Gustatory, Olfactory, and Visual Convergence Within the Primate Orbitofrontal Cortex
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TEST YOUR TASTE Featuring a “Class Experiment” and “Try Your Own Experiment” TEACHER GUIDE
NEUROSCIENCE FOR KIDS http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html OUR CHEMICAL SENSES: TASTE TEST YOUR TASTE Featuring a “Class Experiment” and “Try Your Own Experiment” TEACHER GUIDE WHAT STUDENTS WILL DO · predict and then determine their ability to identify food samples by taste alone (holding the nose) and then by taste plus smell · collect all class data on identifying food samples and calculate the percentage of correct and incorrect answers for each method (with and without smell) · list factors that affect our ability to identify substances by taste · discuss the functions of the sense of taste · draw a simple diagram of the neural “circuitry” from the taste receptors to the brain · learn how to design experiments that include asking specific questions, defining control conditions, and changing one variable at a time · devise their own experiments to extend the study of the sense of taste SUGGESTED TIMES for these activities: 45 minutes for discussing background concepts and introducing the activities; 45 minutes for the “Class Experiment;” and 45 minutes for “Try Your Own Experiment.” 1 SETTING UP THE LAB Supplies For the Introduction to the Lab Activities Taste papers: control papers sodium benzoate papers phenylthiourea papers Source: Carolina Biological Supply Company, 1-800-334-5551 (or other biological or chemical supply companies) For the Class Experiment Food items, cut into identical chunks, about one to two-centimeter cubes. Food cubes should be prepared ahead of time by a person wearing latex gloves and using safe preparation techniques. Store the cubes in small lidded containers, in the refrigerator. Prepare enough for each student group to have containers of four or five of the following items, or seasonal items easily available. -
Chemoreception
Senses 5 SENSES live version • discussion • edit lesson • comment • report an error enses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, Sand theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields. Sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. We experience reality through our senses. A sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. Many neurologists disagree about how many senses there actually are due to a broad interpretation of the definition of a sense. Our senses are split into two different groups. Our Exteroceptors detect stimulation from the outsides of our body. For example smell,taste,and equilibrium. The Interoceptors receive stimulation from the inside of our bodies. For instance, blood pressure dropping, changes in the gluclose and Ph levels. Children are generally taught that there are five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste). However, it is generally agreed that there are at least seven different senses in humans, and a minimum of two more observed in other organisms. Sense can also differ from one person to the next. Take taste for an example, what may taste great to me will taste awful to someone else. This all has to do with how our brains interpret the stimuli that is given. Chemoreception The senses of Gustation (taste) and Olfaction (smell) fall under the category of Chemoreception. Specialized cells act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. As these compounds react with the receptors, an impulse is sent to the brain and is registered as a certain taste or smell. Gustation and Olfaction are chemical senses because the receptors they contain are sensitive to the molecules in the food we eat, along with the air we breath. -
Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children's Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing
Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children’s Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing Communities of Practice in Autism September 24, 2009 Charlottesville, VA Dianne Koontz Lowman, Ed.D. Early Childhood Coordinator Region 5 T/TAC James Madison University MSC 9002 Harrisonburg, VA 22807 [email protected] ______________________________________________________________________________ Dianne Koontz Lowman/[email protected]/2008 Page 1 Looking at Children’s Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing Do you know a child like this? Travis is constantly moving, pushing, or chewing on things. The collar of his shirt and coat are always wet from chewing. When talking to people, he tends to push up against you. Or do you know another child? Sierra does not like to be hugged or kissed by anyone. She gets upset with other children bump up against her. She doesn’t like socks with a heel or toe seam or any tags on clothes. Why is Travis always chewing? Why doesn’t Sierra liked to be touched? Why do children react differently to things around them? These children have different ways of reacting to the things around them, to sensations. Over the years, different terms (such as sensory integration) have been used to describe how children deal with the information they receive through their senses. Currently, the term being used to describe children who have difficulty dealing with input from their senses is sensory processing disorder. _____________________________________________________________________ Sensory Processing Disorder -
The Importance of Having'good Taste'
The importance of having 'Good Taste' The power to change the lives of persons with deafblindness around the world David Brown, from California Deafblind Services, continues his very successful series of articles about the senses and how they interact aste (the gustatory are distributed over the trigeminal nerve (the fifth sense) is the sense that epiglottis, the soft palate, cranial nerve) in the tongue Tdrives our appetite, and and the laryngeal and oral and the oral cavity. Facial also protects us from poisons. pharynx. The taste receptors palsy results from trigeminal The senses of taste and are sensitive to chemical nerve damage so is likely to smell are very closely linked, stimulation provided by involve some compromise to although stimuli through food substances dissolved the full and effective sense each of these senses travel in saliva in the mouth. of taste. We know that in by very different neurological Many nerves are responsible the population of children routes to reach the brain for transmitting taste with CHARGE Syndrome, for and provide information information to the brain, and example, about 43% have about environmental because of these multiple damage to this fifth cranial events and factors. Previous neural pathways a total nerve, which must present an visual, auditory and tactile loss of taste is very rare. additional, taste, difficulty to experiences can become Alongside distinctive and their other challenges with poweriully attached to identifying taste information eating and drinking. certain taste sensations and (for example, tastes that Infants experience taste memories, and can stimulate we might refer to precisely sensations before birth as strong taste anticipatory as 'banana' or 'coffee' or the first taste buds appear expectations. -
Taste and Smell Disorders in Clinical Neurology
TASTE AND SMELL DISORDERS IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY OUTLINE A. Anatomy and Physiology of the Taste and Smell System B. Quantifying Chemosensory Disturbances C. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders causing Primary Smell Impairment with Secondary Loss of Food Flavors a. Post Traumatic Anosmia b. Medications (prescribed & over the counter) c. Alcohol Abuse d. Neurodegenerative Disorders e. Multiple Sclerosis f. Migraine g. Chronic Medical Disorders (liver and kidney disease, thyroid deficiency, Diabetes). D. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders Causing a Primary Taste disorder with usually Normal Olfactory Function. a. Medications (prescribed and over the counter), b. Toxins (smoking and Radiation Treatments) c. Chronic medical Disorders ( Liver and Kidney Disease, Hypothyroidism, GERD, Diabetes,) d. Neurological Disorders( Bell’s Palsy, Stroke, MS,) e. Intubation during an emergency or for general anesthesia. E. Abnormal Smells and Tastes (Dysosmia and Dysgeusia): Diagnosis and Treatment F. Morbidity of Smell and Taste Impairment. G. Treatment of Smell and Taste Impairment (Education, Counseling ,Changes in Food Preparation) H. Role of Smell Testing in the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders 1 BACKGROUND Disorders of taste and smell play a very important role in many neurological conditions such as; head trauma, facial and trigeminal nerve impairment, and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson Disorders, Lewy Body Disease and Frontal Temporal Dementia. Impaired smell and taste impairs quality of life such as loss of food enjoyment, weight loss or weight gain, decreased appetite and safety concerns such as inability to smell smoke, gas, spoiled food and one’s body odor. Dysosmia and Dysgeusia are very unpleasant disorders that often accompany smell and taste impairments. -
The Visual System: Higher Visual Processing
The Visual System: Higher Visual Processing Primary visual cortex The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital cortex. It receives visual information exclusively from the contralateral hemifield, which is topographically represented and wherein the fovea is granted an extended representation. Like most cortical areas, primary visual cortex consists of six layers. It also contains, however, a prominent stripe of white matter in its layer 4 - the stripe of Gennari - consisting of the myelinated axons of the lateral geniculate nucleus neurons. For this reason, the primary visual cortex is also referred to as the striate cortex. The LGN projections to the primary visual cortex are segregated. The axons of the cells from the magnocellular layers terminate principally within sublamina 4Ca, and those from the parvocellular layers terminate principally within sublamina 4Cb. Ocular dominance columns The inputs from the two eyes also are segregated within layer 4 of primary visual cortex and form alternating ocular dominance columns. Alternating ocular dominance columns can be visualized with autoradiography after injecting radiolabeled amino acids into one eye that are transported transynaptically from the retina. Although the neurons in layer 4 are monocular, neurons in the other layers of the same column combine signals from the two eyes, but their activation has the same ocular preference. Bringing together the inputs from the two eyes at the level of the striate cortex provide a basis for stereopsis, the sensation of depth perception provided by binocular disparity, i.e., when an image falls on non-corresponding parts of the two retinas. Some neurons respond to disparities beyond the plane of fixation (far cells), while others respond to disparities in front of the plane of the fixation (near cells). -
Visual Stimulation Activities for Infants and Toddlers
National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped VISUAL STIMULATION ACTIVITIES FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS A GUIDE TO PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS DR. AMAR Jyoihi PERShA Ms. K.R.NAWVi National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped (Ministryof Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of India) Manovikasnagar, Secunderabad - 500 009, Andhra Pradesh, INDIA. Grams : MANOVIKAS Phone : 040-27751741 Fax :040-27750198 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.nimhindia.org VISUAL STIMULATION ACTIVITIES FOR INFANTS AND TODDLERS Authors : Dr. Amar Jyothi Persha, Ms. K.R. Nawvi Copyright 2004 National Institute for the Mentally Handicapped Secunderabad - 500 009. All rights Reserved. ISBN 81 89001 02 7 Designing Ramana Chepuri, Ramesh Chepuri, Ramaswamy, Secunderabad - 500 003. Ph : 040-55762484 Printed by : Sree Ramana Process Pvt. Ltd., Secunderabad - 500 003. Ph : 040-27811750 ,&ii1iti iiiificti icçiIii FP-1T1 (i1 1TfTftrr Icl1,'T NATIONALINSTITUTE FOR THE Dr.L. GOVINDA RAO MENTALLYHANDICAPPED irector (Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India) FOREWORD This book is an outcome of the project titled "Development of stimulation activities for visually impaired infants and toddlers". Studies show that there are six lakh children born with visual problem each year, among them almost 80% have a residual visual capacity. The visual system gives us a variety of information about the environment, which is necessary for learning and acquiring skills for daily living. Vision is the sense that reveals the mystery of the world to the child. The eyes are the outgrowth of the brain and they parallel the development and growth of the brain in the first few months of life. Visual system matures rapidly as the brain does in these early years of life. -
Olfaction Modulates Ambiguous Visual Motion Perception
OPEN Smelling directions: Olfaction modulates SUBJECT AREAS: ambiguous visual motion perception HUMAN BEHAVIOUR Shenbing Kuang & Tao Zhang PERCEPTION MOTION State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China. OLFACTORY CORTEX Senses of smells are often accompanied by simultaneous visual sensations. Previous studies have Received documented enhanced olfactory performance with concurrent presence of congruent color- or shape- 27 February 2014 related visual cues, and facilitated visual object perception when congruent smells are simultaneously present. These visual object-olfaction interactions suggest the existences of couplings between the olfactory Accepted pathway and the visual ventral processing stream. However, it is not known if olfaction can modulate visual 3 July 2014 motion perception, a function that is related to the visual dorsal stream. We tested this possibility by examining the influence of olfactory cues on the perceptions of ambiguous visual motion signals. We Published showed that, after introducing an association between motion directions and olfactory cues, olfaction could 23 July 2014 indeed bias ambiguous visual motion perceptions. Our result that olfaction modulates visual motion processing adds to the current knowledge of cross-modal interactions and implies a possible functional linkage between the olfactory system and the visual dorsal pathway. Correspondence and requests for materials n our daily life, we are constantly exposed to multiple sensory inputs from different sensory modalities of should be addressed to varying reliability. Yet we could effortless integrate these parallel sensory signals and maintain a unified T.Z. (taozhang@psych. I perception that allows us to interact with the external world. -
Anatomy and Physiology of the Afferent Visual System
Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol. 102 (3rd series) Neuro-ophthalmology C. Kennard and R.J. Leigh, Editors # 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved Chapter 1 Anatomy and physiology of the afferent visual system SASHANK PRASAD 1* AND STEVEN L. GALETTA 2 1Division of Neuro-ophthalmology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Womens Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA 2Neuro-ophthalmology Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA INTRODUCTION light without distortion (Maurice, 1970). The tear–air interface and cornea contribute more to the focusing Visual processing poses an enormous computational of light than the lens does; unlike the lens, however, the challenge for the brain, which has evolved highly focusing power of the cornea is fixed. The ciliary mus- organized and efficient neural systems to meet these cles dynamically adjust the shape of the lens in order demands. In primates, approximately 55% of the cortex to focus light optimally from varying distances upon is specialized for visual processing (compared to 3% for the retina (accommodation). The total amount of light auditory processing and 11% for somatosensory pro- reaching the retina is controlled by regulation of the cessing) (Felleman and Van Essen, 1991). Over the past pupil aperture. Ultimately, the visual image becomes several decades there has been an explosion in scientific projected upside-down and backwards on to the retina understanding of these complex pathways and net- (Fishman, 1973). works. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the visual The majority of the blood supply to structures of the system, in combination with skilled examination, allows eye arrives via the ophthalmic artery, which is the first precise localization of neuropathological processes. -
Taste Quality Representation in the Human Brain
bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/726711; this version posted August 6, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder. All rights reserved. No reuse allowed without permission. bioRxiv (2019) Taste quality representation in the human brain Jason A. Avery?, Alexander G. Liu, John E. Ingeholm, Cameron D. Riddell, Stephen J. Gotts, and Alex Martin Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States 20892 Submitted Online August 5, 2019 SUMMARY In the mammalian brain, the insula is the primary cortical substrate involved in the percep- tion of taste. Recent imaging studies in rodents have identified a gustotopic organization in the insula, whereby distinct insula regions are selectively responsive to one of the five basic tastes. However, numerous studies in monkeys have reported that gustatory cortical neurons are broadly-tuned to multiple tastes, and tastes are not represented in discrete spatial locations. Neu- roimaging studies in humans have thus far been unable to discern between these two models, though this may be due to the relatively low spatial resolution employed in taste studies to date. In the present study, we examined the spatial representation of taste within the human brain us- ing ultra-high resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high magnetic field strength (7-Tesla). During scanning, participants tasted sweet, salty, sour and tasteless liquids, delivered via a custom-built MRI-compatible tastant-delivery system. Our univariate analyses revealed that all tastes (vs. tasteless) activated primary taste cortex within the bilateral dorsal mid-insula, but no brain region exhibited a consistent preference for any individual taste. -
Rapid Evolution of the Visual System: a Cellular Assay of the Retina and Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Spanish Wildcat and the Domestic Cat
The Journal of Neuroscience, January 1993, 13(l): 208-229 Rapid Evolution of the Visual System: A Cellular Assay of the Retina and Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of the Spanish Wildcat and the Domestic Cat Robert W. Williams,’ Carmen Cavada,2 and Fernando Reinoso-Suhrez* ‘Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163 and *Departamento de Morfologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Aut6noma de Madrid, 28029 Madrid, Spain The large Spanish wildcat, Fe/is silvestris tartessia, has re- and important topic, it has been difficult to study the process tained features of the Pleistocene ancestor of the modern of brain evolution in any detail. Our approach has been to domestic cat, F. catus. To gauge the direction and magnitude identify a pair of closely related living species,one from a highly of short-term evolutionary change in this lineage, we have conservative branch that has retained near identity with the compared the retina, the optic nerve, and the dorsal lateral ancestral species,and the other from a derived branch that has geniculate nucleus (LGN) of Spanish wildcats and their do- undergone rapid evolutionary change. The recent recognition mestic relatives. Retinas of the two species have the same that evolution and speciationcan occur in short bursts separated area. However, densities of cone photoreceptors are higher by long interludes of stasisprovides a sound theoretical basis in wildcat-over 100% higher in the area centralis-where- for a search for such pairs (Schindewolf, 1950; Eldredge and as rod densities are as high, or higher, in the domestic lin- Gould, 1972; Stanley, 1979; Gould and Eldredge, 1986). -
Human Taste Thresholds Are Modulated by Serotonin and Noradrenaline
12664 • The Journal of Neuroscience, December 6, 2006 • 26(49):12664–12671 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Human Taste Thresholds Are Modulated by Serotonin and Noradrenaline Tom P. Heath,1 Jan K. Melichar,2 David J. Nutt,2 and Lucy F. Donaldson1 1Department of Physiology and 2Psychopharmacology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom Circumstances in which serotonin (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) are altered, such as in anxiety or depression, are associated with taste disturbances, indicating the importance of these transmitters in the determination of taste thresholds in health and disease. In this study, we show for the first time that human taste thresholds are plastic and are lowered by modulation of systemic monoamines. Measurement of taste function in healthy humans before and after a 5-HT reuptake inhibitor, NA reuptake inhibitor, or placebo showed that enhancing 5-HT significantly reduced the sucrose taste threshold by 27% and the quinine taste threshold by 53%. In contrast, enhancing NA significantly reduced bitter taste threshold by 39% and sour threshold by 22%. In addition, the anxiety level was positively correlated with bitter and salt taste thresholds. We show that 5-HT and NA participate in setting taste thresholds, that human taste in normal healthy subjects is plastic, and that modulation of these neurotransmitters has distinct effects on different taste modalities. We present a model to explain these findings. In addition, we show that the general anxiety level is directly related to taste perception, suggesting that altered taste and appetite seen in affective disorders may reflect an actual change in the gustatory system.