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Third Parties in the U.S. Political System: What External and Internal Issues Shape Public Perception of Libertarian Party/Polit University of Texas at El Paso DigitalCommons@UTEP Open Access Theses & Dissertations 2019-01-01 Third Parties in the U.S. Political System: What External and Internal Issues Shape Public Perception of Libertarian Party/Politicians? Jacqueline Ann Fiest University of Texas at El Paso, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd Part of the Communication Commons Recommended Citation Fiest, Jacqueline Ann, "Third Parties in the U.S. Political System: What External and Internal Issues Shape Public Perception of Libertarian Party/Politicians?" (2019). Open Access Theses & Dissertations. 1985. https://digitalcommons.utep.edu/open_etd/1985 This is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UTEP. It has been accepted for inclusion in Open Access Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UTEP. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THIRD PARTIES IN THE U.S. POLITICAL SYSTEM WHAT EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ISSUES SHAPE PUBLIC PRECEPTION OF LIBERTARIAN PARTY/POLITICIANS? JACQUELINE ANN FIEST Master’s Program in Communication APPROVED: Eduardo Barrera, Ph.D., Chair Sarah De Los Santos Upton, Ph.D. Pratyusha Basu, Ph.D. Stephen Crites, Ph.D. Dean of the Graduate School Copyright © by Jacqueline Ann Fiest 2019 Dedication This paper is dedicated to my dear friend Charlotte Wiedel. This would not have been possible without you. Thank you. THIRD PARTIES IN THE U.S. POLITICAL SYSTEM WHAT EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ISSUES SHAPE PUBLIC PRECEPTION OF LIBERTARIAN PARTY/POLITICIANS? by JACQUELINE ANN FIEST, BA THESIS Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at El Paso in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT EL PASO May 2019 Table of Contents Table of Contents ....................................................................................................................... iv Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 3 What is Political Communication? ...................................................................................... 3 Violence in Political Rhetoric ............................................................................................. 4 Chapter Two: Research Methods ................................................................................................. 8 Data Collection and Analysis Methods ............................................................................... 8 Interview Respondents ....................................................................................................... 9 Chapter Three: Research Findings ............................................................................................. 13 What is a Libertarian? ...................................................................................................... 13 The History of the Libertarian Party in the United States .................................................. 15 Prominent Third Party/Libertarian Personalities ............................................................... 18 American Libertarianism versus Other American Political Philosophies ........................... 21 The Republican Party ....................................................................................................... 22 The Democratic Party ....................................................................................................... 25 Reasons for Lack of Libertarian Candidates on the Ballot ................................................. 30 Our Own Perspectives ...................................................................................................... 34 Toxic Fringe ..................................................................................................................... 34 Public Popularity .............................................................................................................. 37 Straight Ticket Voting ...................................................................................................... 39 Laws to Keep Libertarians Off the Ballot.......................................................................... 42 Race in the Libertarian Philosophy/Party .......................................................................... 46 Gender and Feminism in the Libertarian Philosophy/Party................................................ 50 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 60 References ................................................................................................................................ 62 Scholarly References ................................................................................................................. 62 Appendix A. Supplementary Data File ...................................................................................... 73 Vita 219 iv Chapter 1: Introduction The current two-party system has dominated American politics for much of history, but as voters find themselves frustrated with a limited set of choices, more are becoming open to the idea of a third-party option. According to Newsweek, 61% of people believe America needs a third major political party. That number jumps to 77% among independents (Haltiwanger, 2017). In almost every other part of American life, a variety of choices is considered a benefit. A CNN poll done in conjunction with ORC International reflected that only 5% of Americans feel the federal government in Washington DC, which overwhelmingly consists of Republicans and Democrats (with only two Independents), represents people like themselves “very well” (CNN/ORC poll results, 2016). Despite this available gap for third parties to exploit and build support among American voters, they have largely failed to do so. In my thesis, I intend to address how media has been used to spread a message that is particularly damaging to Libertarian candidates, but also can be used to help spread a new political message. Overall, I’d like to address what external and internal issues shape public perception of libertarian party/politicians, What third party or independent candidates/campaigns have been successful in the past at spreading their messages and what can we learn from that now? What have past independent or third-party candidates running for office – either successfully or unsuccessfully – found either helped or hurt them through the process? Examining these issues may help determine where third parties, specifically the Libertarian Party, have failed when it comes to connecting with American voters and where they can succeed in the future. 1 In order to fully understand the dynamics of the current two-party system, it’s important to know that these issues started showing up in U.S. politics as soon as the American Revolution was won. The two major parties of that time, the Federalists run by Alexander Hamilton and the Anti-Federalists (also known as the Democratic-Republicans) run by Thomas Jefferson largely disagreed over three points: foreign policy, the economy and the nature of government (Origins, n.d.). These are the same topics the two major parties disagree about now. Hamilton wanted to make a government similar to that of the British monarchy, with a strong central government including a central bank and a strong political executive. Jefferson, after engaging in revolution against the strong, domineering monarchy of England, believed a central bank and a strong political executive would have too much power. His preference was for power to lie with the states and their individual bodies, not with the federal government (Origins, n.d.). Hamilton’s Federalists are today’s Democrats, believing in a strong central government, while Jefferson’s Democrat-Republicans evolved into today’s Republican Party, espousing belief in states’ authority and limiting the power of the federal government. These major disagreements first escalated in the 1790s (Origins, n.d.) and while the names of the parties have changed, they are still debating same issues 229 years later. As we start this thesis, I’d like to state at the open that I have been a libertarian since 2008. After having seen the good and the bad, I have welcomed the opportunity to sit down and look at the issues that plague the party, overall philosophy as well as what can we do to be more successful moving forward. 2 Literature Review The political communication landscape has changed dramatically in the last 30 years, starting with the advent of the internet, then transforming in ways never imagined with the creation and growth of social media. Not only does it provide direct access to voters in a way that is historically unmatched, but it also gives the voters direct access to the candidates. The voting public now has deeper access to political candidates than ever before and thus know more about them than we ever have. During Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s presidency (1933-1945) it was considered controversial to show him in his wheelchair (necessitated by his battle with polio) (Clausen, 2015); it was considered disrespectful to show the president in a way that made him appear weak. In
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