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Titelgegevens / Bibliographic Description Titel John Forbes (ca. 1568-1634) / Christiaan George Frederik de Jong. Auteur(s) Jong, C.G.F. de Details S.l., 1987. XIV, 198 p. Copyright 2006 / C.G.F. de Jong | Claves pietatis. Producent Claves pietatis / 2007.08.30; versie 1.0 Bron / Source Onderzoeksarchief / Research Archive Nadere Reformatie Annotatie(s) Proefschrift Groningen. Website Sleutel tot de Nadere Reformatie Nummer B00001645 De digitale tekst is vrij beschikbaar voor The digital text is free for personal use, persoonlijk gebruik, voor onderzoek en for research and education. Each user onderwijs. Respecteer de rechten van de has to respect the rights of the copyright rechthebbenden. Commercieel gebruik holders. Commercial use is prohibited. is niet toegestaan. Het 'Onderzoeksarchief Nadere The 'Research Archive Nadere Reformatie' bevat digitale documenten Reformatie' contains digital documents over het gereformeerd Piëtisme en de about reformed Pietism and the Nadere Nadere Reformatie in Nederland tot Reformatie in the Netherlands until 1800. Het is doorzoekbaar met de 1800. These can be retrieved by 'Bibliografie van het gereformeerd searching the 'Bibliography of the Piëtisme in Nederland (BPN)' op de reformed Pietism in the Netherlands website 'Sleutel tot de Nadere (BPN)' database at the 'Sleutel tot de Reformatie'. Nadere Reformatie' website. RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN JOHN FORBES (ca. 1568-1634) PROEFSCHRIFT TER VERKRIJGING VAN HET DOCTORAAT IN DE GODGELEERDHEID AAN DE RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT TE GRONINGEN OP GEZAG VAN DE RECTOR MAGNIFICUS DR. E. BLEUMINK IN HET OPENBAAR TE VERDEDIGEN OP DONDERDAG 10 SEPTEMBER 1987 DES NAMIDDAGS TE 2.30 UUR PRECIES. door CHRISTIAAN GEORGE FREDERIK DE JONG geboren te Amsterdam Promotor: Prof. dr. F.R.J. Knetsch voorJannet Marcus Maarten Rijk Inhoudsopgave Voorwoord xi Inleiding xm I Forbes' Schotse jaren (omstreeks 1568-1606) 1 LI James en de Church of Scotland 1 1.2 Het geslacht Forbes 6 1.3 John Forbes te St. Andrews 9 1.4 Predikant te Alford 13 1.5 De kerk en de adel 14 1.6 De General Assembly te Aberdeen (1605) 16 II Predikant der Merchant Adventurers (1606-1634) 35 II. 1 Forbes' eerste jaren op het vasteland 35 11.2 De Merchant Adventurers 37 11.3 Predikant te Middelburg 39 11.4 Predikant te Delft 51 11.5 Liturgie en Kerkorde 56 11.6 Thomas Hooker en de Engelse Kerk van Delft 60 11.7 Forbes' reis naar Duitsland. Bemiddeling in Delft 64 11.8 Forbes'laatste jaar als predikant 66 III De Engelse synode 93 IV Forbes'werk en theologie. 115 IV. 1 Inleiding 115 Ramistische invloed op Forbes' werk 115 Forbes' gebruik van de bijbel 117 Verspreiding van Forbes' werk 119 VII IV.2 Theologie 119 Gods wil en heilsbesluit 120 Verbond 121 Zondeval 122 Rechtvaardiging 123 Christologie 124 Geloof 125 Geloofszekerheid 127 Levensheiliging 129 Kerk en sacramenten 131 Kerk en overheid 133 V Conclusie 141 VI Bijlagen 145 I Forbes aan ? 145 II Forbes aan koning James [Middelburg, oktober, 1608] 148 III Forbes aan James Melville, Middelburg, 15 oktober, 1613 150 IV Forbes aan koning James, Middelburg, 24 juli, 1616 152 V Forbes aan koning James [na juli 1616] 153 VI Forbes aan R. Boyd of Trochrigg, Middelburg, 10 mei, 1618 154 VII Forbes aan Sir Dudley Garleton, Middelburg, 22 november, 1620 [o.s.] 155 VIII Forbes aan Sir Dudley Carleton, Middelburg, 27 november, 1620 [o.s.] 156 IX Deel van de notulen van de eerste vergadering van de Engelse synode, Delft, 20 april, 1622. 157 X Forbes aan Sir Dudley Carleton, Delft, 7 november, 1623 [o.s.] 158 XI Forbes aan de Engelse kerk van Amsterdam, Delft, 16 december, 1623 158 XII Forbes aan Sir Dudley Carleton, [Den Haag, 14 april, 1624] 159 XIII Forbes aan [Sir Dudley Carleton ?] Delft, 26 februari, 1625 160 XIV Forbes aan Sir Edward Conway, Londen, 9 maart, 1624 [o.s.] 162 XV Engelse kerk van Vlissingen aan Forbes en Th. Potts, Vlissingen, d.d. 3 december, 1627 163 XVI Engelse kerk van Vlissingen aan Engelse synode, Vlissingen, d.d. 13 mei, 1628 163 XVII Forbes aan William Laud, Delft, 1 februari, 1634 164 VIII VII Summary 167 VIII In druk verschenen werk van Forbes 171 IX Geraadpleegde bronnen en literatuur 173 Manuscripten 173 Gedrukte bronnen 177 Naslagwerken 181 Literatuur 181 X Afkortingen 189 XI Index 191 IX Voorwoord Nu dit proefschrift voltooid is, wens ik mijn erkentelijkheid uit te spreken jegens diegenen, die het tot stand komen ervan (mede) hebben mogelijk gemaakt. In de eerste plaats gaat mijn dank uit naar prof. dr. W. Nijenhuis, die zich in zijn hoedanigheid van promotor en begeleider voortdurend een zeer deskundig, gedul­ dig en precies leermeester getoond heeft. Des te groter is die erkentelijkheid, daar hij zich bij zijn begeleiding niet heeft laten hinderen door de grote geografische afstand, die de laatste 4 jaren tussen hem en de promovendus bestaan heeft. Niet geringer is mijn dank jegens prof. dr. F.R.J. Knetsch, die zich in 1985 bereid ver­ klaarde het formele promotorschap van professor Nijenhuis over te nemen, zodat een ongestoorde voortgang van mijn werk gewaarborgd werd. Mijn wetenschapelijke vorming heb ik aan de Rijksuniversiteiten van Utrecht en Groningen mogen ontvangen. Van de hoogleraren, wier colleges ik als student heb mogen volgen, noem ik met eerbied dr. H.G. Hubbeling en dr. A.J. Visser, beiden inmiddels overleden. De begaafdheid van de eerste en de eruditie van de tweede hebben een onuitwisbare indruk op mij gemaakt en zijn voor mij van grote waarde geweest. Dat laatste geldt ook voor de colleges Exegese van het Oude Testament van prof. dr. A. S. van der Woude. Deze staan mij tot op heden voor de geest als het toonbeeld van helderheid en doordachtheid. Ten aanzien van diegenen, die verder nog het hunne aan het tot stand komen van dit proefschrift hebben bijgedragen, beperk ik mij tot Rev. dr. J. E. Piatt (Pembroke College, Oxford) en de historicus drs. J. Bosma. De eerste dank ik voor zijn hulp bij mijn onderzoek in de Bodleian Library in Oxford, de laatste voor de geboden hel­ pende hand waar de grote afstand, die mij de laatste jaren van Europese universi­ teitsbibliotheken scheidde, voor problemen dreigde te zorgen. Ujung Pandang, 24 februari 1987 XI Inleiding Deze studie is gewijd aan de Schotse predikant John Forbes (omstreeks 1568-1634), een telg uit een oud adellijk geslacht, die door zijn optreden zowel in Schotland (1605 -1606) als in de Nederlanden (1608 -1634) naar het oordeel van de schrijver wetenschappelijke belangstelling rechtvaardigt. In zijn Schotse periode vestigde Forbes de aandacht op zich door de wijze waar­ op hij de rechten en vrijheden van de presbyteriaanse, calvinistische Church of Scotland zocht te verdedigen tegenover de staat, die, in de persoon van koning James, deze wenste in te perken en de kerk trachtte om te vormen tot een episcopa­ le. Dit conflict bereikte een voorlopig hoogtepunt in de door John Forbes geleide doch door de kroon verboden General Assembly van 1605. Forbes' onverzettelijk­ heid in deze kwestie, die evenwel nooit de vorm van openlijke rebellie tegen het staatshoofd aannam, leidde tenslotte tot zijn verbanning uit zijn vaderland in het jaar 1606, al bleef hij nog vele jaren nadien voor velen in Schotland een symbool van een strijdbare kerk, zoals dat ook met Andrew Melville, diens neef James Melville en een aantal anderen het geval is geweest. Kort na zijn verbanning vestigde Forbes zich in de Nederlanden (1608), waar hij tot eenjaar voor zijn dood in 1634 diende als predikant een Engels genootschap van kooplieden in lakense stoffen, de Merchant Adventurers, die aanvankelijk in Mid­ delburg, Zeeland, en vanaf 1621 in het Zuidhollandse Delft hun stapelplaats had­ den. In zijn Nederlandse tijd ontwikkelde Forbes zich tevens tot een zeer vrucht­ baar auteur en legde zich toe op het voor zijn gemeenteleden en andere belangstel­ lenden toegankelijk maken van de in supralapsaristische zin geïnterpreteerde pre­ destinatieleer, zoals die onder meer door de Geneefse theoloog Theodorus Beza (1519-1605) was uitgedragen. Forbes kan gekwalificeerd worden als een piëtistisch theoloog, wiens geschriften voornamelijk als doel hadden zijn lezers de helpende hand te reiken bij hun zoeken naar geloofszekerheid en omdat hij vrijwel altijd inging op in zijn gemeente levende vragen, geven zijn geschriften een goede indruk van het geestelijk klimaat, dat heerste in kringen van in de Nederlanden verblijven­ de Merchant Adventurers gedurende de eerste 35 jaren der zeventiende eeuw. Hoe­ wel zijn werk, voor zover bekend, nooit in het Nederlands vertaald is, kan hij gezien worden als een vroege vertegenwoordiger van die geestesrichting, die in het latere Nederlandse gereformeerde pietisme tot bloei is gekomen. Vanaf zijn verhuizing naar Delft (1621) tot vlak voor zijn dood (1634) heeft hij, XIII samen met enkele Engelse en Schotse collegapredikanten hier te lande, onvermoei­ baar doch met weinig vrucht getracht zo veel mogelijk van zijn in de Nederlanden verblijvende Engelse en Schotse confraters onder het toezicht te stellen van een in 1620/1621 mede door hem opgerichte Engelse synode (ook Engelse classis ge­ noemd). In de eerste plaats wilde hij aldus tegemoet komen aan irritaties aan Ne­ derlandse zijde, die het ongedisciplineerde optreden van een aantal van hen veroor­ zaakte, vervolgens probeerde hij hiermee een schild te creëren waarachter hij en geestverwante collegas bescherming konden vinden tegen de Engelse staatskerk, de Church of England, die in deze jaren in toenemende mate trachtte Engelse en Schotse onderdanen in de Nederlanden te bewegen zich naar haar kerkorde en liturgie te richten, en tenslotte meende hij een kans te zien een kerkelijke organisatie op te richten, zoals hij die in Schotland had leren waarderen en verdedigen, doch waarvan hij inmiddels de ondergang aldaar had moeten constateren. De Engelse synode is in haar opzet niet geslaagd en is zowel als gevolg van een gebrek aan innerlijke samenhang, als van het optreden van de Engelse ambassadeur in Den Haag, William Boswell, nog tijdens Forbes' leven te gronde gegaan, doch de betrekkelijke korte tijd van haar bestaan is toch niet zonder betekenis geweest.
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  • Introduction

    Introduction

    INTRODUCTION. THE beautiful valley of the Axe lies in south-east Devonshire, about four miles west of Dorset. The red marl and brown and sterile summits of the green sand-hills mark the situation with unmistakable signs. A real Devonshire valley cannot be confounded with any other; nor can its climate. Mild in winter, when southern Italy has frost and snow, and when Greece is not to be traversed from the same causes, its curative influence at length begins to be appreciated. Within four miles of Dorset stands the ancient town of Axminster, five miles above the mouth of the Axe; and Colyton, another ancient town, lies at a distance of three miles from the sea, at the opening of the beautiful valley of the Axe. The old commercial borough of Lyme Regis lies at a distance of five miles to the east, and one mile inside Dorsetshire. British and Danish earthworks, a battle-field between the Saxons and Danes, and the site of a famous Abbey, render the tract we have described truly classic ground. London, when coaches were unknown, was too distant to be visited by more than a few from this remote part of the country. Exeter was the metropolis of the West. Great men and abbots had their inns or town residences in this city. An almost magic power has virtually brought this city within five hours of London instead of a VHl INTRODUCTION. week. Centralization and the constant intercourse now maintained with other counties are rapidly causing peculiarities and distinctions to disappear. The Yonge Diary, the property of the Editor, was kept by Walter Yonge, Esq., Barrister-at-Law, a Justice of the Peace, Sheriff for Devon, and Member of Parliament for Honiton, at his mansion- houses in Colyton and Axminster, from A.D.