Understanding Sensory Processing: Looking at Children's Behavior Through the Lens of Sensory Processing
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Vestibular Sensory Dysfunction: Neuroscience and Psychosocial Behaviour Overview
DOI: 10.21277/sw.v2i6.263 VESTIBULAR SENSORY DYSFUNCTION: NEUROSCIENCE AND PSYCHOSOCIAL BEHAVIOUR OVERVIEW Brigita Kreivinienė Dolphin Assisted Therapy Center, Klaipėda University, Lithuania Abstract The objective of the submitted contribution is to describe one of the sensory dysfunctions – the dysfunction of the vestibular system. The vestibular system is a crucial sensory system for other sensory systems such as tactile and proprioception, as well as having tight connection to the limbic system. Vestibular sensory system has a significant role for further physical, emotional and psychosocial development. Descriptive method and case analysis are applied in literature based research methodology. These methods are most appropriate as far the vestibular dysfunctions are not always recognized in young age even though they are seen as high psychoemotional reactions (psychosocial behavior). The vestibular dysfunctions in young age can be scarcely noticeable as far more often they tend to look like “just high emotional reactions” as crying, withdrawal, attachment to mother etc. which could be sensed as a normal reaction of a young child. Detailed vestibular sensory dysfunction analysis is presented, as well as the explanation of the neurological processes, and predictions are made for the further possible interventions. Keywords: vestibular dysfunction, neuroscience, psychosocial behavior. Introduction Some problems, such as broken bones, cerebral palsy or poor eyesight are obvious. Others, such as underlying poor behavior or slow learning are not so obvious. The issues, such as awkward walking, fear of other children, complicated socialization, unsecured feeling at school, avoidance of swings or climbing, slapping on the floor or to any other object, attachment to mother, sensitivity to changes in walking surfaces, preference on the same footwear (if changed, often falling/takes time to adapt), aggression to others, stimulation of head rotation, hyperactivity or constant distraction by light, smell, sound etc., and any others can have underlying sensory issues. -
Guide to Sensory Processing.Pdf
Guide to Sensory Processing Prepared by Allison Travnik, MSOTS Level II Fieldwork Student Project Kavitha N Krishnan MS OTR/L Fieldwork Instructor Sensory Processing In order to understand what is going on around us, we need to organize all of the incoming sensory information (Ayres, 2005). The sensory information involves what we see, smell, taste, hear, feel on our body, where our body is in relation to others, and how well we are balanced. This is a lot of information that our brains need to process in order to engage in productive behavior, learn, and form accurate perceptions. Proprioceptive Where are body is in space Tactile Auditory What we feel The noise on our skin around us Sensory Smell Processing The Sight difference What we see scents around us around us Oral Sensory Processing Vestibular The sensations Jean Ayres developed the sensory Our sense of Disorder + balance that food give integration (SI) theory. SI gives us in our mouth meaning to what our senses are recognizing. When the sensations are not being organized properly may notice some of the same qualities in the brain, Ayres compared it to about yourself.It is important to a traffic jam. The traffic jam of remember that everyone has some sensory information can lead to quirks about their sensory processing learning difficulties and problem whether it be a sensitivity to loud behavior (Ayres, 2005). Children noises or dislike of light touch. with Sensory Processing Disorder However the identification of SPD is (SPD) are struggling with this reserved for individuals whose traffic jam. sensory quirks are outside of the Sensory processing is a typical range and affect their daily dynamic and complex theory. -
How Does the Balance System Work?
How Does the Balance System Work? Author: Shannon L.G. Hoffman, PT, DPt Sara MacDowell PT, DPT Fact Sheet Many systems work together to help you keep your balance. The goal is to keep your body and vision stable Peripheral Sensory Systems: 1) Vision: Your vision helps you see where your head and body are in rela- tion to the world around you. 2) Somatosensory/Proprioception: We use the feeling from our feet against the ground as well as special sensors in our joints to know where our feet and legs are positioned. It also tells how your head is oriented to your neck and shoulders. Produced by 3) Vestibular system: Balance organs in the inner ear tell the brain about the movements and position of your head. There are 3 canals in each ear that sense when you move your head and help keep your vision clear. Central Processing: Information from these 3 systems is sent to the brain for processing. The brain stem also gets information from other parts of the brain called the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, mostly about past experiences that have A Special Interest affected your sense of balance. Your brain can control balance by using Group of the information that is most important for a certain situation. For example, in the dark, when you can’t use your vision, your brain will use more information from your legs and feet and your inner ear. If you are walking on a sandy beach during the day, you can’t trust your feet on the ground and your brain will use your eyes and inner ear more. -
Chemoreception
Senses 5 SENSES live version • discussion • edit lesson • comment • report an error enses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, Sand theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields. Sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. We experience reality through our senses. A sense is a faculty by which outside stimuli are perceived. Many neurologists disagree about how many senses there actually are due to a broad interpretation of the definition of a sense. Our senses are split into two different groups. Our Exteroceptors detect stimulation from the outsides of our body. For example smell,taste,and equilibrium. The Interoceptors receive stimulation from the inside of our bodies. For instance, blood pressure dropping, changes in the gluclose and Ph levels. Children are generally taught that there are five senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell, taste). However, it is generally agreed that there are at least seven different senses in humans, and a minimum of two more observed in other organisms. Sense can also differ from one person to the next. Take taste for an example, what may taste great to me will taste awful to someone else. This all has to do with how our brains interpret the stimuli that is given. Chemoreception The senses of Gustation (taste) and Olfaction (smell) fall under the category of Chemoreception. Specialized cells act as receptors for certain chemical compounds. As these compounds react with the receptors, an impulse is sent to the brain and is registered as a certain taste or smell. Gustation and Olfaction are chemical senses because the receptors they contain are sensitive to the molecules in the food we eat, along with the air we breath. -
Neural Gain Modulation by Closed-Loop Environmental Feedback
RESEARCH ARTICLE A theory of how active behavior stabilises neural activity: Neural gain modulation by closed-loop environmental feedback Christopher L. Buckley1,2*, Taro Toyoizumi1* 1 Laboratory for Neural Computation and Adaptation, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan, 2 Department of Informatics and Engineering, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom * [email protected] (CLB); [email protected] (TT) a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract a1111111111 During active behaviours like running, swimming, whisking or sniffing, motor actions shape sensory input and sensory percepts guide future motor commands. Ongoing cycles of sen- sory and motor processing constitute a closed-loop feedback system which is central to motor control and, it has been argued, for perceptual processes. This closed-loop feedback OPEN ACCESS is mediated by brainwide neural circuits but how the presence of feedback signals impacts Citation: Buckley CL, Toyoizumi T (2018) A theory on the dynamics and function of neurons is not well understood. Here we present a simple of how active behavior stabilises neural activity: Neural gain modulation by closed-loop theory suggesting that closed-loop feedback between the brain/body/environment can mod- environmental feedback. PLoS Comput Biol 14(1): ulate neural gain and, consequently, change endogenous neural fluctuations and responses e1005926. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal. to sensory input. We support this theory with modeling and data analysis in two vertebrate pcbi.1005926 systems. First, in a model of rodent whisking we show that negative feedback mediated by Editor: Daniel Bush, University College London, whisking vibrissa can suppress coherent neural fluctuations and neural responses to sen- UNITED KINGDOM sory input in the barrel cortex. -
What Is Proprioception?
1 Talking Matters www.talkingmatters.com.au Ph: 8255 7137 Helping your child to reach their potential Developing body awareness or proprioception Proprioception is a person's awareness of their own body in space. This sense allows us to keep track of where our body parts are without having to look at them. While you are sitting and reading this you can reach down and scratch your knee under the table because your body knows where both your knee and your hand are without having to look at them. Without this sense this simple action would be much more difficult. Proprioception works through an awareness of how our muscles are stretching and adjusts the contraction of our muscles as needed. It works with "kinesthesia" a sense that tells us how our joints are moving and the "vestibular system" in our inner ear which tells us about balance and gravity. All these help us to make adjustments in our joints and muscles to help us move our body and keep our balance. It sounds complex yet we do it all the time without even being aware of it. Proprioception works when sensors in the muscles tell the brain about muscle stretch, tension and pressure. The brain needs information from many sensors or "muscle spindles" to control movements. Muscles used for fine, small movements such as our fingers have many spindles, while those used for larger movements have less. Arms and legs also have many spindles so we can stay upright and keep our balance. The brain also gets information from tendons, joints and ligaments. -
What Is Sensory Defensiveness? by Ann Stensaas, M.S., OTR/L
Super Duper® Handy Handouts!® Number 174 What Is Sensory Defensiveness? by Ann Stensaas, M.S., OTR/L Does your child get upset by tags in clothing, the sound of the vacuum cleaner, or certain smells in the environment? If so, your child may be showing signs of sensory defensiveness. Sensory defensiveness is a negative reaction to one or more types of sensations (such as touch, movement, sound, taste/texture, or smell), often requiring you to control his/her daily routine to avoid such things. Types of Sensory Defensiveness There are different types of sensory defensiveness including tactile (touch), gravitational (movement and balance), auditory (hearing), and oral defensiveness (taste, smell, texture). Tactile Defensiveness (Touch) The tactile system is our sense of touch. It protects us from danger and helps us identify different objects in the environment. A child showing signs of tactile defensiveness may: Overreact to ordinary touch experiences (e.g., touching play dough or being touched by someone). Avoid daily activities (e.g., washing face/hands or brushing hair). Avoid light touch (e.g., a kiss) but seek out deep touch (e.g., a bear hug). Vestibular Insecurity (Balance/Movement) The vestibular system is our sense of movement and balance. It tells us where our head and body are in relation to gravity and other objects and supports our vision, posture, emotions, and coordination skills. A child showing signs of gravitational insecurity may: Have an excessive fear of falling during ordinary movement activities (e.g., swinging, riding a bicycle, or climbing). Become overwhelmed by changes in head position (e.g., being upside down). -
Proprioception As a Basis for Individual Differences Liudmila N
Psychology in Russia: State of the Art Russian Lomonosov Psychological Moscow State Volume 6, Issue 3, 2013 Society University Proprioception as a basis for individual differences Liudmila N. Liutsko Mira y Lopez Laboratory, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain In this chapter the author summarises the descriptions of proprioceptive sense from dif- ferent perspectives. The importance of proprioceptive sense has been shown in devel- opmental psychology, in both the earlier and later stages of individuum formation. The author emphasises in this chapter the role of proprioception as a basis of personality and the individual differences construct. The importance of assessing behaviour at multiple levels has been pointed out by experiments of classic and modern researchers that should include not only verbal tests that would be more important for conscious mental descrip- tion, but also techniques that could assess other behavioural characteristics, including automatic unconscious and pre-reflexive behaviour. The author also describes the effects of altered proprioception in humans, such as the Pinocchio effect, and other spatial per- ception distortions. In this chapter the importance of proprioception in acquiring new skills (embodied knowledge) as automatic and conditioned reflexive behaviour has also been highlighted. Finally, the complete picture of the individuum has been presented as a multi-layered level of a body-mind union approach. Key words: proprioception, individual differences, multi-layered personality, embodied knowledge, automatic movements. The aspects of things that are most important for us are hidden because of their simplicity and familiarity. Wittgenstein (cited in Sacks, 1985) In the cognitive sciences, the most challenging phenomena are often the ones we take for granted in our everyday lives. -
Taste and Smell Disorders in Clinical Neurology
TASTE AND SMELL DISORDERS IN CLINICAL NEUROLOGY OUTLINE A. Anatomy and Physiology of the Taste and Smell System B. Quantifying Chemosensory Disturbances C. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders causing Primary Smell Impairment with Secondary Loss of Food Flavors a. Post Traumatic Anosmia b. Medications (prescribed & over the counter) c. Alcohol Abuse d. Neurodegenerative Disorders e. Multiple Sclerosis f. Migraine g. Chronic Medical Disorders (liver and kidney disease, thyroid deficiency, Diabetes). D. Common Neurological and Medical Disorders Causing a Primary Taste disorder with usually Normal Olfactory Function. a. Medications (prescribed and over the counter), b. Toxins (smoking and Radiation Treatments) c. Chronic medical Disorders ( Liver and Kidney Disease, Hypothyroidism, GERD, Diabetes,) d. Neurological Disorders( Bell’s Palsy, Stroke, MS,) e. Intubation during an emergency or for general anesthesia. E. Abnormal Smells and Tastes (Dysosmia and Dysgeusia): Diagnosis and Treatment F. Morbidity of Smell and Taste Impairment. G. Treatment of Smell and Taste Impairment (Education, Counseling ,Changes in Food Preparation) H. Role of Smell Testing in the Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disorders 1 BACKGROUND Disorders of taste and smell play a very important role in many neurological conditions such as; head trauma, facial and trigeminal nerve impairment, and many neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson Disorders, Lewy Body Disease and Frontal Temporal Dementia. Impaired smell and taste impairs quality of life such as loss of food enjoyment, weight loss or weight gain, decreased appetite and safety concerns such as inability to smell smoke, gas, spoiled food and one’s body odor. Dysosmia and Dysgeusia are very unpleasant disorders that often accompany smell and taste impairments. -
Auditory System & Hearing
Auditory System & Hearing Chapters 9 part II Lecture 17 Jonathan Pillow Sensation & Perception (PSY 345 / NEU 325) Fall 2017 1 Cochlea: physical device tuned to frequency! • place code: tuning of different parts of the cochlea to different frequencies 2 The auditory nerve (AN): fibers stimulated by inner hair cells • Frequency selectivity: Clearest when sounds are very faint 3 Threshold tuning curves for 6 neurons (threshold = lowest intensity that will give rise to a response) Characteristic frequency - frequency to which the neuron is most sensitive threshold(dB) frequency (kHz) 4 Information flow in the auditory pathway • Cochlear nucleus: first brain stem nucleus at which afferent auditory nerve fibers synapse • Superior olive: brainstem region thalamus MGN in the auditory pathway where inputs from both ears converge • Inferior colliculus: midbrain nucleus in the auditory pathway • Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN): part of the thalamus that relays auditory signals to the cortex 5 • Primary auditory cortex (A1): First cortical area for processing audition (in temporal lobe) • Belt & Parabelt areas: areas beyond A1, where neurons respond to more complex characteristics of sounds 6 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System Comparing overall structure of auditory and visual systems: • Auditory system: Large proportion of processing before A1 • Visual system: Large proportion of processing after V1 7 Basic Structure of the Mammalian Auditory System Tonotopic organization: neurons organized spatially in order of preferred frequency • -
The Olfactory Bulb Theta Rhythm Follows All Frequencies of Diaphragmatic Respiration in the Freely Behaving Rat
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Frontiers - Publisher Connector ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 11 June 2014 BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00214 The olfactory bulb theta rhythm follows all frequencies of diaphragmatic respiration in the freely behaving rat Daniel Rojas-Líbano 1,2†, Donald E. Frederick 2,3, José I. Egaña 4 and Leslie M. Kay 1,2,3* 1 Committee on Neurobiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 2 Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 3 Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA 4 Departamento de Anestesiología y Reanimación, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile Edited by: Sensory-motor relationships are part of the normal operation of sensory systems. Sensing Donald A. Wilson, New York occurs in the context of active sensor movement, which in turn influences sensory University School of Medicine, USA processing. We address such a process in the rat olfactory system. Through recordings of Reviewed by: the diaphragm electromyogram (EMG), we monitored the motor output of the respiratory Thomas A. Cleland, Cornell University, USA circuit involved in sniffing behavior, simultaneously with the local field potential (LFP) of Emmanuelle Courtiol, New York the olfactory bulb (OB) in rats moving freely in a familiar environment, where they display University Langone Medical Center, a wide range of respiratory frequencies. We show that the OB LFP represents the sniff USA cycle with high reliability at every sniff frequency and can therefore be used to study the *Correspondence: neural representation of motor drive in a sensory cortex. -
Special Issue “Olfaction: from Genes to Behavior”
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Editorial Special Issue “Olfaction: From Genes to Behavior” Edgar Soria-Gómez 1,2,3 1 Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain; [email protected] or [email protected] 2 Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Science Park of the UPV/EHU, 48940 Leioa, Spain 3 IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain Received: 12 June 2020; Accepted: 15 June 2020; Published: 15 June 2020 The senses dictate how the brain represents the environment, and this representation is the basis of how we act in the world. Among the five senses, olfaction is maybe the most mysterious and underestimated one, probably because a large part of the olfactory information is processed at the unconscious level in humans [1–4]. However, it is undeniable the influence of olfaction in the control of behavior and cognitive processes. Indeed, many studies demonstrate a tight relationship between olfactory perception and behavior [5]. For example, olfactory cues are determinant for partner selection [6,7], parental care [8,9], and feeding behavior [10–13], and the sense of smell can even contribute to emotional responses, cognition and mood regulation [14,15]. Accordingly, it has been shown that a malfunctioning of the olfactory system could be causally associated with the occurrence of important diseases, such as neuropsychiatric depression or feeding-related disorders [16,17]. Thus, a clear identification of the biological mechanisms involved in olfaction is key in the understanding of animal behavior in physiological and pathological conditions.