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Attack on the Liberty ­— Closely Resembled the El-Kasir Was Most Illogical

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Attack on the Liberty ­— Closely Resembled the El-Kasir Was Most Illogical SPECIAL SERIES CRISIS COLLECTION Volume 1 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Attack onon a a SigintSigint Collector,Collector, the U.S.S.U.S.S. Liberty (S-CCO)-fS-€OOr 'fntS f)6et:Jr.IEN'f e6N'fA:INS e6f)EW6Kf) r.1A:'fEKIA:L NATIONAL SECURITY Classifiedby byNSA/CSSM NSA/CSSM 123-2 AGENCY Review in in April April 2011 CENTRAL Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 11-08-2006 pursuant to E.O. SECURITY 12958, as amended. MDR 51712. SERVICE Contents of this publicationpublication should not be be reproduced,reproduced, oror furtherfurther disseminateddisseminated outside the U.S.U. S. IntelligenceIntelligence CommunityCommunity without thethe permissionpermission of the Director,Director, NSA/CSS. Inquiries about reproduction andand dissemination shouldshould bebe directed to the OfficeOffice of Cryptologic ArchivesArchives andand History, T54. i 'fOP SECRE'f UMBRA I UNITED STATESSTATES CRYCRYPTOLOGIC PTOLOGIC HISTORYHISTORY Special SeriesSeries Crisis CollectionCollection VVolume olu►ne 11 Attack onon a SigintSigint Collector,Collector, the U.S.S.V.S.S. LilJerty-(S=€€6TLiberty • William D. GerhardGerhard Henry W. MillingtonMillington NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY/CENTRALAGENCY/CENTRAL SECURITY SERVICESERVICE 1981 NO'f ItEtEASABLE 'fO fOItEIGN Nlt'fIONltLS 'fOP SECRET UMBRA -- --- --- -~--------..................,...~ UNCLASSIFIED Contents Page ForewordForeword___________________________________________________________________________________ vii Authors' Note_______________________________________________________________________________Note ix Chapter I POLITICAL-MILITARY BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND (U) _1 Chapter II CONSIDERATIONS LEADINGLEADINGTO TO THETHE SHIP'S DEPLOYMENT (U) _ 5 The Requirements forfor IntelligenceIntelligence (U) _ 5 Technical Collection Factors (U) _ 6 I Its ee8) ... 6 ~o 1. 4 . (c) Fo 1. 4 . (d) U.S. InterceptIntercept of VHF/UHF CommunicationsCommunications {l,JL-------------------------------------(U) --- _ 10 1 I(e eeSJ ----------------------------------------------- 10 Airborne CollectorsCollectors (U) - _ 11 The Decision to Deploy the Liberty (U) _ 12 Chapter III DEPLOYMENT TOTO THE MEDITERRANEAN (U) 15 U.S.S. Liberty's Modus Operandi (U) 15 Abidjanto toRota, Rota, 24-3124-31 May 1967 (U) 17 Liberty at Rota, 31 MayMay to 22 JuneJune 19671967 (U)(U)________________________________________________ 17 Air Force SecuritySecurity Service'sService's TechnicalTechnical Processing Center (U)(U)__________________________________ 18 Enroute toto Operational AreaArea ThreeThree (U) 19 Directions toto Withdraw the Liberty (U) 21 OperationalArea AreaThree, Three, 88 June (U) 23 Liberty's Processing Mission (U)(U)___________________________________________________________ 23 Chapter IV THE ATTACK (U)(U)______________________________________________________________ 25 Reconnaissance ofof the Liberty (U) 25 General QuartersQuarters DrillDrill (U) 25 Attack Begins (U) 26 Air Attack Begins (U) 26 Torpedo-Boat AttackAttack (U) 28 Post-Attack Reconnaissance (U)(U)___________________________________________________________ 30 Sixth Fleet Reacts (U) 31 WishingtonWashington Informed (U) 32 Israel Reports Error (U)__________________________________________________________________(U) 32 Johnson InformsInforms KosyginKosygin (U) 32 Liberly Recovers (U) 32 Liberty Recovers (U) 32 U.S. NavalNaval Attache Helicopters to the Liberty (U) 34 Israeli Helicopter Conversations (U) 34 Liberty Licks Its Wounds (U) 35 Chapter V THE ISRAELI EXPLANATION (U)________________________________________________(U) 37 Chronology of ofIsraeli Israeli ActionsActions (U) 37 Israeli Prosecutor's ChargesCharges ofof NegligenceNegligence (U) 38 Explanation ReexaminedReexamined (U)______________________________________________________________(U) 40 Chapter VI RECOVERY ANDAND INITIALINITIAL ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT (U) 43 Medical AssistanceAssistance (U)(U)---------------____________________________________________________ 43 Commander,Sixth Sixth FleetFleet Arrives (U) 43 Replacement Inquiries (U) 43 UNCLASSIFIED iii UNCLASSIFIED Page Recovery ofof SensitiveSensitive Materials (U)(U) _ 44 Assistance to NSA NSA PersonnelPersonnel (e eeO) _ 45 Cleanup Continues (U) - _ Cleanup Continues (U) 45 Command Investigations InitiatedInitiated (U) ---- ---- --- _ 47 Preparations at MaltaMalta (U)(U) _ 47 Blalock Returns HomeHome (U) (U) _ 48 Liberty's Arrival at Malta (U)(U) -_ 48 Evacuation of Wilson Wilson (U) (U) _ 51 Clearing Damaged Areas (U) _ 51 Damage SurveySurvey atat Malta (U)(U) -- _ 52 JCS Factfact FindingFinding Team'sTeam's InterviewsInterviews (U)(U) _ 52 Accounting forfor Classified MaterialMaterial (U)(U) _ 54 Joint SurveySurvey at NorfolkNorfolk (U)(U) _ 55 Chapter VVIIII THE INCIDENTINCIDENT UNDERUNDER REVIEWREVIEW (U)(U) _ 57 The NSANSA Review Review and Reaction (U)(U) _ 57 The JCSJCS ReviewReview (U) (U) _ 58 Congressional Review (U) _ 59 Chapter VVIIIIII A FINAL LOOK (U) _ 61 Safety EstimatesEstimates forfor CollectionCollection MissionsMissions of Mobile Platforms (U)(U) _ 61 Availability of Linguists (U)(U) _ 62 Communications Problems (U)(U) _ 62 File Reduction for ExposedExposed CollectorsCollectors (U) _ 62 Unanswered Questions (U) _ Unanswered Questions (U) 63E°63EO 1.4.(c)1. 4 . (c) Denouement (U) ~~~::- EO 1.4.(d)1. 4. (d) Denouement (U) 64 E° Bibliography (U) -"';;::::...-------------- 67 Illustrations (U) Maps [C3 CCO) 6 I~...."..",.,..........,...~~-:-:--~=-:":~=__'="""j<T8G(JQIrsOeo.tl(TS------ CCO..-.......- -...NF)l'iFl-....-...-.... -...-....-...-....-...-....-.. ------------------------------_ 7 EC-121 and C-130 Aircraft CollectionRoutes Routes(e ( —eeO) C ) ~= _:...__ ...__ .........~~------------- 12 Projected Track ofof Liberty on 8 June (U)(U) == -------- 30 ................ Photographs EOEO 1.4.1. 4. (c) U.S.S.U.S. S. LibertyLiberty (U) ..._... ... -- ... __ - ........."""'''';.:::::::............::::......-- _ 2 Manual-worseManual-morse PositionalPositionsI 1(Cl<ELOOO) CCO) _ 8 Sigint analystsanalysts II 1(CI(e—ceoCCO) _ 9 Liberty's Antenna ConfigurationConfiguration (U)(U) _ 16 Liberty Docked inin Rota, Spain (U)(U) _ 18 Dassault Mirage Jet BomberBomber (U)(U) _ 26 Scorched Starboard ofof Liberty (U) _ 27 Damaged Gun Mount (U)(U) _ 29 U.S.S.u. S. S. Little RockRock (U) _ 31 U.S.S.U. S. S. America (U) _ 33 F4 Phantom Fighter (U) _ F4 Phantom Fighter (U) 34 U.U.S.S.S. S. Papago,Papago, OceanOcean Tug Tug (U) (U) _ 35 Israeli MotorMotor Torpedo Boat (U)(U) .. _ 38 Egyptian Ship, El-KaeirEl—Kasir (U) _ 40 iv UNCLASSIFIEDUNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Page Liberty Arriving inin Malta (U)(V)___________________________________________________ __________40 V.S.S.U.S.S. Davis (U)(V)___________________________________________________ _____________________42 Helicopter Evacuating Liberty's Wounded (V)(U) 44 Vice Admiral Martin Visits Liberty (U)(V) 45 Dish AntennaAntenna on Liberty (U)(V) 46 Donald L. Blalock (U)(V) 48 Liberty in Malta (U)(V) 49 Inspection of Torpedo-Damaged Hull (V)(U) 50 Navy Divers Recover Classified Debris (U)(V) 51 Manual-worseManual-morse Positions Destroyed ((e —ee6) C ) 53 Sigint EquipmentEquipment Ruined by Torpedo Blast (C€O CCO)008) 54 Commander WilliamWilliam L. McGonagle (U)(V) 55 UNCLASSIFIED vV -------------------------- ~-~~~- SEeRET Foreword (8 GGO) The IsraeliIsraeli attack on thethe U.S.S.U.S.S. Liberty some 14 years agoago was, indeed,indeed, a wrenching experienceexperiencefor forU.S. U.S. SigintSigint agencies.agencies.The The loss,loss, particularlyparticularly inin the case ofof thosethose SigintSigint specialists who gave theirtheir lives or were wounded, waswas difficultdifficultto to accept.accept. The knowledge that that the tragedy resulted notnot only only from from IsraeliIsraeli miscalculationmiscalculation but alsoalso fromfrom faultyfaulty U.S.U. S. communicationscommunications practices was even more difficult to accept. (C(8 CCO)060) The passage of timetime has made it possible for thethe authors to reexamine the Liberty incident objectively andand answer aa number of persistentpersistent questions.questions. TheThe authorsauthors accordinglyaccordingly set forth the technicaltechnical rationalerationale for the Liberty mission, thethe particulars ofof the IsraeliIsraeli miscalculation,miscalculation, the detailsdetails ofof thethe AmericanAmerican communicationsfailures, failures,a anarrative narrativeof ofthe the attackattack and of attempts to minimizeminimize the compromisecompromise ofof cryptologiccryptologicmaterials, materials,and andthe the lessonslessons toto bebe learned from the event. (C(6 CCO)660) Finally, this isis alsoalso anan accountaccount ofof thethe wayway thethe U.S.U.S. SigintSigint agenciesagencies organizedorganized their responseresponse to requirementsrequirements brought on byby aa crisis situation.situation. As such, it hashas muchmuch toto offer offer the student ofof U.S.U.S. cryptologiccryptologic operations.operations. (C-CCO)(G 000) A word aboutabout thethe authors, who workedworkedon onthis thisproject projectpart part timetime after they had retired. AnAn experiencedexperienced operations officer and and researchresearch specialist,specialist, Mr.Mr. Gerhard headed the NSA-NSA­ SCA TaskTask Force thatthat producedproduced the SoutheastSoutheast AsiaAsia HistoryHistory Series,Series, asas well well as the SpecialSpecial ResearchResearch Element that producedproduced studiesstudies ofof SigintSigint crisiscrisis situations. Mr.Mr. Millington,Millington, whowho spent mostmost of his career in researchresearch
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