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A Grazier's Guide to the Saltbush-Bluebush Downs Country

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A Grazier's Guide to the Saltbush-Bluebush Downs Country A GRAZIERS' GUIDE TO THESALTBUSH-BLUEBUSH DOWNS COUNTRY OF WESTERN NEW SOUTH WALES The saltbush and bluebush pastures of the downs country are valued by the pastoral industry for the production of high quality wool. However, because of the replacement of valuable perennial plants by less desirable species and the impact of soil erosion, many areas of the downs country are not producing to their optimum potential. This has several implications for you as land managers. Firstly, it reduces your financial return, secondly, itreduces your management options and, thirdly, it means that future owners of your land will have a much harder time making a living from it. The aim of this booklet is to help you better understand and manage your downs country. The westcm rangelands are vital both to the economy and to the mvirommmt of N~w South Wales. Their utilisation in a sustaitmble and respo11sib/e manner requires a fullunderstatlding of the management needs of these diverse and sometimes easily damaged semi-arid la11ds. These guidelines have been prepared wilh .financial support from the National Soil Conservation Program as part of a series covering the western rangelnnds. The management praclices covered provide for the optimum use ofspecies, tlze regeneration ofdegraded areas nud recognition rr11d preservation ofhabitat values. The NSW Government is cot11mitted to nchieving the balm1ce between t'esource uti/isnHmr and sustainable production. I most strongly commend these guidelines and the others 111 tlte series to alllandusers. ~ Ian Armstrong Minister for AgricuJture and Rural Affain. The extent of the downs country in New South Wales. The downs country of far western New South Wales typically includes level to undulating terrain supporting mainly saltbushes (Atriplex spp.) and bluebushes (Maireana spp.) and smaller areas of mitchell grass (Astrebla spp.), mulga (Acacia aneura) and belah (Casuarina cristata), with river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) along the creeks. Similar areas of country occur extensively throughout South Australia, and in parts of Western Australia. This guide is concerned only with the downs country in New South Wales. Most of the area can be described as arid, with a low and erratic rainfall. Rainfall patterns range from a fairly even distribution throughout the year around Broken Hill, becoming more summer dominant in the north of the State. Due to the very high temperatures experienced in summer, evaporation rates are also very high. Consequently, rain falling during the summer months is much less effective than a similar amount falling in winter. Dry spells and droughts are common. The diagram below shows the major droughts (as opposed to dry periods) that have occurred in The downs country includes both far western New South Wales since 1900. flat and undulating terrain carrying mainly saltbush and bluebush pastures. Most of the downs country supports a mixture of perennial The droughts of western New bushes and grasses supplemented by annual herbs and grasses. The South Wales since 1900. system balance is rainfall dependent. Annual species produce a flush of green feed after rains and die off when conditions turn dry. Perennial species usually live much longer because they can use 3 moisture held deeper in the soil and thus survive dry periods. MANAGING YOUR DOWNS death) in a short space of time, whilst still producing a large quantity of COUNTRY seed for the next generation. Annuals are generally the most palatable Achieving high levels of stock production as well as source of feed for stock, particularly in the earlier stages of plant growth. maintaining the rangeland in good condition is a challenge for the After seed set, haying off and a lowering of feed value occurs. Annuals Brazier in downs country. Some of the factors limiting production are only present during droughts as litter, stubble or seed. The downs include: country produces annuals which can respond to either winter or summer � lack of regular seasonal rainfall and very high evaporation rains. Major winter growing annuals include blue crowfoot (Erodium rates during the summer months crinitum), arabian grass (Schismus barbatus), new zealand spinach � very high salt content of the saltbushes and bluebushes (Tetragonia tetragonioides), common white sunray (Helipterum which makes a good quality water supply essential for floribundum), eastern flat-top saltbush and pop saltbush. An important stock summer growing annual is button grass (Dactyloctenium radulans). � lack of shade and shelter for Perennial plants live longer than two years. Unlike annuals, they do not stock rely solely on seed for regeneration, but can reshoot from growing � competition from native and feral animals points located in the butt (of grasses) or on the stems (of bushes and existing and continuing soil erosion forbs). Perennials are slower growing than annuals and the seeds rarely � deterioration of pastures from domination by perennials to germinate in large numbers. Such an event is dependent upon the right reliance on annuals. environmental conditions. However, the chance of regeneration is often Considerable skill is required to operate within these increased by the ability of some perennial plants to seed twice in a year constraints while maintaining short- and long-term productive in response to favourable conditions. Perennials can withstand dry capacity. periods due to their deep root systems which improve the plant's ability Important Plants of the Downs Country to maintain a water supply to growing points. Two of the most common The presence of some plant species has a particular ways perennials survive drought is to reduce moisture loss from the significance for the rangeland manager. Some plants have a high plant by allowing leaves to die or by shedding leaves and remaining in a forage value, others are noted for protecting the soil from erosion, dormant state until the next rain. some behave as weeds and others can indicate the pasture Some plants behave as perennials during a run of good seasons condition. and annuals when conditions are less favourable. These are known as Plants can be valuable as forage because they are nutritious, facultative perennials. They generally produce large amounts of seed digestible and/or palatable. Mitchell grass, windmill grass (Chloris which increase their chance of survival after a dry period. Some truncata) and queensland bluegrass (Dichanthium sericeum) are all faculative perennials are windmill grass, speargrasses (Stipa spp.), palatable and nutritious to stock in the earlier growth stages. The common bottlewashers (Enneapogon avenaceus) and queensland perennial saltbushes and bluebushes are all fairly nutritious, but their bluegrass. palatability is low and they are usually only grazed to any extent There is a wide variety of plant species, both perennial and when other more palatable species have disappeared from the pasture. annual, present in the pasture of the downs country. This has two The plants of greatest value for soil protection are the perennial major advantages. In terms of production, stock can be provided species which offer year-round protection. Perennial grasses and with feed at all times of the year except in prolonged drought. In herbaceous species such as mitchell grass and corrugated silo (Silo terms of stability and erosion prevention, the soil is protected by corrugata) help prevent erosion because they slow the rate of water some form of vegetation cover at all times of the year. flow at ground level and bind the soil with their roots. Perennial As a rangeland manager you should aim to maintain the vegetation and soil in a stable and productive state. This can only be bushes such as the saltbushes and bluebushes, if present at an done if you maintain perennial plants in your pasture. adequate density (that is, no more than 2 to 3 m between bushes), Perennials are most important because they: effectively reduce wind velocity at ground level and thus help to � provide a balanced diet and help prevent scouring in prevent soil movement. periods of flush growth Plants which are capable of colonising bare or eroded areas � enable stock to be carried in a dry period when annual plants play an important role in the reclamation of these areas. These have died species stabilise the soil and/or make conditions more acceptable for � compete successfully with undesirable plants such as the establishment by other species. Colonising species include eastern poverty bushes protect the soil and dry herbage from the flat-top saltbush (Atriplex lindleyi), pop saltbush (A. spongiosa), soft- effects of wind and water horns (Malacocera tricornis), water weed (Osteocarpum � protect other establishing plants from the elements. acropterum), woolly copperburr (Sclerolaena lanicuspus) and buck To ensure long-term stability the productive component of the bush (Salsola kali). pasture, the annual grasses and herbs that appear after rain, can be fully Species which tell us something about the state of our pastures utilised, whereas the perennials should only be used to a level at which are collectively called indicator species. For example, a paddock full their presence in the pasture can be maintained. of long-spined or streaked poverty bushes (Sclerolaena longicuspus Following events such as drought or fire it is necessary to allow and S. tricuspus) may tell us that the paddock has been consistently perennials to re-establish. heavily grazed. On the other hand a paddock of fairly dense and vigorous bladder saltbush (Atriplex vesicaria) would indicate appropriate stocking rates. 4 The downs country in good condition. Photo: Owen Graham 5 How do you maintain a balance of annuals and perennials? Manipulation of grazing pressure is the principal management tool graziers have at their disposal. It is difficult to change the abundance and distribution of short-lived annuals because they have the ability to seed and regenerate under most stocking rates. A stocking rate high enough to permanently remove annual species would almost certainly result in the destruction of most perennial species first.
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