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STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Volume 2, Number 3, 1995

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STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Volume 2, Number 3, 1995 STUDIA ISLAMIKA Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies Volume 2, Number 3, 1995 EDITORIAL BOARD, Hanm Nasution Mastuhu M. Quraisb Sbibab A. Aziz Dab/an M. Satria Effendi Nabilab Lubis M. Yunan Yusuf Komarnddin Hidayat M. Din Syamsuddin Muslim Nasution WabibMu'tbi EDITOR-IN-CHIEF, Azyumardi Azra EDITORS, Saiful Muzani Hendro Prasetyo ]oban H. Meuleman Nuru!Fajri Badri Yatim ASSISTANTS TO THE EDITOR, Arief Sub ban HeniNuroni ENGUSH lANGUAGE ADVISOR, judith M. Dent ARAEIC lANGUAGE ADVISOR, Fuad M. Facbruddin COVER DESIGNER S. Prinka STUDIA ISLAMIKA (ISSN 0215-0492) is a journal published quarterly by the Institut Agamalslam Negeri (lAIN, The State Institute for Islaruic Studies) SyarifHidayatullah, jakarta. (SIT DEPPEN No. 129;SK,ll!IJEN/PPG/STT/1976) and sponsored by the Deparnnent of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. It specializes in Indonesian Islamic studies, and is intended to communi­ cate original researches and current issues on the subject. This journal warmly welcomes contributions from scholars of related disciplines. All articles published do nm necessarily represent the views of the journal, or other institutions to which it is affiliated. They are solely the views the authors. © Copy Right Reserved Editorial Office STUDIA [SIAMIKA, Gedung Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, ]I. Kertamukti No.5, PO Box 225, Ciputat 15401,]akarta, Indonesia. Phone (021) 7492648, 7401925, 7401606, Facs; (021) 7401592. Account; 0027793001 Bank Negara Indonesia 1946, Kebayoran Barn/lAIN, jakarta. Subscription rate" Rp 50.000 ($ 25.00), one year; Rp 100.000 ($ 50.00 ), two years. Order for single copies must be accompanied with prepayment of Rp 12.500 ($ 7.00). For orders outside Indonesia, add$ 8.00 per copy for airmail delivery; for special postal delivery or other special handlings, please contact STUD !A ISIAMIKA for correct rate. All subscription orders, single copy orders and change-of address information must be sent in writing to the STUDIA [SIAMIKA Subscription Dept. Gedung Pusat Pengkajian Islam dan Masyarakat, fl. Kertamukti No. 5, PO Box 225, Ciputat 15401,]akarta, indonesia. Printed in the Republic of Indonesia by INIS. Contents 1 Greg Barton Nee-Modernism: A Vital Synthesis of Traditionalist and Modernist Islamic Thought in Indonesia 77 Iik Arifin Mansurnoor Historiography and Religious Reform in Brunei during the Period 1912-1959 115 Martin van Bruinessen Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate Ques­ tion 141 Saifullah AS. Dawr Jam'iyyah al-Talabah al-Islimiyyin fi Harakah al-J ayl 66 al-Indunisi 173 Didin Syafruddin Mahmud Yl1nus waittijahatuhufiTajdid Ta'limal-Lughah al-'Arabiyyah bi Indunisiya 199 Azyumardi Azra Melacak Pengaruh dan Pergeseran Orientasi Tamatan Kairo Martin van Bruinessen Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate Question Absttaksi: Pencabutan kekuasaan khalifah 'Abd al-Maj!d oleh majlis nasional Turki Maret 1924 dan seruan 'ulamd' al-Azhar untuk dilang· sungkannya kongres internasional untuk memilih khalifah yang baru pada tahun berikutnya, membuat umat Islam Hindia Belanda (Indone­ sia padazaman penjajahan Belanda) semakin sadar bahwa mereka berada di bawah penguasa kdfir. Peristiwa ini dan pendudukan Hijdz oleh Ibn Sa'ud telah menyibukkan para pemimpin umat Islam Hindia Belanda. Selama beberapa tahun masalah ini menjadi agenda dalam kongres­ kongres umat Islam Indonesia, Kongres AI-Islam Hindia. Kongres ini merupakan perwakilan dari kelompok-kelompoklslam Hindia: kelompok modernis yang.mencakup Muhammadiyah, Syarekat Islam (S.I) dan al­ Irsydd dan kelompok tradisionalis yang belum terorganisasi yang dalam perkembangannya kemudian berhimpun dalam Nahdlatul Ulama (NU). S.I sebagai organisasi yang paling menonjol terbelah ke dalam dua kubu: S.l-Putih dan S.I-Merah. Yang membedakan antara keduanya adalah bahwa S.l-Merah memandang bahwa komunisme merupakan ideologi dan gerakan politik yang pas untuk memperjuangkan cita-cita Islam. Sedangkan S.I-Putih melihat bahwa ideologi komunis bertentangan dengan Islam. Perbedaan ini berpengaruh terhadap pandangan mereka tentang masalah kekhalifahan ini. S.I-Putih seperti terlihat dalam pandangan Tjokroaminoto memandang bahwa umat Islam sangat membutuhkan khalifah, pemimpin spiritual dan keduniaan umat. Ini sangatrelevan dengan konteks HindiaBelandayang dijajah oleh penguasa non-Islam. Agus Salim, juga dari S.I-Putih, memandang bahwa dalam situasi penjajahan diperlukan negaraMuslim merdeka untuk memimpin umat, dan itu dapat dipenuhi oleh Turki. Sementara S.l-Merah memandang Turki, karena berkolaborasi dengan Jerman, gaga! memerankan dirinya sebagai pemimpin umat Islam. Bagi S.I-Merah, adalah ilusif untuk mengharapkan khalifah dapat menyatukan umat Is­ lam, mewujudkan kebahagiaan dan kebebasan; hanya komunismelah 115 StudiA IsLfmile.., VoL 2, No.3, 1995 116 Martin van Bruinessen yang bisa memenuhi harapan itu. Namun demikian, kecuali SI·Merah, semua kelompok·kelompok Is· lam, baik yang tradisionalis maupun yang modernis, sepakat bahwa umat Islam harus punya khalifah, yang berperan untuk menyatukan umat Islam sedunia. Pembahasan mengenai khalifah dan siapa yang diutus ke kongres Kairo, dibentuklah suatu Komite Khalifah yang mencakup kelompok tradisionalis dan modernis. Dalam Komite ini Agus Salim memberikan pandangan tentang perkembangan terakhir di Hijdz yang diduduki oleh Ibn Sa'ud. Ibn Sa'ud, katanya, ingin agar Mekkah berada di bawah kendali seluruh umat Islam. Gagasan yang mendukung Ibn Sa 'ud ini mendapat reaksi dari kelompok tradisionalis karena Ibn Sa 'ud dipandang sebagai rejim Wahhdbf yang tidak mentoleransi praktek· praktek keagamaan yang dianut oleh kelompok·kelompok umat seperti kaum tradisionalis ini. Karena itu kelompok tradisionalis mengusulkan agar utusan yang akan pergi menghadiri muktamar di Kairo tersebut juga berkunjung ke Hijdz untuk meminta jaminan agar rejim Ibn Sa'Ud tetap mentoleransi praktek·praktek keagamaan yang mereka jalankan selama ini serta mentoleransi madhhab yang mereka anut. Usulan ini tidak diterima oleh sebagian besar keompok reformis karena usulan itu dipandang bertentangan dengan pandangan keagamaan mereka. Perbe· daan ini membuat kelompok tradisionalis memisahkan diri dari mereka dan membentuk organisasi sendiri, Nahdlatul Ulama (NV). Kongres al·Isldm Hindia tidak mengirim utusan untuk menghadiri muktamar di Kairo yang rencananya akan memilih khalifah baru. Karena itu agenda mengenai khalifah akhirnya dilupakan, dan perdebatan tentang khalifah kemudian tidak pernah muncul lagi. Hilangnya agenda kekhalifahan juga dipengaruhi oleh perkembangan kelompok·kelompok Islam di kemudian hari. Kongres al·Isldm Hindia sendiri kemudian terbatas pada faksi S.I, dan di S.I sendiri yang lebih banyak mendapat porsi bukan pada Pan·Islamisme melainkan nasionalisme. Sementara Muhammadiyah dan Nahdlatul Ulama (NV) lebih memusatkan perhatian ·mereka pada masalah·masalah sosial, pendidikan dan keagamaan dalam pengertian yang terbatas. Tidak heran kemudian ketika dilangsungkan Muktamar Islam di Jerusalem, tak ada yang diutus dari Indonesia kecuali seorang mahasiswa yang sedang belajar di Universitas al-Azhar, Kahar Muzakkir. Gagasan tentang internt'.sio· nalisme Islam di zaman Hindia Belanda tidak lagi menjadi perhatian. Babakan awal yang singkat tentang khalifah telah ditutup. Studia !slamika, Vol. 2, No.3, 1995 Muslims of the Dutch East Indies 117 ;;.;..... J'JL.. __,...; .y\I 4 if l..i)\.;ll 4),L J _j-11 _;b }I ~I t_j 0) : l...,.o')\,:­ ~ y~':l J.W. .J _;.. .,Wo '-".rJI / }JI i _,.., ;;.,181 <:....ll _} o')\; , \ ~ ~ t ~ cs-' l,.-,i J..U) ('""'I) '4J..J _,J.I ..W.I _} y')L~I ;;..\;1 ":f- Jl/\;1 .JI.io <-'!.b.­ ~ ~ J_,.._..;JI y l.io ,;_,£!1 i)>..- J 411J <\.,>-J p\ (<.SJ..J _,J.I J~':/1 <5 J..J _,J.I J *'-':/I ;;_,.\;1 JL; -y.;._;, ..:...J }I ~ _} jW-1 ~, J'-' cr. I ,~1 C: ;;;,iJ-1 .~ ~ aJL.J.\ ~ ..~ ~_, ~..:-'----.>--_; vtp ~ 0 __,~ ..} -~J.J ~~ .J..j,\ j ~JL.. 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L..p J5" ip ;lj) .i;U _;t; J; 0)\.;ll I~ Jl o.1.. <L>.-l.. __,...; y'::Jc_.. ~~ ;;_,.\;1 0\ -lS"_,...:.!1 ~ r "j _,:.,.,o\ J.? _,.;.;" ; p ..LJ,I \..c..,.. C' Loll'-=- i_)dl ,.LA ........ )\) '-'~,) <.? )J ~ j Jl '-'\ ,l..i)\.;ll Studia ls!dmilea, Vol. 2, No.3, 1995 118 M<~rtin van Bruinessen 45' _,..-!JI Jj ~I fL... U'_rif C. LliJ ·r-1---- ...,._;.l ~I (l,...-,; J-")) '--!..l.J ~I ol; • • ;;.,..JL..j ;;JJ, Jj c.U c>}•·'-'"''>1 c:-")1 ,_} Gf l>fl•l.,a,)l ;;.,..":A..-~1 .1~1 ;;.,..JL....~\45' _r.Ji ~ .y; <;oy Jf F l.l...J ,;;_,..":A..-~1 ;;...";\ io~) a....'-;1 a.;'-"~ 4i c>fi J ,~u.f C' u JL.:.. lf; Jf '-'J'j .:r ~u Jl ,;;_,..JL.,~\ a....'-;1 ..L,;>- j ~ U>l.'l-1 J\ .r'~ ..,.> JL;>- ..;\ p::,.; J .;;.,..':A..-~1 .<,;.";I o.l... # c>f ~ ~ cs=JI ¥r.JI,_j lij l.;)-IJ ;,L,...J\J ;;_,..JL...,~\ ..:-~LJ..I J5:; ,.\_,J-1 ;_,..';A...~\ 45' _r.ll I~ W ,..!.1].\5' .J"''-;1 Ji l£.
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