DOCSLIB.ORG

Read the Report HERE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

~ep SEeRB~- UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Approved for Releas signed: Date: 02-Jul-2003 ~,6'f ftf3t.f3~*Bt.f3'f6 Peftf316~,~,~'fle~,,~I:B ~Wli I)O~~~~ji~ ~O~!'!'_Y~li~ogi~rgRg ~.~'_:;iRI_~ Classified by NSA/CSSM 123-2 Review in April 2011 Tep SEeRET Contents of this publication should not be reproduced, or further disseminated outside the U.S. Intelligence Community without the permission of the Director, NSA/CSS. Inquiries about reproduction and dissemination should be directed to the Office of Cryptologic Archives and History, T54. ~ j ) 1f9P SB6RB!I! H~.IBH.~ UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Special Series Crisis Collection Volume 1 William D. Gerhard Henry W. Millington NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY/CENTRAL SECURITY SERVICE 1981 ~;ell3 RHI.H*S*B~B 1139P9RBI8~~ ...~~fFl9...:.\LS ~ep 8B8RB~ H~.~R UNCLASSIFIED (b) (1) (b) (3) -50 USC 403 (b) (3)-18 USC 798 (b) (3) -P.L. 86-36 Contents ~ i Page ! , ! vii :f ix i t, f ::::~o~:::~:=::::~~:~;::::::::::::::::::~Chapter I POLlTIC~Mn.lTARY , B~CKGROUND", (U) 1 1 f t Chapter II CONSmERATIONS LEADING TO THE SHIP'S DEPLOYMENT (U) 5 ~ I ; { ~ 1__\--~--~:-::~E;e~~-~ i The Technical Requirements Collection'Factors f~r Intelligence (U) (U) ':::: ':::::--:: : 5 I 6 6 10 i 10 i ; ; j f Chapter U.S.S. Abidjan AUborne Air The Liberty Force III Decision Liberty's at to Collectors DEPLOYMENT Security Rota, Rota, to Deploy Modus 31 24-31 Service's (U) ; May the May Operandi to TO 2 Technical Liberty 1967 June THE (U) (U) 1967 (U) MEDITERRANEAN Processing (U) Center (U) (U) ~: 11 12 15 15 17 17 18 Chapter Enroute Operational Directions Liberty's IV to THE Processing to Operational Area Withdraw ATrACK(U) ,, Three, Mission Area the 8 June Liberty (U) Three (U) : (U) : (U) 19 21 23 23 25 Chapter U.S. Chronology Israeli Israeli Reconnaiaaance VVaahington Johnson Explanation Israel Air Torpedo-~t Post-Attack Sixth Liberty General Liberty V Attack Naval Fleet Reports Pr~ecutor's Helicopter THE Recovers Licks LDforms Quarters Begins of Attache ~act8 Informed Reexamined Reconnaissance ISRAELI Its Israeli Attack Error of ~ygin VVounda (U) Conversations Drill the (U) Charges (U) Helicopters Actions (U) (U) Liberty (U) EXPLANATION (U) (U) (U) of (U) (U) Negligence (U) to (U) the Liberty (U) (U) (U) : ~ ~- 25 25 26 28 30 31 ; i 32 ~ 32 ;, 32 32 ¥ \ 34 1 34 ~ 35 ~ 37 37 38 40 Chapter Replacement Medical Commander, V I Assistance RECOVERY Inquiries Sixth Fleet (U) AND (U) Arrives INITIAL (U) ASSESSMENT (U) 43 43 43 .! 43 ! ~ t i j i UNCLASSIFIED ill ~ ~ f, lib) 11) nib) (3)-50 USC 403[lib) UNCLASSIFIED 13) -18 USC 798 'lIb) (3)-P.L. 86-36 Page Chapter Chapter Bibliography Illustrations Command FTeparations Damage JCS Accounting The File Assistance Unanswered Recovery Blalock Clearing Liberty's Joint Denouement Cleanup Evacuation Safety Availability Congreasional Comm VIII VII JCS Reduction NSA fact Survey unica Eatimates Returns Continues Survey (U) Damaged (U) of Arrival Review Finding THE Review Investigations to A tions of for Sensitive of Queations (U) at at NSA FINAL Review VVilson Linguista Classified for INCmENT Norfolk ~ta at Home Problems at (U) and for Team's Exp~ed AJeas ~ta Personnel~eet":_JL+ (U) Malta LOOK Collection Materials (U) (U) Reaction (U) (U) (U) (U) ~Gj Initiated Material (U) (U) Intemewa (U) Collectora UNDER (U) -' Missiona (U) (U) ! (U) (U) ---~.1__J.~ ~-+--- l_L___L (U,)! ~~___l~ l-t--tr ~-~--~~ ~~W ~ tr-1t ---~-+ ~+--+~ (U) ~~-~~ ~~-4~ H-~~ ~~J+- 4c~~ UJ+ +~~t -~~ of 4~ ~+ LL 1..:' L Mobile (U) Platforms (U) « 45 45 47 47 48 48 51 51 52 52 54 55 57 57 58 59 61 61 62 62 62 63 64 67 Maps FTojected EC-121 and Track C-130 of Liberty Aircraft on Collectipn 8 June 1~8 QQQ.~ (U) Rout;es IE~8 -~ = (e-eeO, QQQ ~~j 6 7 12 30 Photographs i I U.S.S. U.S.S. Scorched DanLaged U. ~ual-Inorse F4 Israeli Liberty's DaBsault Egyptt Sigint Liberty S" PhantoIn S" " analysts Motor Little America Papago, Liberty Docked ~irage Antenna Starboard Gun Ftghter Torpedo Rock Positions I ~ount (U) in (U) Ocean Jet ~a, Configuration (U) U.S.S. of BoInber (U) (U) Boat Liberty Tug I Spain (U) (U) (U) (U) (U) j ~8e8T-= ! L ke e68~ 2 8 9 16 18 26 27 29 31 33 34 35 38 an Sht " p EI -Kasl" , r (U) 40 iv UN CLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED Page ! Vice ~n~d ~anu~-morse Helicopter Dish Inspection Sijpnt Navy Commander Liberty Admir~ Antenna Divers Equipment Davi. 1. Arrivine in of Malta BI~ock Evacuating William Recover Torpedo-Damaged Martin (V) on P~itions in Liberty (V) Ruined (V) ~~ta 1. Classified Visit. Liberty's ~cGonagle Destroyed (U) by (V) V.S.S. Liberty Torpedo Debris Wounded Hull ~e (U) (U) (U) Blast~8 eeet (U) (U) ee~ 40 ,), ~2 « i 45 46 ,I 48 1 ~9 1I 50 1 51 .1 53 ~ 54 :: 55 i; .! ~ I ! .i 1 t I I UNCLASSIFIED v ! Si~Ri~- Foreword E8 889~ The Israeli attack on the U.S.S. Liberty some 14 years ago was, indeed, a wrenching experience for U.S. Sigint agencies. The l~, particularly in the case of those Sigint specialists who gave their lives or were wounded, was difficult to accept. The knowledge that the tragedy resulted not only from Israeli miscalculation but also from faulty U.S. communications practices was even more difficult to accept. ~S-ee6) The passageof time has made it possible for the authors to reexamine the Liberty incident objectively and answer a number of persistent questions. The authors accordingly set forth the technical rationale for the Liberty mission, the particulars of the Israeli miscalculation, the details of the American communications failures, a narrative of the attack and of attempts to minimize the compromise of cryptologic materials, and the lessons to be learned from the event. E~ 889! Finally, this is also an account of the way the U.S. Sigint agencies organized their response to requirements brought on by a crisis situation. As such, it has much to offer the student of U.S. cryptologic operations. ,~ E8 888" A word about the authors, who worked on this project part time after they had I, retired. An experienced operations officer and research specialist, Mr. Gerhard headed the NSA- ~ SCA Task Force that produced the Southeast Asia History Series, as well as the Special Research ~ .. ~ Element that produced studies of Sigint crisis situationslb).. (3)-P.L. 86-36whospent most of his .., career in research and documentation activities, was for years in charge of the NSA Library. Vincent J. Wilson, Jr. Chief, Cryptologic History and Publications Staff 8i~Ri~ vii UNCLASSIFIED Authors' Note Many people contributed to the completion of this history. The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of members of the NSA History and Publications Staff who offered substantive suggestions and labored over publication format and preparation.. -Vincent J. Wilson, Jr., Chief; Henry Schorreck, Historian~{b){3)-P.L. 86-361Editor; an(b,,(3)-P.L. 86-.36:ecretary.Robert D. Farley, of the History Staff, spent many hours arranging for and conducting interviews of personnel intimately associated with the Liberty incident. In turn, I (b) (3)-P.L. 86-36 I painstakin I transcribed the interview tapes. To (b) (3)-P.L. 86-36 Cryptologic Records Declassification Staff, we are indebted for his security classification review. Both Bob Rush, Electronic Security Command, and James Gilbert, Intelligence and Security ColIlmand History Staff generously provided useful source materials from their collections. ; ~ I: , I. William D. Gerhard I (b) (3}-B.L. 86-36 I 8 December 1980 i I.I I f ~ L I UN CLASSIFIED ix I t r 8fieRHif Chapter I (U) A brief look at the Middle Eastern (U) The United States supported the situation during early 1967 is necessaryfor an appre- United Nations' efforts to maintain peace in the area ciation of the mounting political and military tensions and, while championing the right of the State of Israel that ultimately led to the U.S. decision to p~ition to exist, urged restraint and respect for the rights of the U.S.S. Liberty in the eastern Mediterranean. all nations. (U) Since the mid- 195<M,the major world (U) Within the Arab world, President powers had been keenly aware of and sensitive to the Gamal Abdel Nasser of the United Arab Republic buildup of tensions in the Middle East. Both the (U.A.R.) sought to overcome opposition to his leader- Soviet Union and Communist China were quick to take ship by the monarchies of Saudi Arabia and Jordan.' advantage of unsettled conditions there to extend their In late January 1967, when U.A.R. aircraft bombed own influence over governments wherever p~sible - Najran in Saudi Arabia, relations between the two often competing with one another in this effort. countries were further strained. In Yemen, the U.A.R. supported the insurgents against the Royalists. Jordan, (U) By the end of the 195~ the Chinese trying to keep from becoming embroiled in Israeli- Communists had begun to assert themselves, especially Arab frictions, ordered in March a halt to Arab in Iraq and Syria. In May 1966,Syria's new president, infiltration into Israel through Jordanian territory as Nureddin el-Attassi, scoffed at waging a conventional well as a cessation of Palestine Liberation internal war against Israel and urged what he called a "people's agitation against the Jordanian Government. war of liberation," Chinese-Communist style. 1 The i- (U) Between January and April 1967, the " head of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), '" Syrian-Israeli frontier was the scene of a series of .I Ahmed Shukairy, also admitted to receiving Chinese J escalating clashesranging from potshots at tractors to aid.
Recommended publications
  • US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes

    US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes

    US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes BRAD ELWARD ILLUSTRATED BY PAUL WRIGHT © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com NEW VANGUARD 211 US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS Forrestal, Kitty Hawk and Enterprise Classes BRAD ELWARD ILLUSTRATED BY PAUL WRIGHT © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 ORIGINS OF THE CARRIER AND THE SUPERCARRIER 5 t World War II Carriers t Post-World War II Carrier Developments t United States (CVA-58) THE FORRESTAL CLASS 11 FORRESTAL AS BUILT 14 t Carrier Structures t The Flight Deck and Hangar Bay t Launch and Recovery Operations t Stores t Defensive Systems t Electronic Systems and Radar t Propulsion THE FORRESTAL CARRIERS 20 t USS Forrestal (CVA-59) t USS Saratoga (CVA-60) t USS Ranger (CVA-61) t USS Independence (CVA-62) THE KITTY HAWK CLASS 26 t Major Differences from the Forrestal Class t Defensive Armament t Dimensions and Displacement t Propulsion t Electronics and Radars t USS America, CVA-66 – Improved Kitty Hawk t USS John F. Kennedy, CVA-67 – A Singular Class THE KITTY HAWK AND JOHN F. KENNEDY CARRIERS 34 t USS Kitty Hawk (CVA-63) t USS Constellation (CVA-64) t USS America (CVA-66) t USS John F. Kennedy (CVA-67) THE ENTERPRISE CLASS 40 t Propulsion t Stores t Flight Deck and Island t Defensive Armament t USS Enterprise (CVAN-65) BIBLIOGRAPHY 47 INDEX 48 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com US COLD WAR AIRCRAFT CARRIERS FORRESTAL, KITTY HAWK AND ENTERPRISE CLASSES INTRODUCTION The Forrestal-class aircraft carriers were the world’s first true supercarriers and served in the United States Navy for the majority of America’s Cold War with the Soviet Union.
  • The Uss Liberty Story

    The Uss Liberty Story

    THE USS LIBERTY STORY The USS Liberty – the most decorated Navy ship (single action) 1 PURPOSE -- The USS Liberty Veterans Association (LVA) has tried for over 45 years to expose the true story of the deliberate Israeli attack on the US S Liberty to the American people through books, news media, movies, and letters to the President of the United States and congressmen. The mission of the LVA is to pursue the publication of the true story. While we have encountered politicians and news m edia personnel who were willing to help, they have been unable to interest their superiors or others in supporting our cause. Due to political correctness, many people believe it is just too risky to say anything negative about Israel. FYI: The USS Li berty is the most decorated US Navy ship in the history of the Navy for a single action. THE ISSUE -- The Israelis and the US Government do not want the truth to be told. It is obvious that they fear that America may be less of a supportive ally if the t ruth were known. The truth of their deeds and the Johnson Administration require an objective and complete investigation. Congress has never officially investigated the attack and so the attack continues to be a cover - up of the worst magnitude. The Hous e has a constitutional mandate to “define and punish Pirates and Felonies committed on the high seas and offenses against the Law of Nations (Article 1, section 8)”. Regarding the Arab/Israeli ’67 War, we believe the operational plan was Operation Cyanide .
  • In Pueblo's Wake

    In Pueblo's Wake

    IN PUEBLO’S WAKE: FLAWED LEADERSHIP AND THE ROLE OF JUCHE IN THE CAPTURE OF THE USS PUEBLO by JAMES A. DUERMEYER Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Arlington in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN U.S. HISTORY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON December 2016 Copyright © by James Duermeyer 2016 All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements My sincere thanks to my professor and friend, Dr. Joyce Goldberg, who has guided me in my search for the detailed and obscure facts that make a thesis more interesting to read and scholarly in content. Her advice has helped me to dig just a bit deeper than my original ideas and produce a more professional paper. Thank you, Dr. Goldberg. I also wish to thank my wife, Janet, for her patience, her editing, and sage advice. She has always been extremely supportive in my quest for the masters degree and was my source of encouragement through three years of study. Thank you, Janet. October 21, 2016 ii Abstract IN PUEBLO’S WAKE: FLAWED LEADERSHIP AND THE ROLE OF JUCHE IN THE CAPTURE OF THE USS PUEBLO James Duermeyer, MA, U.S. History The University of Texas at Arlington, 2016 Supervising Professor: Joyce Goldberg On January 23, 1968, North Korea attacked and seized an American Navy spy ship, the USS Pueblo. In the process, one American sailor was mortally wounded and another ten crew members were injured, including the ship’s commanding officer. The crew was held for eleven months in a North Korea prison.
  • De-Ranged Global Power and Air Mobility for the New Millennium

    De-Ranged Global Power and Air Mobility for the New Millennium

    De-Ranged Global Power and Air Mobility for the New Millennium ROBERT A. COLELLA, Lt Col, USAF School of Advanced Airpower Studies THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE SCHOOL OF ADVANCED AIRPOWER STUDIES, MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA, FOR COMPLETION OF GRADUATION REQUIREMENTS, ACADEMIC YEAR 2000–2001. Air University Press Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama 36112-6615 July 2002 This School of Advanced Airpower Studies thesis is available electronically at the Air University Research Web site http://research. maxwell.af.mil under “Research Papers” then “Special Collections.” Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of Air University, the United States Air Force, the Department of Defense, or any other US government agency. Cleared for public release: dis- tribution unlimited. ii Contents Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii ABSTRACT . v ABOUT THE AUTHOR . vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . ix 1 GLOBAL POWER FOR AMERICA . 1 2 WORLD WAR II ORIGINS AND COLD WAR MATURITY . 5 3 GLOBAL POWER––POST–COLD WAR: ASSUMPTIONS FOR THE FUTURE . 21 4 CASE STUDIES IN GLOBAL POWER . 45 5 EVALUATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . 75 6 CONCLUSIONS . 89 Illustrations Figure 1 Operation Black Buck Refueling Plan . 57 Table 1 Tanker Off-load Capabilities . 81 2 Case Study Tanker Usage . 81 Maps Operation Nickel Grass Routing . 47 Routing through the Mediterranean . 50 Falkland Islands War Global Distances . 54 Operation Eldorado Canyon Overview . 64 iii Abstract This is a story of long-range airpower, from Gen Henry H. “Hap” Arnold’s vi- sion of a global mission to the Global Strike Task Force and expeditionary air forces of the year 2001.
  • Attack on Liberty

    Attack on Liberty

    A Message from Rabbi Tilsen Attack on Liberty The billboard on I-95 simply states, “Help the incidents. USS Liberty Survivors, attacked by Israel, www. One of the thousands of recorded friendly fire incidents HonorLibertyVets.org.” Here is an explanation of why this occurred near Kandahar, Afghanistan, in April 2002, is nothing more or less than anti-Jewish hate speech, as when four members of Princess Patricia’s Canadian well as an explanation of what the USS Liberty incident light infantry regiment were killed (and others injured) was about. after a US Air National Guard major dropped a bomb on On 8 June 1967, in the midst of the Six Day War, the them from an F-16 jet fighter. The pilot claimed he was Israel Air Force and Navy attacked the US Naval vessel confused. There was no American apology. Could it be that Liberty off the cost of Sinai, killing 34 American crew a trained American warrior could not tell the difference members and wounding 171 others. The official Israeli and between Princess Patricia and the Taliban? Was this the American explanation first salvo in an effort was that it was a case to conquer Canada, of mistaken identity; or payback for one of the Israeli government those many historical apologized and paid Canadian atrocities? reparations. However, Is “accident” really numerous conspiracy enough of an theories have excuse to these dead circulated claiming Canadian patriots? that the attack was Don’t they deserve a intentional. better explanation? There is no Are Canadians placing explanation that can billboards along neutralize the raw narrative that Israeli forces bombed a their freeways demanding an investigation into America’s US Naval vessel and killed 34 crew members.
  • A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights

    A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights

    A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights © Copyright 2010, The Veritas Handbook. 1st Edition: July 2010. Online PDF, Cost: $0.00 Cover Photo: Ahmad Mesleh This document may be reproduced and redistributed, in part, or in full, for educational and non- profit purposes only and cannot be used for fundraising or any monetary purposes. We encourage you to distribute the material and print it, while keeping the environment in mind. Photos by Ahmad Mesleh, Jon Elmer, and Zoriah are copyrighted by the authors and used with permission. Please see www.jonelmer.ca, www.ahmadmesleh.wordpress.com and www.zoriah.com for detailed copyright information and more information on these photographers. Excerpts from Rashid Khalidi’s Palestinian Identity, Ben White’s Israeli Apartheid: A Beginner’s Guide and Norman Finkelstein’s This Time We Went Too Far are also taken with permission of the author and/or publishers and can only be used for the purposes of this handbook. Articles from The Electronic Intifada and PULSE Media have been used with written permission. We claim no rights to the images included or content that has been cited from other online resources. Contact: [email protected] Web: www.veritashandbook.blogspot.com T h e V E R I T A S H a n d b o o k 2 A Guide to Understanding the Struggle for Palestinian Human Rights To make this handbook possible, we would like to thank 1. The Hasbara Handbook and the Hasbara Fellowships 2. The Israel Project’s Global Language Dictionary Both of which served as great inspirations, convincing us of the necessity of this handbook in our plight to establish truth and justice.
  • Newport Paper 39

    Newport Paper 39

    NAVAL WAR COLLEGE NEWPORT PAPERS 39 NAVAL WAR COLLEGE WAR NAVAL Influence without Boots on the Ground Seaborne Crisis Response NEWPORT PAPERS NEWPORT N ES AV T A A L T W S A D R E C T I O L N L U E E G H E T I VIRIBU OR A S CT MARI VI 39 Larissa Forster U.S. GOV ERN MENT Cover OF FI CIAL EDI TION NO TICE This per spective ae rial view of New port, Rhode Island, drawn and pub lished by Galt & Hoy of New York, circa 1878, is found in the Amer i can Mem ory On line Map Collec tions: 1500–2003, of the Li brary of Con gress Ge og ra phy and Map Di vi sion, Wash ing ton, D.C. The map may be viewed at http://hdl.loc.gov/ loc.gmd/g3774n.pm008790. Use of ISBN Pre fix This is the Offi cial U.S. Govern ment edi tion of this pub li ca tion and is herein iden ti fied to cer tify its au then tic ity. ISBN 978-1-935352-03-7 is for this U.S. Gov ern ment Print ing Of fice Of fi cial Edi tion only. The Su per in ten dent of Doc u ments of the U.S. Gov ern ment Print ing Of fice re quests that any re printed edi tion clearly be la beled as a copy of the authen tic work with a new ISBN. Legal Status and Use of Seals and Logos The logo of the U.S.
  • PDF Version of Richard Sturman's Statement

    PDF Version of Richard Sturman's Statement

    TO COMMAND... In each ship there is one man who, in the hour of emergency or peril at sea, can turn to no other man. There is one who alone is ultimately responsible for the safe navigation, engineering performance, accurate gunfire and morale of his ship. He is the Commanding Officer. He is the ship! Captain, William Loren McGonagle USS LIBERTY (AGTR-5) In June 1982, fifteen-years after the attack, the survivors who could be located reunited for their first time in Washington, D.C. During that emotional, soul wrenching, and at times traumatic weekend, time and again what was discussed with incredulity was how our government, without challenge or dispute, was allowing the State of Israel to present their version of the attack to the American people as fact. One result of that weekend was that the USS LIBERTY VETERANS ASSOCIATION came into being so the remaining survivors and former crewmen could be located, to pay tribute to our Commanding Officer, Captain McGonagle and to our ship, USS LIBERTY. But more importantly, we gather to sustain the memory of our 34 friends and shipmates who gave their lives in the service of their country. Disgracefully, before awarding the Congressional Medal of Honor to our Commanding Officer for his heroic deeds our government first asked the government of the State of Israel if they had any objections. The Medal of Honor was then presented in a Washington, D.C. Naval Shipyard by the Secretary of the Navy. Hours later, then-President Lyndon Johnson awarded similar Medals of Honor at the White House with all the pomp and circumstance accorded the recipient of our country's highest award for Valor.
  • HANDLE VIA CHMINT Char(NELS Ontv FARLEY: Jim, What We'd Like

    HANDLE VIA CHMINT Char(NELS Ontv FARLEY: Jim, What We'd Like

    ORAL HISTORY INTERVIEW NSA-OH-21-80 CDR James G. O'Connor 22 May 1980 Conference Room #13, Operations Building, NSA, Ft. Meade, Md. Interviewer: Mr. Bill Gerhard Mr. Henry Millington Mr. Hank Schorreck Mr. Bob Farley FARLEY: Today is 22 May 1980, our interviewee, Commander Jim O'Connor who was the Assistant Technical Operations Officer aboard the Liberti when the ship was attacked by Israeli forces in June of 1967. The interview is taking place in Conference Room #13 in the Operations Building, NSA, Fort Meade. Interviewers: Mr. Bill Gerhard, Mr. Henry Millington, Mr. Hank Schorreck, and Bob Farley. Commander O'Connor will recall his experiences while he was aboard the Libert~ and immediately after the attack by Israeli forces. The classification of this tape and the succeeding tape: SECRET, HANDLE VIA COMINT CHANNELS ONLY according to the desires of Commander O'Connor. HANDLE VIA CHMINT CHAr(NELS ONtV FARLEY: Jim, what we'd like ... do you mind if I call you Jim? It would make it easier. What we'd like to do is pick your brain, everything that you could remember about June of '67 as far prior to that as you want to go, and as far after that time as you would like to discuss. But we're trying to fill in a lot of gaps. Bill Gerhard is working on the history ••• the SIGINT History of the Liberty, and Hank is the chief historian on everything else relating to the Liberty. So I've shown you a list of questions and we'll, pretty much as a format, follow that, Jim.
  • A Report of War Crimes Committed

    A Report of War Crimes Committed

    This report of war crimes committed against U.S. military personnel is submitted to the Honorable Secretary of the Army in his capacity as Executive Agent for the Secretary of Defense, pursuant to Department of Defense Directive Number 5810.01B (29 March 2004) 1. 1 CJCSI 5810.01B (29 March 2004) provides in relevant part, attached as Exhibit 1: 1. Purpose. Pursuant to the authorities delegated in references a and b, this instruction establishes joint pol- icy, assigns responsibilities, and provides guidance regarding the law of war obligations of the United States. Reference a provides policy guidance and assigns responsibility within the Department of Defense for a program to ensure compliance with the law of war. 4. Policy a. The Armed Forces of the United States will comply with the law of war during all armed conflicts, however such conflicts are characterized, and, unless otherwise directed by competent authorities, the US Armed Forces will comply with the principles and spirit of the law of war during all other operations. Specifically, ref- erence A provides that it is the policy of the Department of Defense to ensure that: (1) The law of war obligations of the US Government are observed and enforced by the US Armed Forces. (2) An effective program designed to prevent violations of the law of war is implemented by the US Armed Forces. (3) All reportable incidents committed by or against members of (or persons serving with or accom- panying) the US Armed Forces are promptly reported, thoroughly investigated and, where appro- priate, remedied by corrective action.
  • Attack on the Liberty ­— Closely Resembled the El-Kasir Was Most Illogical

    Attack on the Liberty ­— Closely Resembled the El-Kasir Was Most Illogical

    SPECIAL SERIES CRISIS COLLECTION Volume 1 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY Attack onon a a SigintSigint Collector,Collector, the U.S.S.U.S.S. Liberty (S-CCO)-fS-€OOr 'fntS f)6et:Jr.IEN'f e6N'fA:INS e6f)EW6Kf) r.1A:'fEKIA:L NATIONAL SECURITY Classifiedby byNSA/CSSM NSA/CSSM 123-2 AGENCY Review in in April April 2011 CENTRAL Declassified and approved for release by NSA on 11-08-2006 pursuant to E.O. SECURITY 12958, as amended. MDR 51712. SERVICE Contents of this publicationpublication should not be be reproduced,reproduced, oror furtherfurther disseminateddisseminated outside the U.S.U. S. IntelligenceIntelligence CommunityCommunity without thethe permissionpermission of the Director,Director, NSA/CSS. Inquiries about reproduction andand dissemination shouldshould bebe directed to the OfficeOffice of Cryptologic ArchivesArchives andand History, T54. i 'fOP SECRE'f UMBRA I UNITED STATESSTATES CRYCRYPTOLOGIC PTOLOGIC HISTORYHISTORY Special SeriesSeries Crisis CollectionCollection VVolume olu►ne 11 Attack onon a SigintSigint Collector,Collector, the U.S.S.V.S.S. LilJerty-(S=€€6TLiberty • William D. GerhardGerhard Henry W. MillingtonMillington NATIONAL SECURITY AGENCY/CENTRALAGENCY/CENTRAL SECURITY SERVICESERVICE 1981 NO'f ItEtEASABLE 'fO fOItEIGN Nlt'fIONltLS 'fOP SECRET UMBRA -- --- --- -~--------..................,...~ UNCLASSIFIED Contents Page ForewordForeword___________________________________________________________________________________ vii Authors' Note_______________________________________________________________________________Note
  • Az9 Oren(Lig)

    Az9 Oren(Lig)

    The ‘USS Liberty’: Case Closed ichael . ren arly in the afternoon of June 8, 1967, Israeli jets and missile boats E opened fire on the USS Liberty, an American surveillance ship opera- ting off the coast of Gaza. Struck by rockets, cannons and torpedoes, the ves- sel suffered extensive damage and over 200 casualties. Israeli forces were then engaged in the fourth day of what would soon be called the Six Day War, which would result in a devastating defeat for the combined armies of Egypt, Syria and Jordan. At first overshadowed by Israel’s stunning victory, the attack on the Liberty was destined to become a recurring source of tension between Israel and the United States. Although Israel apologized for the attack and paid compensation to its victims, many American officials rejected Israel’s claim that the Liberty incident had been an honest mistake. Rather, they blamed Israel for what was at best inexcusable negligence, or at worst the premedi- tated murder of American servicemen. Such charges persisted in the face of successive inquiries by a broad range of American agencies and Congres- sional committees, as well as a full Israeli court of inquiry, all of which found no proof whatsoever that Israel knowingly attacked an American ship. On the contrary, the evidence produced by these investigations lent 74 • Azure further support to Israel’s claim that its decision to attack was, given the cir- cumstances, a reasonable error. These findings notwithstanding, the case of the assault on the Liberty has never been closed. If anything, the accusations leveled against Israel have grown sharper with time.