southern city fringes

35 Euro II and Euro II buses to Clean Bus Vehicle Buses have Vehicle Fleet achieve Euro 20 Technology Retrofitting 16/17 16/17 been Ongoing Efficiency WoE V/VI standard Fund programmes retrofitted. using SCRT technology.

Regional Joint Transport Study being prepared Groups Co- in in parallel with WoE Joint spatial ordinating Set out a visons Plan. The objective is to ensure the Policy Submission Joint programmes to and plan for region plans and provides for the Guidance Consultation to Secretary Transport develop Area future growth needs in WoE in the future 24 and Ongoing 2018 in 2015 and of State Study and wide Strategies WoE development in whilst Improving quality of life and a Development 2016 planned for Spatial Plan to reduce the WoE up healthy, natural environment: Control 2018 emissions and until 2036 projects should aim to reduce traffic improve air volumes, noise and emissions and quality protect the natural environment.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 25 Bristol City Council

Performance of Buses GPS 2 buses Geo-fenced Public Vehicle hybrid bus, geo-fencing operated on Electric Hybrid Promoting Procurement - charging technology to routes which Plug in charging and inductive Bus Trial. 2 Low Prioritising infrastructure ensure buses traverse the 24 Ongoing January 2016 Ongoing charging methods being used for buses are Emission uptake of low Bristol and geo-fencing operate in city. Buses both buses. being used in Transport emission technology electric only and charging the trial. vehicles being mode within the technology assessed. AQMA. working well.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 26 Bristol City Council

2.3 PM2.5 – Local Authority Approach to Reducing Emissions and or Concentrations

As detailed in Policy Guidance LAQM.PG16 (Chapter 7), local authorities are expected to work towards reducing emissions and/or concentrations of PM2.5 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less). There is clear evidence that PM2.5 has a significant impact on human health, including premature mortality, allergic reactions, and cardiovascular diseases.

All of the air quality improvement measures as described in section of 2.2 of this document will contribute towards reducing PM2.5 pollution as well as nitrogen dioxide pollution in Bristol and the West of England.

In 2014, 5.1% of “all-cause adult mortality” in Bristol was considered attributable to “anthropogenic particulate air pollution”6, which is similar to the national proportion and is mid-ranking for Core Cities. Figure 2.1 shows this value since 2010.

6 Public Health Outcomes Framework, Nov 2016 Source: Background annual average PM2.5 concentrations for the year of interest are modelled on a 1km x 1km grid using an air dispersion model, and calibrated using measured concentrations taken from background sites in Defra’s Automatic Urban and Rural Network (http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/interactive-map.) Concentrations of anthropogenic, rather than total, PM2.5 are used as the basis for this indicator, as burden estimates based on total PM2.5 might give a misleading impression of the scale of the potential influence of policy interventions(2012).

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 27 Bristol City Council

Figure 2.1 - 2014 All Cause Adult Mortality from Public Health Outcomes Indicator

Bristol City Councils Joint Strategic needs assessment is being updated for 2016/17. This now includes a new section on air pollution.

During the development of a new Air Quality Action Plan for Bristol reference and commitment to our requirement to reduce PM2.5 concentrations and to the Public 7 Health Outcomes Indicators will ensure that PM2.5 reduction measures are incorporated alongside NO2 improvement measures.

PM2.5 pollution is monitored at one location in Bristol. This is a Defra Urban Background monitoring site located in the St Pauls area of Bristol. Details of this site can be found at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/data/. The monitoring site is located away from major roads in order to provide a PM2.5 concentration which is broadly representative of the city as a whole. Between 2011 and 2015 PM2.5 concentrations have fallen at this site by 29%. This trend will be monitored over the next few years to determine if the UK target for reduction of this pollutant of 15% between 2010 and 2020 is likely to be met.

7 Public Health Outcomes Framework overarching indicators Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 28 Bristol City Council

There is recognition of the requirement for close working between public health and transport in order to work towards reducing concentrations of PM2.5 pollution. Bristol City Council has been making the connections between health and transport with the assistance of Dr Adrian Davies. He is a Public Health and Effectiveness Adviser who continued to work throughout 2015 providing expert evidence based health advice and input into transport policy and specific transport projects. Over a more sustained period he has represented the public health team of NHS Bristol within Bristol City Council (now part of the Council), being embedded into the City’s Transport department from April 2008 to September 2016. The essential evidence produced during this time is hosted on the TravelWest Website.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 29 Bristol City Council

3 Air Quality Monitoring Data and Comparison with Air Quality Objectives and National Compliance 3.1 Summary of Monitoring Undertaken

3.1.1 Automatic Monitoring Sites

This section sets out what monitoring has taken place and how it compares with objectives.

Bristol City Council undertook automatic (continuous) monitoring at 6 sites during 2015. Table A.1 in Appendix A shows the details of the sites. NB. Local authorities do not have to report annually on the following pollutants: 1,3 butadiene, benzene, carbon monoxide and lead, unless local circumstances indicate there is a problem. Defra operate one monitoring site within the Bristol City Council are, the details of the site and data from it can be found at https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/networks/site- info?site_id=BRS8&view=View.

Maps showing the location of the automatic monitoring sites are provided in Figure D.3 in Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations. Further details on how the monitors are calibrated and how the data has been adjusted are included in Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 30 Bristol City Council

3.1.2 Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites

Bristol City Council undertook non-automatic (passive) monitoring of NO2 at 107 sites during 2015. Four of these sites were added to the network in August 2015 along roads in the Horfield area due to local concerns regarding air quality in the area. Table A.2 in Appendix A shows the details of all the diffusion tube monitoring sites. Maps showing the location of the non-automatic monitoring sites are provided in Figure D.1 and Figure D.2 in Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations. Further details on Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) and bias adjustment for the diffusion tubes are included in Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC.

3.2 Individual Pollutants

The air quality monitoring results presented in this section are, where relevant, adjusted for “annualisation” and bias. Further details on adjustments are provided in Appendix C.

3.2.1 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

Table A.3 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored NO2 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

For diffusion tubes, the full 2015 dataset of monthly mean values has been uploaded to Google Docs and can be viewed here8.

8 https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0B4Z4IQXpH7DPY1lLcWUyWWsyWHM?usp=sharing

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 31 Bristol City Council

Table A.4 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored NO2 hourly mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 200µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times per year.

Data capture rates at the Brislington Depot monitoring site was below the 90% rate that we aim to achieve at 87% for the year, however, this target was met at all other sites. The continuous monitoring data generally shows similar results as recorded in previous years. A general downward trend seems to continue at all sites with the exception of Rupert Street. The recent trend showing a fall at the Rupert Street site was reversed in 2015 with a significant jump in annual mean NO2 concentrations. The annual average at this site has increased from 77.3µg/m3 in 2014 to 90.9 µg/m3 in 2015. In 2015, signifcant works began in the city centre in order to develop the new Metrobus infrastructure and this may have had an impact on pollution levels in this location. At our automatic monitoring site on Newfoundland Way a significant fall was recorded, from 52.5µg/m3 in 2014 to 41.1 µg/m3 in 2015. Diffusion Tube 20, also located along Newfoundland Way showed a fall in NO2 concentrations along Newfoundland Way but still was still well above the annual objective for this pollutant at 58.7 µg/m3.

The Rupert Street monitor continues to record the highest NO2 concentrations of any continuous analyser within Bristol. 2015 saw a significant risel in the number of hourly exceedences at this site, up to 169 compared to 24 in 2014. This contrast to a trend of falling numbers of hourly exceedences at this site over the past couple of years. Significant construction works have been taking place in the city centre in order to develop the infrastructure required for the new Metrobus service and it is thought that the disruption caused by these works may have had an influence on the number of hourly exceedences being recorded at this site. This number of 169 hours is siginficantly higher than the 18 hourly exceedences of the 200 µg/m3 hourly objective value that are allowed before the short-term objective is exceeded.

Two other sites, Wells Road and Brislington Depot recorded hourly values greater than the 200 µg/m3 hourly objective, with 6 and 1 hours of exceedence at these sites

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 32 Bristol City Council respectivley. Parsons Street experienced two exceedences of the 200 µg/m3 hourly average in 2014 but this fell to none in 2015. No other automatic monitoring sites recorded any hourly exceedences.

Taking an average of all diffusion tube sites for which there is data since 2011 (92 in 3 total) there has been an average of a 4.8 µg/m reduction in annual NO2 values. These 92 monitoring sites include a mix of kerbside, roadside and urban background sites.

Consideration of trends in NO2 concentrations at a selection of kerb/roadside sites on the busiest road road coridors throughout Bristol since 2000 show that a very similar pattern is observed in all parts of the city. The following figures show consistent exceedence of the annual objectives for NO2 at many locations with concentrations in 2015 being similar or higher than those recorded in 2000. The red line at 40µg/m3 in the Figure 3.1 and Figure 3.2 below represents the annual objective for nitrogen dioxide.

Figure 3.1 - Annual Nitrogen Dioxide at City Centre Locations

Central Bristol NO2 Trends 110 Colston Avenue 100 90 Bedminster Parade Annual 80 2 NO 70 3 B.R.I. µg/m 60 50 Whitefriars 40

30 Horsefair

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 33 Bristol City Council

Figure 3.2 - Annual Nitrogen Dioxide at M32 and Newfoundland Way Locations

Newfoundland Way/M32 NO2 Trends 110 Newfoundland Way 100 90 Stapleton Road South Annual 80 2 NO 70 3 Stapleton Road Heath Street µg/m 60 50 Gatton Road 40 30 123 Newfoundland Street

façade

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2000

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 34 Bristol City Council

Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4 show the location of nitorgen dioxide diffusion tube monitoring locations in Bristol. Those locations shown in yellow or red indicate locations where exceedence of the annual objective was measured in 2015.

This data is also shown online along with the previous 4 years of monitoring data at each location. This data can be viewed by selecting the Environment and Planning Option and ticking the Air Quality Monitors box here: http://maps.bristol.gov.uk/pinpoint/

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 35 Bristol City Council

Figure 3.3 - 2015 Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Results for 2015 – Central Area

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 36 Bristol City Council

Figure 3.4 - 2015 Nitrogen Dioxide Monitoring Results for 2015 – Avonmouth and Lawrence Weston

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 37 Bristol City Council

3.2.2 Particulate Matter (PM10)

Table A.5 in Appendix A compares the ratified and adjusted monitored PM10 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 40µg/m3.

Table A.6 in Appendix A compares the ratified continuous monitored PM10 daily mean concentrations for the past 5 years with the air quality objective of 50µg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 35 times per year.

The St Pauls AURN site is the only location within Bristol at which PM10 is measured. The data from the AURN site are from an FDMS enabled TEOM instrument and are therefore in gravimetric units. Data for the AURN were downloaded from the national air quality archive.

There are no exceedences of the annual mean or hourly mean objectives at the St Pauls AURN site. Data for 2015 continues a trend for the past four years where annual PM10 concentrations have been falling. The trend of 24hr concentrations is one that also shows a fall since 2011, however, the number of hours of exceedence have remained stable since 2013.

Although no exceedences are reported from the monitoring data it is proposed that the AQMA declaration for PM10 is retained as a precautionary measure. Due to the fact the AURN sited at a background location, we can be confident that there are areas where concentrations could be higher than at the St Pauls site, for example, in the city centre near the Rupert Street site where there are high flows of buses.

3.2.3 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)

Table A.7 in Appendix A presents the ratified and adjusted monitored PM2.5 annual mean concentrations for the past 5 years.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 38 Bristol City Council

PM2.5 is measured at the Bristol St Pauls AURN site. The annual average for this pollutant in 2015 was 10.6µg/m3 which is below the UK annual objective of 25µg/m3 but still just above the World Health Organisations (WHO) air quality guideline value of 10µg/m3.

Between 2011 and 2015 a PM2.5 concentrations have fallen at this site by 29%. This trend will be monitored over the next few years to determine if the UK target for reduction of this pollutant of 15% between 2010 and 2020 is likely to be met.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 39 Bristol City Council

Appendix A: Monitoring Results

Table A.1 – Details of Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance Distance to X OS Y OS to kerb of Inlet Site Pollutants In Monitoring Relevant Site ID Site Type Grid Grid nearest Height Name Monitored AQMA? Technique Exposure Ref Ref road (m) (m) (m) (1) (2) Brislington Urban 203 361178 171566 NO Yes Chemiluminescent N (22m) 18 3.5 Depot Background 2 Rupert 206 Urban Centre 358667 173108 NO Yes Chemiluminescent Y (for hourly) traffic island 1.5 Street 2 Parson 215 1.5 Street Roadside 358042 170582 NO2 Yes Chemiluminescent Y 4 School 270 1.5 Wells Road Kerbside 360903 170024 NO2 Yes Chemiluminescent N (8) 1

Newfoundl and Road 375 Roadside 359645 173683 NO Yes Chemiluminescent N (100) 8 1.5 Police 2 Station AURN Reference AURN St. Urban NO , O , 452 359488 173924 2 3 Yes N (10) 110 4 Pauls Background PM10, PM2.5 Methods

Fishponds 463 Roadside 362926 175590 NO Yes Chemiluminescent N (7) 3 1.5 Road 2 (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 40 Bristol City Council

Table A.2 – Details of Non-Automatic Monitoring Sites Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser?

2 Colston Avenue Roadside 358628 173011 NO2 Y 49 1 N 2.8

3 Blackboy Hill Roadside 357448 174650 NO2 N 0 3 N 2.8 4 Three Lamps Roadside 359903 171850 NO2 Y 47 3 N 3.2 Bedminster 5 Roadside 358723 171704 NO Y 1 1 N 3.2 Parade 2 6 Church Road Roadside 361261 173413 NO2 Y 0 3 N 2.3 7 St. Andrew's Rd Roadside 351706 178250 NO2 N 6 3 N 2.6 Urban 8 Higham Street 359836 171903 NO Y 9 40 N 2.8 Background 2 9 B.R.I. Roadside 358729 173499 NO2 Y 10 1 N 2.4 10 Bath Road Roadside 361217 171429 NO2 Y 8 2 N 3.2 11 Whitefriars Roadside 358813 173342 NO2 Y 92 5 N 3.2 12 Galleries Roadside 359142 173211 NO2 Y 99 1 N 2.4 Urban 13 Ferndown Close 354493 177489 NO N 15 135 N 2.3 Background 2 Red Lion 14 Roadside 360871 170291 NO Y 4 2 N 3.2 Knowle 2 15 Horsefair Roadside 359294 173485 NO2 Y 99 1 N 2.2 16 Third Way Roadside 352287 178698 NO2 N 98 2 N 2.7 17 Anglesea Place Roadside 357273 174582 NO2 N 9 1 N 2.8 Urban 18 Hillcrest 360691 170081 NO N 8 160 N 3.2 Background 2 19 Conham Vale Roadside 362921 172122 NO2 N 99 1 N 2.5 Newfoundland 20 Roadside 359567 173630 NO Y 95 5 N 2 Way 2 Gloucester 21 Roadside 359027 175300 NO Y 20 1 N 2.8 Road 2

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 41 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? 22 Stokes Croft Roadside 359109 173886 NO2 Y 0 2 N 2.5 23 Old Market Roadside 359555 173166 NO2 Y 96 4 N 2.5 Urban 81 Eastville Park 361657 175362 NO Y 220 212 N 2.6 Background 2 Greville Smyth Urban 99 357099 171627 NO N 1 2 N 2.8 Park Background 2 Urban 105 Victoria Park 359097 171368 NO N 13 200 N 3.5 Background 2 113 Victoria Street c Roadside 359258 172696 NO2 Y 2 3 N 2.8 125 York Road Roadside 359214 171917 NO2 Y 1 2 N 1.8 Anchor Road 147 Roadside 358514 172691 NO Y 4 1 N 2.2 opp Swan hotel 2 154 Hotwells Road Roadside 357601 172483 NO2 Y 80 1 N 2.4 Jacobs Wells 155 road nr Hotwells Roadside 357838 172713 NO2 Y 14 2 N 3.2 rndbt Jacobs Wells 156 road opp Clifton Roadside 357709 173018 NO2 Y 20 1 N 2.5 hill Stokes Croft 157 Roadside 359119 174090 NO Y 2 2 N 2.4 Ashley Road 2

159 Cromwell Road Roadside 358891 174608 NO2 Y 2 1 N 2.5 161 Bishop Road Roadside 359152 175733 NO2 Y 5 2 N 2.2 Strathmore 163 Roadside 359435 176574 NO Y 5 3 N 3.6 Road 2 top of 175 Roadside 362147 170525 NO Y 20 2 N 3.2 Brislington Hill 2 Parson St. A38 239 Roadside 357880 170506 NO Y 13 1 N 3.2 East 2 242 Parson Street Roadside 357510 170401 NO2 Y 7 2 N 3.2

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 42 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? Bedminster Down Road Merchants Road 254 Roadside 357118 172429 NO Y 2 1 N 2.6 Hotwells 2 Stapleton Road 260 Roadside 361140 175366 NO Y 3 2 N 2.4 South 2 Stapleton Road 261 Roadside 361103 175059 NO Y 3 1 N 2.1 Heath Street 2 263 Gatton Road Roadside 360343 174473 NO2 Y 5 1 N 2.5 Lamppost 16 295 Ashley Road St. Roadside 359913 174315 NO2 Y 3 2 N 2.8 Pauls Facade Haart Estate Agents 300 Roadside 363365 175883 NO Y 0 1 N 2.4 755 Fishponds 2 Road Fishponds Facade 784 303 Muller Road Roadside 361368 175170 NO2 Y 3 7 N 2.2 Fishponds Lamppost 305 Sarah Street Roadside 360661 173373 NO2 Y 0 20 N 2.5 Redfield Lamppost Glenfrome Road 307 Roadside 360747 175328 NO Y 8 2 N 2.2 \ Muller Road 2 Horfield Give Way sign Chesterfield Rd 311 \ Ashley Down Roadside 359677 175057 NO2 N 4 1 N 3.3 Road St. Andrews

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 43 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? Lamppost 312 Ashley Hill St. Roadside 359832 174616 NO2 Y 6 2 N 2.7 Pauls Lamppost Whiteladies 314 Roadside 357751 174063 NO N 13 1 N 2.4 Road \ Cotham 2 Hill Clifton Monitor 318 Rupert Street Roadside 358667 173110 NO2 Y 3 0 Y 2.8 City Centre Monitor Bath 320 Roadside 361180 171567 NO Y 25 18 Y 6 Road Brislington 2 Facade 258 325 Fishponds Road Roadside 361667 175103 NO2 Y 22 8 N 2.4 Fishponds 363 5102 façade Roadside 359075 173613 NO2 Y 0 9 N 2.7 365 Unite façade Roadside 359520 173264 NO2 Y 0 10 N 1.8 Great George 370 Roadside 359775 173513 NO Y 0 1 N 2.5 Street lamppost 2 Lamb Street 371 Roadside 359813 173373 NO Y 0 2 N 2.6 façade 2 123 373 Newfoundland Roadside 359747 173774 NO2 Y 6 17 N 2.1 Street façade 374 St. Paul Street Roadside 359509 173595 NO2 Y 15 1 N 2.3 Avonmouth Rd 396 Roadside 352593 177673 NO N 4 7 N 1.9 No 28 on facia 2 facade 397 avonmouth road Roadside 352578 177637 NO2 N 0 12 N 1.7 underpass -

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 44 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? house to SE Avonmouth Rd 398 Roadside 352501 177698 NO N 0 10 N 1.7 No 31 on facia 2 Lamp post 48 403 Roadside 360508 171676 NO Y 0 2 N 2.8 230 Bath Road 2 Whitehall 405 Rd/Easton Rd Roadside 361051 173743 NO2 Y 2 1 N 2.5 lamppost 4TZ Whitehall Rd lamppost 17 nr 406 Roadside 361578 173805 NO Y 3 2 N 2.3 junction with 2 Chalks Rd lamppost 407 Roadside 359829 174370 NO Y 0 2 N 3.2 Sussex place 2 Wells Rd bus lane sign just 413 Roadside 360043 171508 NO Y 9 2 N 3.2 below junction 2 with Knowle Rd St John's Lane No 26 lamppost 417 Roadside 359635 171413 NO Y 5 0 N 3.2 15 (just past 2 roundabout) Bedminster Down Rd lamppost 418 Roadside 357737 170642 NO Y 0 2 N 2.8 between Ashton 2 Motors & Plough PH Parson St 419 lamppost Roadside 357832 170686 NO2 Y 0 1 N 2.8 outside Bristol

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 45 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? Scuba North St/Dean 420 Lane on Roadside 358277 171562 NO2 Y 10 2 N 2.8 roundabout sign North 422 St/Langton Park Roadside 358168 171525 NO2 Y 1 3 N 2.4 T junction facade BRI 423 Roadside 358623 173386 NO Y 0 13 N 2 children's 2 City Rd/Ashley 426 Rd lamppost No Roadside 359517 174153 NO2 Y 0 2 N 2.4 16 facade Villiers 429 road Stapleton Roadside 360484 174097 NO2 Y 5 4 N 2.6 road junction 436 Shiners Garage Roadside 361013 173352 NO2 Y 0 3 N 2.5 A37 Junction w/ 438 Kerbside 360903 170024 NO Y 22 6 Y 2.4 Airport Road 2 Parson Street 439 Roadside 358042 170582 NO Y 8 4 Y 1.5 School 2

Avon Probation 441 Roadside 359645 173683 NO Y 20 8 Y 2.7 Service 2

St. Pauls Day Urban 455 359487 173924 NO Y 100 110 Y 2.8 Nursery Background 2

Millpond School 461 Roadside 360381 174405 NO Y 10 10 N 1.7 Fence 2 Millpond School 462 Roadside 360385 174381 NO Y 0 35 N 2.3 play area 2

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 46 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? 464 Fishponds Road Roadside 362927 175592 NO2 Y 0 3 Y 3 Savanna coffee 466 Roadside 357466 171622 NO Y 7 3 N 2.4 drainpipe 2 Strada Exeter 467 Roadside 357568 171537 NO Y 0 1 N 2.8 Road 2 Lamppost 469 corner park Roadside 359479 171114 NO2 Y 4 2 N 2.8 avenue Lamppost nr 470 brick wall speed Roadside 359213 170997 NO2 Y 1 4 N 3.2 limit sign Jamiesons 472 Roadside 358226 171284 NO Y 0 2 N 2.4 Autos 2 B&G Snax West 473 Roadside 358105 171124 NO Y 0 2 N 2.8 St 2 Martial Arts 474 Roadside 357991 170979 NO Y 0 2 N 2.4 West Street 2 T shirt Shop W. 478 Roadside 362091 170447 NO Y 0 7 N 2.8 Town Lane 2 cycle sign 479 Roadside 361917 170442 NO N 0 3 N 3.2 lamppost 2 Avonmouth Road - Lamppost (20) 482 Kerbside 352450 177760 NO N 9 0 N 2.2 Opposite 2 Number Hse No 45 Avonmouth 483 Road - Kerbside 352484 177735 NO2 N 18 0 N 2.2 Lamppost (19)

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 47 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? Opposite Hse No 37 Avonmouth Road - 485 Telegraph Pole Roadside 352654 177602 NO2 N 18 1 N 2.6 Opposite Hse No 4 Barrack's Lane - Telegraph Pole 486 No 6. End of Roadside 352785 177858 NO2 N 3 12 N 2 Lane Left Hand Side Junction 3 487 Kerbside 360243 174327 NO Y 207 1 N 2 Millpond Street 2 Junction 3 488 Roadside 360205 174291 NO Y 0 4 N 1.8 Easton Way 2 Avonmouth 489 Road Outside Roadside 352634 177629 NO2 N 2 1 N 2 No 12 Avon School 490 Roadside 352683 177670 NO N 4 1 N 2.8 Barrack's Lane 2 Avonmouth 491 Road Outside Roadside 352722 177525 NO2 N 6 1 N 2.6 No 76 On 1 way sign 492 at bottom of Roadside 359445 176627 NO2 Y 5 3 N 2.8 Wellington Hill No.67 Filton 493 Avenue on wall Roadside 359677 176758 NO2 N 12 2 N 2.3 facing Muller Rd 494 Muller Road - Roadside 359558 176850 NO2 Y 1 2 N 2.1

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 48 Bristol City Council

Distance Tube Distance to X OS In to kerb of collocated Site Y OS Pollutants Relevant Height Site Name Site Type Grid AQMA nearest with a ID Grid Ref Monitored Exposure (m) Ref ? road (m) Continuous (m) (1) (2) Analyser? Adjacent to Darnley Avenue On green fence surrounding Western Power 495 Roadside 359353 177340 NO N 0 2 N 1.9 substation 2 adjacent to No.1 Dorian Road 385 Church 496 Roadside 362296 173620 NO Y 3 4 N 2.3 Road Redfield 2 497 20 Ashley Road Roadside 359268 174132 NO2 Y 20 2 N 2.3 (1) 0m if the monitoring site is at a location of exposure (e.g. installed on/adjacent to the façade of a residential property).

(2) N/A if not applicable.

Table A.3 – Annual Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) 203 – Brislington Urban Automatic 87 87 34.5 35.7 34.3 31.4 31.2 Depot Background 206 – Rupert Urban Centre Automatic 93 93 86.2 89.3 85.1 77.3 90.9 Street 215 – Parsons Roadside Automatic 97 97 48.2 47.9 50.8 45.7 44.2

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 49 Bristol City Council

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) Street

270 – Wells Road Kerbside Automatic 100 100 42.3 41.2 39.0 40.5 39.3

375 –

Newfoundland Roadside Automatic 98 98 53.8 52.7 55.2 52.5 41.1 Way

463 – Fishponds Roadside Automatic 91 91 42.2 39.5 37.7 43.3 39.7

452 – AURN St Urban Automatic 93 93 27.2 31.5 28.2 26.3 25.8 Pauls Background

2 - Colston Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 78.8 66.8 68.7 67.7 69.2 Avenue 3 - Blackboy Hill Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 36.6 37.7 41.2 36.3 37.9 4 - Three Lamps Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 59.8 58.4 60.6 55.8 53.3 5 - Bedminster Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 57.2 54.6 58.7 47.6 50.9 Parade 6 - Church Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.2 33.6 33.5 30.5 31.3 7 - St. Andrew's Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 27.7 27.9 27.7 28.0 26.8 Rd Urban 8 - Higham Street Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 25.7 25.6 26.8 22.6 22.5 Background 9 - B.R.I. Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 58.0 52.0 54.0 49.3 48.0 10 - Bath Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 62.3 58.4 61.5 50.1 49.3 11 - Whitefriars Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 56.1 53.2 56.3 48.8 51.4 12 - Galleries Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 55.2 50.8 56.7 51.3 52.5

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 50 Bristol City Council

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) 13 - Ferndown Urban Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 19.4 18.1 18.8 16.3 16.4 Close Background 14 - Red Lion Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 44.1 43.2 42.2 40.4 40.1 Knowle 15 - Horsefair Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 50.9 49.5 53.6 48.6 50.8 16 - Third Way Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.8 36.4 33.3 34.6 35.9 17 - Anglesea Roadside Diffusion Tube 90% 90% 21.0 21.3 25.0 21.2 20.0 Place Urban 18 - Hillcrest Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 20.3 21.3 22.3 18.1 17.8 Background 19 - Conham Vale Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 21.5 22.0 27.2 20.8 19.7 20 - Newfoundland Roadside Diffusion Tube 77% 77% 73.2 74.7 64.3 65.3 58.7 Way 21 - Gloucester Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 44.5 43.1 52.0 50.4 51.6 Road 22 - Stokes Croft Roadside Diffusion Tube 90% 90% 58.7 55.3 57.7 55.3 49.7 23 - Old Market Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 52.3 47.9 50.6 44.2 45.3 Urban 81 - Eastville Park Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 19.2 21.0 18.2 17.5 17.9 Background 99 - Greville Urban Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 28.1 30.0 33.1 27.2 28.7 Smyth Park Background Urban 105 - Victoria Park Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 19.9 20.4 21.2 17.2 18.2 Background 113 - Victoria Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 55.2 51.8 48.4 48.8 47.5 Street c 125 - York Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 66.5 63.0 59.6 53.3 52.9 147 - Anchor Road opp Swan Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 66.4 60.6 60.2 57.0 60.1 hotel 154 - Hotwells Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.9 40.3 44.3 38.5 37.2 Road

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 51 Bristol City Council

Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) 155 - Jacobs Wells road nr Roadside Diffusion Tube 81% 81% 52.4 46.9 48.5 38.8 39.9 Hotwells rndbt 156 - Jacobs Wells road opp Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 49.1 45.8 44.2 38.0 38.9 Clifton hill 157 - Stokes Croft Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 61.8 55.9 56.0 51.4 53.3 Ashley Road 159 - Cromwell Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 48.9 49.7 49.0 44.5 44.1 Road 161 - Bishop Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 81% 81% 47.4 41.6 41.8 41.3 43.7 163 - Strathmore Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.3 38.8 43.0 39.1 37.0 Road 175 - top of Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 56.3 54.7 55.3 51.7 52.9 Brislington Hill 239 - Parson St. Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 82.0 76.9 78.0 69.6 69.2 A38 East 242 - Parson Street Bedminster Roadside Diffusion Tube 76% 76% 75.5 73.9 75.1 56.2 61.7 Down Road 254 - Merchants Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 55.6 55.3 53.2 51.5 54.4 Road Hotwells 260 - Stapleton Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 52.8 45.8 46.5 46.3 45.6 Road South 261 - Stapleton Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 48.2 53.0 55.8 50.6 51.3 Road Heath Street 263 - Gatton Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.5 35.7 35.0 33.9 33.6 295 - Lamppost 16 Ashley Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 91% 91% 60.7 57.8 57.2 58.6 63.3 St. Pauls 300 - Facade Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 52.8 49.9 48.5 42.4 45.9 Haart Estate

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Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) Agents 755 Fishponds Road Fishponds 303 - Facade 784 Muller Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 52.1 48.5 48.2 43.5 46.1 Fishponds 305 - Lamppost Sarah Street Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.3 36.0 37.1 34.2 33.3 Redfield 307 - Lamppost Glenfrome Road \ Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.5 39.5 39.8 38.4 36.6 Muller Road Horfield 311 - Give Way sign Chesterfield Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 45.3 46.7 49.5 43.3 44.0 Rd \ Ashley Down Road St. Andrews 312 - Lamppost Ashley Hill St. Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 46.4 43.7 44.5 36.7 36.8 Pauls 314 - Lamppost Whiteladies Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 31% 31% 44.1 40.4 44.4 43.0 43.9 \ Cotham Hill Clifton 318 - Monitor Rupert Street City Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 95.2 90.6 88.8 88.8 91.2 Centre 320 - Monitor Bath Road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 33.1 31.5 31.1 30.9 31.3 Brislington 325 - Facade Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 53.0 49.8 45.8 49.7 50.8 258 Fishponds

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Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) Road Fishponds 363 - 5102 façade Roadside Diffusion Tube 82% 82% 47.4 48.0 44.3 39.8 39.2 365 - Unite façade Roadside Diffusion Tube 91% 91% 40.3 37.4 37.7 34.7 36.5 370 - Great George Street Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 43.7 39.5 39.4 36.9 37.7 lamppost 371 - Lamb Street Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 47.5 47.5 46.9 42.8 44.8 façade 373 - 123 Newfoundland Roadside Diffusion Tube 82% 82% 47.9 44.9 45.2 41.6 38.3 Street façade 374 - St. Paul Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 56.2 46.8 50.7 51.8 47.1 Street 396 - Avonmouth Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 36.3 34.7 31.9 30.7 32.0 Rd No 28 on facia 397 - facade avonmouth road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.9 34.0 34.4 28.5 33.0 underpass - house to SE 398 - Avonmouth Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 34.9 31.8 34.0 31.9 30.1 Rd No 31 on facia 403 - Lamp post Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 43.9 43.6 46.6 39.2 41.5 48 230 Bath Road 405 - Whitehall Rd/Easton Rd Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 58.0 53.1 55.0 51.1 53.1 lamppost 4TZ 406 - Whitehall Rd lamppost 17 nr Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 37.5 36.5 36.5 34.9 35.4 junction with Chalks Rd 407 - lamppost Roadside Diffusion Tube 89% 89% 56.5 47.3 47.1 43.9 43.1 Sussex place

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Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) 413 - Wells Rd bus lane sign just Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 47.1 41.4 43.7 38.4 39.3 below junction with Knowle Rd 417 - St John's Lane No 26 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 45.6 44.1 42.1 40.8 43.6 lamppost 15 (just past roundabout) 418 - Bedminster Down Rd lamppost between Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 90.5 81.8 74.0 67.7 63.7 Ashton Motors & Plough PH 419 - Parson St lamppost outside Roadside Diffusion Tube 90% 90% 54.7 54.1 53.6 56.6 53.6 Bristol Scuba 420 - North St/Dean Lane on Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.6 38.1 38.9 37.2 36.7 roundabout sign 422 - North St/Langton Park T Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.2 39.8 39.0 34.1 35.0 junction 423 - facade BRI Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 53.2 50.9 46.3 41.8 44.4 children's 426 - City Rd/Ashley Rd Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.0 39.5 38.0 34.0 32.5 lamppost No 16 429 - facade Villiers road Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 57.8 57.3 60.6 54.7 50.4 Stapleton road junction 436 - Shiners Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.9 39.6 40.1 38.2 37.9

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Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) Garage 438 - A37 Junction Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 47.7 43.4 43.5 44.0 43.1 w/ Airport Road 439 - Parson Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.9 40.9 44.7 42.0 41.0 Street School 441 - Avon Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 57.8 55.0 56.1 50.2 45.8 Probation Service 455 - St. Pauls Urban Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 30.0 29.5 30.1 27.3 26.5 Day Nursery Background 461 - Millpond Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.9 35.5 37.2 34.1 33.2 School Fence 462 - Millpond Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 32.6 31.7 32.9 29.2 30.4 School play area 464 - Fishponds Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.2 38.0 35.7 36.0 34.9 Road 466 - Savanna Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.7 39.6 41.1 38.0 34.0 coffee drainpipe 467 - Strada Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 33.4 35.1 34.8 33.0 31.6 Exeter Road 469 - Lamppost corner park Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 40.4 39.4 38.5 35.8 35.3 avenue 470 - Lamppost nr brick wall speed Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.4 39.6 37.8 35.0 38.7 limit sign 472 - Jamiesons Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 47.4 46.5 48.2 45.2 40.0 Autos 473 - B&G Snax Roadside Diffusion Tube 92% 92% 43.1 44.6 43.5 40.7 49.6 West St 474 - Martial Arts Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.7 37.9 39.1 35.8 38.5 West Street 478 - T shirt Shop Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.2 36.4 39.9 35.8 36.3

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Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) W. Town Lane 479 - cycle sign Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 32.6 33.4 33.0 32.2 31.5 lamppost 482 - Avonmouth Road - Lamppost (20) Opposite Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 35.8 36.7 35.8 35.1 Number Hse No 45 483 - Avonmouth Road - Lamppost Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 38.5 36.5 37.2 37.1 (19) Opposite Hse No 37 485 - Avonmouth Road - Telegraph Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.2 35.7 35.0 35.5 Pole Opposite Hse No 4 486 - Barrack's Lane - Telegraph Pole No 6. End of Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 41.5 38.2 36.6 40.8 Lane Left Hand Side 487 - Junction 3 Kerbside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 47.4 47.4 46.2 Millpond Street 488 - Junction 3 Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 42.6 40.1 42.7 Easton Way 489 - Avonmouth Road Outside No Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 34.5 36.9 12 490 - Avon School Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 29.1 31.9 Barrack's Lane 491 - Avonmouth Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 31.2 33.8 Road Outside No

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Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Period (%) (1) 76 492 - On 1 way sign at bottom of Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 50% 37.8 Wellington Hill 493 - No.67 Filton Avenue on wall Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 50% 36.4 facing Muller Rd 494 - Muller Road - Adjacent to Roadside Diffusion Tube 83% 50% 38.4 Darnley Avenue 495 - On green fence surrounding Western Power Roadside Diffusion Tube 83% 50% 21.7 substation (?) adjacent to No.1 Dorian Road 496 - 385 Church Roadside Diffusion Tube 100% 100% 39.3 Road Redfield 497 - 20 Ashley Roadside Diffusion Tube 82% 82% 41.8 Road 3 Notes: Exceedances of the NO2 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. 3 NO2 annual means exceeding 60µg/m , indicating a potential exceedance of the NO2 1-hour mean objective are shown in bold and underlined. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) Means for diffusion tubes have been corrected for bias. All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16 if valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 58 Bristol City Council

Table A.4 – 1-Hour Mean NO2 Monitoring Results Valid Data 3 (3) Valid Data NO2 1-Hour Means > 200µg/m Monitoring Capture for Site ID Site Type Capture 2015 Type Monitoring Period (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (%) (1) 203 – Brislington Urban Automatic 87 87 0 0 (121.5) 3 0 1 (126) Depot Background 206 – Rupert Street Urban Centre Automatic 93 93 46 (216.3) 52 (217.9) 56 (237) 24 (210) 169 215 – Parsons Roadside Automatic 97 97 5 0 (143.7) 1 2 0 Street

270 – Wells Road Kerbside Automatic 100 100 3 1 (145.7) 17 0 6

375 – Roadside Automatic 98 98 0 (156.1) 0 0 0 0 Newfoundland Way

463 – Fishponds Roadside Automatic 91 91 1 0 0 1 (131) 0

452 – AURN St Urban Automatic 93 93 0 0 0 0 0 Pauls Background

3 Notes: Exceedances of the NO2 1-hour mean objective (200µg/m not to be exceeded more than 18 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 90%, the 99.8th percentile of 1-hour means is provided in brackets.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 59 Bristol City Council

Table A.5 – Annual Mean PM10 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture Valid Data PM10 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site ID Site Type for Monitoring Capture 2015 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 AURN St. Pauls - Urban Background 91 91 23.4 18.0 17.8 16.4 14.9 452 3 Notes: Exceedances of the PM10 annual mean objective of 40µg/m are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

Table A.6 – 24-Hour Mean PM10 Monitoring Results Valid Data Capture for Valid Data 3 (3) PM10 24-Hour Means > 50µg/m Site ID Site Type Monitoring Period (%) Capture 2015 (%) (1) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 AURN St. Urban Background 91 91 13 (73.3) 8 (33) 3 4 3 Pauls - 452 3 Notes: Exceedances of the PM10 24-hour mean objective (50µg/m not to be exceeded more than 35 times/year) are shown in bold. (1) data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) If the period of valid data is less than 90%, the 90.4th percentile of 24-hour means is provided in brackets.

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Table A.7 – PM2.5 Monitoring Results

3 (3) Valid Data Capture Valid Data PM2.5 Annual Mean Concentration (µg/m ) Site ID Site Type for Monitoring Capture 2015 Period (%) (1) (%) (2) 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 AURN St. Pauls - Urban Background 93 93 15 13 13 13 10.6 452 (1) Data capture for the monitoring period, in cases where monitoring was only carried out for part of the year. (2) Data capture for the full calendar year (e.g. if monitoring was carried out for 6 months, the maximum data capture for the full calendar year is 50%). (3) All means have been “annualised” as per Technical Guidance LAQM.TG16, valid data capture for the full calendar year is less than 75%. See Appendix C for details.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 61 Bristol City Council

Appendix B: Full Monthly Diffusion Tube Results for 2015

A full inventory of monthly diffusion tube data, both raw and bias adjusted has been uploaded to google docs and can be viewed here8. Appendix C contains details on bias adjustment factors used for the 2015 diffusion tube data.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 62 Bristol City Council

Appendix C: Supporting Technical Information / Air Quality Monitoring Data QA/QC

New Sources of Pollution

There have not been any significant changes to sources that have not been considered in previous reviews and assessments. During 2015 the construction works for the new Metrobus routes began and in some locations has caused significant, but what will be temporary, disruptions to traffic flows. Trends in measured nitrogen dioxide concentrations have been considered with this in mind at locations like Rupert Street in the city centre. Any potential short term increases in pollution as a result of increased congestion should ultimately be off-set with improvements associated with a significantly improved public transport system for the city which aims to encourage modal shift to public transport.

Locations Recording Exceedence Outside AQMA

The next section of the report discusses the locations which have shown some exceedence of the annual objective for NO2 but that are located outside of the AQMA. Table C.1 lists all these locations and provides measured pollutant concentrations for the past 5 years.

Table C.1 - Tubes Outside AQMA Exceeding the Annual Air Quality Objective for NO2 Since 2011 Site Annual Mean Concentrations (µg/m3) Site Action ID 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Slight exceedence recorded in 2013 after two years of compliance at this Blackboy Hill 3 36.6 37.7 41.2 36.3 37.9 location. 2014 and 2015 showed compliance again, with concentrations

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comparable to those measured in 2011 and 2012. Monitoring to continue in this location. NO2 concentration at relevant receptor Give Way location (using sign distance from roads Chesterfield 311 45.3 46.7 49.5 43.3 44.0 calculator) is below Rd \ Ashley the air quality Down Road strategy objective St. Andrews limit. No further action required. NO2 concentration at relevant receptor location is below the air quality strategy objective (38.1µg/m3) when calculated Lamppost using distance Whiteladies calculator tool. Road \ 314 44.1 40.4 44.4 43.0 43.9 Monitoring in this Cotham Hill location to continue Clifton to ensure that exceedence at the relevant receptor does not occur consistently in future years. Avonmouth Compliance has Road - Not been achieved at all School Sign 484* 40.2 37.2 N/A N/A monitoring locations Monitored Opposite in the Avonmouth Hse No 16 Road area during 2015. Monitoring will continue, however, Avonmouth compliance has been Road - Not achieved in 2013, Telegraph 485 41.2 35.7 35.0 35.5 2014 and 2015 and Pole Monitored therefore no further Opposite action is required Hse No 4 with regards to AQMA declaration. No relevant exposure at tube location. Purpose of monitoring location is to assess local Barrack's contribution of M5 Lane - motorway to NO Telegraph Not 2 concentrations. This Pole No 6. 486 41.5 38.2 36.6 40.8 Monitored tube appears to End of Lane indicate that the M5 Left Hand contribution to NO Side 2 concentrations in 2015 was greater than in the previous two years at this location. Avonmouth 489 Not Not Not 34.5 36.9 This is a new site set

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 64 Bristol City Council

Road Monitored Monitored Monitored up to replace site Outside No 484. Data for the 12 past two years shows compliance with annual objectives for NO2. *The sign on which tube 484 was placed was removed in 2013. The monitoring location was replaced by site 489 in 2014. It is located very close to where tube 484 used to be.

Chesterfield Road/Ashley Down Road

Diffusion tube 311 is located on the give way sign at a congested road junction approximately half a metre from the kerbside. The nearest property façade is some

8.5 metres from the kerbside. The NO2 distance calculator has previously been used to assess whether the nearby property could be at risk of exceedence of the annual mean NO2 objective every year since 2009. For all years it was concluded that the objective would be met where relevant exposure occurred. There has been a 0.7 3 µg/m increase in NO2 concentrations in this location in 2015 compared to 2014. The

NO2 distance calculator results for 2015 are summarised in Figure C.1 and shows that the predicted concentration at the façade of the nearest relevant receptor is once again below the annual mean objective. Background NO2 concentrations used in the calculations below have been taken from the Defra published background pollution maps for 2015.

Figure C.1 - 2015 Summary Data from NO2 Distance Calculator for Tube 311

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Blackboy Hill and Whiteladies Road

The 2011 Detailed Assessment concluded that an extension to the central AQMA should be made to include Whiteladies Road and Blackboy Hill. Bristol City Council were planning to start the consultation process for the extension of the AQMA, however, the 2011 data considered for both these sites in the 2012 Updating and 9 Screening Assessment showed that there had been a marked reduction in NO2 concentrations measured in these locations compared to 2010. The 2012 data for Tube 314 and Tube 3 confirm that the decision in 2012 to defer the declaration of an AQMA along Whiteladies Road was the right approach to take. Data for 2013 at Tube 314 on Whiteladies Road shows that there was a marginal exceedence (40.3µg/m3) where relevant exposure occurs, however, the data from 2014 and 2015 shows compliance with 2015 data showing an annual average of 38.1µg/m3. The distance calculation for Tube 314 is shown in Figure C.2. The location of the moinitoring sites is shown in Figure C.3.

Tube 3 on Blackboy Hill is located on the façade of a building and is representative of relevant exposure. In both 2011 and 2012 the objective was met at this location; however, in 2013 the objective was exceeded with 41.2µg/m3 being recorded. 2015 data once again shows compliance at this location with an annual NO2 concentration of 37.9µg/m3. The latest monitoring data has continued the trend of marginal exceedence and compliance in this location and confirms the need to continue to monitor the annual variation in air quality being recorded here.

9 Bristol City Council. (2012). 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment for Bristol City Council.

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 66 Bristol City Council

Figure C.2 - 2015 Summary Data from NO2 Distance Calculator for Tube 314

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Figure C.3 - Location of Diffusion Tube Sites on Whiteladies Road and Blackboy Hill

Avonmouth Road and Barrack’s Lane

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Monitoring has continued around the M5 Avonmouth Bridge over Avonmouth Road following revocation of the AQMA here in 2008. The 2011 Detailed Assessment concluded that consultation for the re declaration of an AQMA at Avonmouth Road should begin. This consultation process was under way with statutory bodies; however, 2011 data, reported in the 2012 Updating and Screening Assessment, casts some doubt over the necessity to declare in this location. After consultation with the LAQM Helpdesk it was agreed that the declaration process could be deferred in order for additional data to be collected.

Annual NO2 concentrations at 9 diffusion tube locations in the Avonmouth Road area during 2015 were below the objective. Tube 486 on Barrack’s Lane recorded an increase from 36.6µg/m3 in 2014 to 40.8µg/m3 in 2015. There is not any relavant exposure in this location however. This latest set of data reconfirms that the decision to defer the declaration process along Avonmouth was correct. NO2 concentrations for 2015 and the trends since 2011 are shown in Table C.2. Location of monitoring sites is shown in Figure C.4.

There is still uncertainty over the contribution that the M5 makes to NO2 concentrations at Avonmouth Road, therefore; in order to gain a better understanding of this, two additional diffusion tube monitoring locations were set up for 2014. Data from these additional tubes and those that have been in place for a number of years indicate that there is a contribution from both roads in the area however, the concentration recorded at tube 486 confirms, as would be expected, that the contribution from the M5 is significant. Due to the elevation of the M5 motorway bridge it is likely that complex pollutant dispersion of emissions from vehicles using the M5 occurs in the area. It would appear that those properties closest to the bridge are not exposed to the same levels of pollutants from the M5 as recorded at Tube 486.

In 2015, annual NO2 data shows that neither emissions from vehicles using the M5 or

Avonmouth Road resulted in an exceedence of the annual objective for NO2 at

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 69 Bristol City Council locations of relevant exposure. Monitoring will continue in this area with results being reported annually.

Table C.2 - Diffusion Tube Results for Avonmouth Road 2011-2015

Distance Distance from Annual Mean Concentrations Site Site ID from M5 Avonmouth 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (m) Rd Avonmouth Rd 396 23 8 36.3 34.7 31.9 30.7 32.0 No 28 on facia facade Avonmouth road 397 36 14 35.9 34.0 34.4 28.5 33.0 underpass - house to SE Avonmouth Rd 398 22 13 34.9 31.8 34.0 31.9 30.1 No 31 on facia Avonmouth Road - Lamppost (20) 482 101 0 35.8 36.7 35.8 35.1 Opposite Number Hse No 45 Avonmouth Road - Lamppost (19) 483 60 0 38.5 36.5 37.2 37.1 Opposite Hse No 37 Avonmouth Road - School Sign 484 66 3 40.2 37.2 Opposite Hse No 16 Avonmouth Road - Telegraph Pole 485 116 1 41.2 35.7 35.0 35.5 Opposite Hse No 4 Barrack's Lane - Telegraph Pole No 6. End of 486 21 265 41.5 38.2 36.6 40.8 Lane Left Hand Side Avonmouth Road 489 80 3 34.5 36.9 Outside No 12 Avon School 490 87 68 29.1 31.9 Barrack's Lane Avonmouth Road 491 218 3 31.2 33.8 Outside No 76

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Figure C.4 – Avonmouth Road Monitoring Locations

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QA/QC of Diffusion Tube Monitoring

Precision calculations were undertaken for all sites in the collocation study. The precision checks indicated a “good” precision rating for all measurement periods at all sites. Automatic monitor data capture rates were good at all sites for all months except for a one month period at each of St Pauls, Rupert Street and Fishponds sites. There were 2 months with poor data capture at Newfoundland Way and 3 months where this occurred at Bridlington Depot. Summary tables from the analysers used for bias adjustment and precision calculation are included in the Figures below.

Figure C.5 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Brislington

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Figure C.6 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Fishponds

Figure C.7 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Newfoundland Way

Figure C.8 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Parsons Street

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Figure C.9 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Rupert Street

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 74 Bristol City Council

Figure C.10 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: St Pauls

Figure C.11 - Summary Data for Bias and Precision Calculation: Wells Road

Diffusion Tube Bias Adjustment Factors

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Since March 2012 diffusion tube analysis has been carried out by Somerset Scientific Services. This lab is not UKAS accredited for diffusion tube analysis but does participate in the AIR PT Scheme for nitrogen dioxide tubes. All reference materials are of at least analytical grade or equivalent. Standards are prepared using equipment that is all within the normal quality system. The tubes used are recycled Gradko tubes prepared and set on a monthly basis. The tube changing frequency is as per the calendar on the Air Quality Archive web site and is carried out by Bristol City Council officers. The tubes are prepared with 50 µL of 20% triethanolamine in water. The method follows that set out in the practical guidance document.

Table C.3 – AIR PT Scheme Results for Somerset County Council

AIR PT Scheme Results: AR0229 – Somerset County Council Round 9 onwards Round 9 10 12 13 Tube 1 (µg NO2) 1.39 1.99 0.99 1.77 Tube 2 (µg NO2) 1.33 2.19 1.00 1.23 Tube 3 (µg NO2) 1.32 2.18 1.65 1.26 Tube 4 (µg NO2) 1.36 2.00 1.67 1.82

Z’ Score tube 1 -0.97 0.56 0.28 0.39 Z’ Score tube 2 0.74 0.64 0.27 0.68 Z’ Score tube 3 -1.52 0.51 0.59 0.79 Z’ Score tube 4 1.17 0.56 0.85 0.67

Performance classification Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory Satisfactory General Classification of a ZSCORE: Satisfactory =< +/- 2 Questionable > +/- 2 and =< +/- 3 Unsatisfactory > +/- 3

Discussion of Choice of Factor to Use

Box 7.1 of LAQM TG16 was used in order to decide on the most appropriate BAF to use. Bristol has a large network of automatic NOX analysers that are operated to national QA/QC procedures. In 2015, 5 of these sites recoded data capture rates of more than 90%. After detailed analysis of data capture rates, diffusion tube data capture rates and precision, 5 of these sites have been identified as appropriate to use for bias adjustment calculations for 2015. The precision of the analysis at these co-located triplicate tubes was classed as good. The Review and Assessment

LAQM Annual Status Report 2016 76 Bristol City Council helpdesk spread sheet number 06/16 contains data from only two additional studies using Somerset Scientific Services for their diffusion tube analysis. Due to the factors outlined above it was decided that the locally derived BAF would be more representative and should be used.

The locally derived BAF was 0.93 and is a more conservative value when compared to the national BAF of 0.90.

Short-term to Long-term Data Adjustment

Adjustment of short term to long term data was carried out for 5 diffusion tube locations where data capture rates were below 75%.

QA/QC of Automatic Monitoring

The Council’s monitoring network is operated and run by officers trained in all aspects of the monitoring processes including routine site operations, field calibrations and data ratification. The QA/QC for the AURN Bristol St Pauls site is carried out by Ricardo-AEA.

Routine Site Operations

The Council’s monitoring sites have a programme of routine operational checks and programmed fortnightly site visits including:

 Daily communications checks on lines, data transfer and analyser operation;

 Daily checks of data quality;

 Repairs of faulty equipment under arrangements with outside contractors;

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 Fortnightly site inspections of equipment operational status, site safety, security and calibration checks;

 Planned six monthly servicing and re-calibration of analysers by equipment suppliers under contract to the Council.

Equipment Servicing and Maintenance Regimes

Analysers have planned maintenance schedules that broadly follow those assigned to the AURN and affiliated site network. All analysers are maintained following manufacturers’ instructions and have six monthly full service and re-calibration conducted under servicing contract. During 2015 the Equipment Support Services (ESU) were carried out by ESU1 Ltd. BCC’s internal data ratification procedures have been used to ensure that the reported data is valid and meets the required standards. Results of the servicing, calibrations and repairs that were carried out by ESU1 Ltd are fully documented and stored centrally. BCC staff carries out routine maintenance during regular fortnightly site visits where all associated equipment such as sample lines, modem, and electrical system are examined and sample inlet filters are changed. Any faults, repairs or changes made to the equipment are also recorded and stored centrally and at analyser locations.

Calibration Methods

The calibration procedures are the same for all the Council’s continuous analysers, with a two point zero/span calibration check being performed at regular intervals of two weeks. The methodology for the calibration procedure being derived from the manufacturers’ instruction handbooks and from the AURN Site Operator’s Manuals, as follows:

 Pre-calibration check - the site condition and status of the analyser is recorded prior to the zero/span check being conducted;

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 Zero check – the response of the analyser to the absence of the gas being monitored;

 Span check – the response of the analyser to the presence of the gas of a known concentration;

 Post calibration check - the site condition and status of the analyser upon completion of all checks.

Each analyser zero/span check is fully documented with records being kept centrally using Google Docs. Diagnostics data is recorded automatically through Envista ARM. Calibration factors are calculated in Google Docs and are used in the scaling and ratification process.

Analyser Calibration

A two point calibration is conducted on Bristol City Council analysers with a reference NO mixture at a concentration of approximately 470ppb. Gases are supplied and certified by BOC.

Zero Air Generation

The contents of the portable scrubber (hopcalite, activated charcoal, purafil and drierite) are changed when necessary or at least every six months.

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Appendix D: Map(s) of Monitoring Locations

Figure D.1 - Central Area Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations

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Figure D.2 – Avonmouth and Lawrence Weston Diffusion Tube Monitoring Locations

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Figure D.3 – Location of Real-time Monitoring Sites

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Figure D.4 – Extent of Air Quality Management Area

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Appendix E: Summary of Air Quality Objectives in England

Table E.1 – Air Quality Objectives in England Air Quality Objective10 Pollutant Concentration Measured as 200 µg/m3 not to be exceeded more Nitrogen Dioxide 1-hour mean than 18 times a year (NO ) 2 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 50 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more Particulate Matter 24-hour mean than 35 times a year (PM ) 10 40 µg/m3 Annual mean 350 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 1-hour mean than 24 times a year Sulphur Dioxide 125 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 24-hour mean (SO2) than 3 times a year 266 µg/m3, not to be exceeded more 15-minute mean than 35 times a year

10 3 The units are in microgrammes of pollutant per cubic metre of air (µg/m ).

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Glossary of Terms

Abbreviation Description

AQAP Air Quality Action Plan - A detailed description of measures, outcomes, achievement dates and implementation methods, showing how the local authority intends to achieve air quality limit values’

AQMA Air Quality Management Area – An area where air pollutant concentrations exceed / are likely to exceed the relevant air quality objectives. AQMAs are declared for specific pollutants and objectives

ASR Air quality Annual Status Report

Defra Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

DMRB Design Manual for Roads and Bridges – Air quality screening tool produced by Highways England

EU European Union

LAQM Local Air Quality Management

NO2 Nitrogen Dioxide

NOx Nitrogen Oxides

PM10 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 10µm (micrometres or microns) or less

PM2.5 Airborne particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5µm or less

QA/QC Quality Assurance and Quality Control

SO2 Sulphur Dioxide

FDMS Filter Dynamics Measurement System

TEOM Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance

AURN Automatic Urban and Rural Network

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