Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2015, v. 2, n. 4, p. 235-243. ISSN 2358-2731
Root yield and yield attributes of Aristolochia indica L. (Piperales: Aristolochiaceae) as effected by different spacing and fertilizer treatments in the North-East India
Rumi Kotoky*, Anulekha Rabha and P. B. Kanjilal
Medicinal, Aromatic and Economic Plants Division. North-East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat-785006. India. *Email: [email protected].
Abstract. Aristolochia indica L. belonging to the Family Aristolochiaceae is used in Indigenous System of Medicine. The Received leaves are used in the treatment of cholera, fever and bowel troubles June 26, 2015 and roots are acrid digestive and also useful in ulcers, leprosy, skin diseases and all types of poisonous bites. A field experiment was Accepted conducted in the experimental farm of North-East Institute of August 18, 2015 Science and Technology, Jorhat, India to evaluate the root yield and Released yield attributing parameter of plant Aristolochia indica, with December 31, 2015 application of different spacing and different doses of fertilizer trial. The results revealed that the plant responded to different spacing Open Acess Full Text Article treatments significantly. Among the different spacings maximum plant height (460.25 cm), leaf number per plant (296.53) and leaf area per plant (115.00 cm²) has been observed in the spacing 90 cm x 45 cm whereas maximum dry root yield (2.09 t/ha) is recorded at the spacing of 90 cm x 90 cm. Linear increase in dry root yield has been found with the increase of spacing. In the first year dry root yield of the plant showed positive correlation with all the parameters except the primary branch number. But in the second year the same showed significant positive correlation with other yield attributing components. Application of different doses of fertilizers influenced the growth and yield in the crop. Maximum plant height (359.40 cm), leaf number per plant (450.20) and leaf area per plant (170.34 cm²) were recorded with 100:60:100 kg/ha NPK which is significantly superior to other doses. Use of 100 kg N/ha produced maximum dry root yield ranging from 2.18 t/ha to 2.31 t/ha in combination with both the doses of P and K. Root yield of the second year showed significant positive correlation with rest of the yield components. The results indicated that harvesting the crop in second year will be beneficial for getting higher root biomass.
Keywords: Aristolochia indica, Medicinal properties, Spacing trials, Fertilizer trials, Root yield.
Introduction India, Nepal and lower Bengal to Chittagong in Bangladesh and Coromondal Aristolochia indica L. (Piperales: coast (Anonymous, 1948, Chopra et al., Aristolochiaceae) is one of the 300 species 1956). The plant has got great medicinal belonging to the family Aristolochiaceae is importance and from root to leaf each and a perennial shrubby glabrous twiner with a every part of the plant is used in indigenous long rootstock. It is extensively found system of medicine (Anonymous, 1943). throughout the low elevations and plains of Leaves are used to treat cholera, fever and
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bowel troubles (Chatterjee and Pakrashi, of 2195.31 mm and temperature varied 1991). Roots are bitter, acrid digestive and from 19.72 °C + 3.40 °C (minimum) to also useful in ulcers, leprosy and 28.90° + 3.40 °C (maximum). antidiarrhoeal activity (Chopra et al., 1956; The crop was raised in sandy loam Benarba and Meddah, 2013; Dharmalingan soil having pH 5.5, organic matter 0.86%, et al., 2014). The essential oil composition available nitrogen, phosphorus and of the root and aerial parts of this plant has potassium 0.075, 0.0006 and 0.0034%, been studied by Krishna Rao et al. (1935), respectively. The experiment was laid out Rao and Mulhara (1955), Jirovetz et al. in a randomized block design with three (2000) and Kanjilal et al. (2009). The replications having six plant spacing importance of Aristolochia indica L. for its treatments 45 cm x 45 cm (S1), traditional medicinal practices has attracted 45cm x 60 cm(S2), 90cm x 45 cm (S3), many of the workers in that field with 60 cm x 60 cm (S4), 60 cm x 90 cm (S5) reference to explore its propagative and 90 cm x 90 cm (S6) and 12 NPK potentialities (Bliss et al., 2009; Bliss et al., combinations of 50:60:50 (F1), 50:60:100 2013). The review of Aristolochia indica (F2), 50:120:50 (F3), 50:120:100 (F4), Dey and De (2011), has given extensive 100:60:50 (F5), 100:60:100 (F6), studies on the plant species. However, not 100:120:50 (F7), 100:120:100 (F8), much agronomical studies have been 150:60:50 (F9), 150:60:100 (F10), conducted to explore the potential of this 150:120:50 (F11) and 150:120:100 (F12) plant in a sustainable manner. The demand kg/ha, respectively, along with the control. for medicinal plants is ever increasing as Matured seed of A. indica are sown in people are fascinated more towards the raised seed bed in June and the seedlings herbal products. are planted in the experimental field in the Keeping this in view, the present month of October. investigation has been undertaken to Growth parameters like plant understand the growth potentialities and height, primary branch number, secondary yield attributes by employing different branch number and leaf number are doses of fertilizer and spacing treatment. recorded in 3 month intervals. Root biomass and root yield data collected in 360 Materials and methods days interval. Statistical analysis has been performed using the software Systate 12. The field trial was conducted at the Experimental Farm of North-East Institute Results and discussions of Science and Technology, Jorhat, India which lies between Longitude The data pertaining to effect of 94° 09’ 31” E and Latitude 26° 44’ 19” N spacing and fertilizer on yield attributed during 2011-2013. The area enjoys a parameters and yield of Aristolochia indica moderate climate with mean annual rainfall is presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1. Yield data of different spacing trial of Aristolochia indica L.
Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2015, v. 2, n. 4, p. 235-243. Root yield and yield attributes of Aristolochia indica L. 237
Table 2. Yield data of different fertilizer treatments of Aristolochia indica L.
Effect of Spacing other hand the root biomass (Figure 4) and Results revealed that the yield root yield (Figure 5) has shown an components and yield were significantly increasing trend with wider spacing and affected by planting geometry. Maximum decline in root yield with closer spacing. plant height 460.25 cm (Figure 1), leaf area Highest root biomass per plant in the first per plant 115.00 cm² (Figure 2), leaf year is recorded in the spacing number per plant 296.53 (Figure 3) and has 60 cm x 90 cm with 20.67 g whereas the been observed in the spacing same in 90 cm x 90 cm with 63.90 g in the 90 cm x 45 cm in the second year. But second year. Dry root yield also maximum primary and secondary branch number per in 90 cm x 90 cm spacing. All the plant has failed to show a definite trend characters were shown in different figures, with different spacing treatments. On the effect of spacing treatment in both the year.
)
) 500 150 . cm cm 400 S1 ( S1 q
s 100 ( ht ht 300 S2 S2 g S3 200 S3 50 100 S4 S4
Plant hei Plant 0 S5 0 S5 Leaf area in area Leaf 1st year 2nd year S6 1st year 2nd year S6 Characters Characters
Figure 1. Plant height. Figure 2. Leaf area per plant.
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350 S1 300 80 S2 250 S1 200 S3 60 150 S4 S2 40 100 S5 Number/Plant 50 S3 S6 0 20 S4 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 0 year year year year year year (gm) biomass Root S5 Primary Secondary Leaf no./ 1st year 2nd year S6 branch no./ branch no./ Plant Characters Characters
Figure 3. Leaf number per plant. Figure 4. Primary and secondary branch no and root biomass.
12 10 S6 8 S5 S4 6 S3 4 S2 2 S1 Dry root yield (t/ha) 0 1st year 2nd year Characters
Figure 5. Dry root yield (t/ha).
Effect of fertilizers Correlations The plant responded significantly In the first year all the yield with different doses of fertilizers in both the attributing parameters along with the root years. It showed maximum plant height yield showed positive correlation except (Figure 6), maximum leaf area per plant the primary branch number in the spacing (Figure 7), leaf number per plant (Figure 8) trial (Figure 11). While in the second year highest root biomass (Figure 9) and root all the factors showed strong positive yield (Figure 10) with a constant dose of correlations with each other. The root yield nitrogen i.e., 100 kg/ha with different doses showed strong positive correlation with all of phosphate and potassium i.e., 60 kg/ha the yield attributing factors both in the and 120 kg/ha and 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha, second year and first year except the respectively. The maximum primary and primary and secondary branch number in secondary branch numbers in both the years the first year of the fertilizer trial (Figure has been recorded with the treatment 12). 50:120:100 (F4) and 150:120:100 kg/ha of NPK. The availability of nutrition in Combined 1st and 2nd year adequate quantity improves the root yield correlation matrix of A. indica. Effect of fertilizer treatment on In the first year the dry root yield different characters were shown in different showed positive correlation with all other figures in both the year. growth factors except the primary branch
Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2015, v. 2, n. 4, p. 235-243. Root yield and yield attributes of Aristolochia indica L. 239
400 F0 180 F0 350 F1 160 F1 F2 F2 300 140 F3 F3 120 250 F4 F4 100 200 F5 F5 80 150 F6 F6 60 F7 F7 Plant height (cm) 100 Leaf (sq. area cm) 40 F8 F8 50 20 F9 F9 0 F10 0 F10 1st year 2nd year F11 1st year 2nd year F11 Characters F12 Characters F12
Figure 6. Plant height. Figure 7. Leaf area per plant.
500 F0 F0 120 450 F1 400 F1 350 100 F2 300 F2 F3 250 F3 80 200 F4 F4 150 Number/Plant 100 F5 60 F5 50 F6 F6 0 40 F7 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd F7 year year year year year year F8 Root (gm) biomass 20 F8 F9 Primary Secondary Leaf no./ F9 F10 0 branch no./ branch no./ Plant F10 Plant Plant F11 1st year 2nd year F11 Characters F12 Characters F12
Figure 8. Leaf number per plant. Figure 9. Primary and secondary branch no and root biomass.
30 F12
25 F11 F10 20 F9 F8 15 F7 F6 10 F5 ry root yield (t/ha) yield root ry D F4 5 F3 F2 0 F1 1st year 2nd year F0 Chraracters
Figure 10. Dry root yield (t/ha).
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Scatter Plot Matrix _1 VAR _2 VAR _3 VAR _4 VAR 5 _ VAR _6 VAR _7 VAR _8 VAR _9 VAR _10 VAR _11 R VA _12 VAR _13 VAR _14 VAR
VAR 1 VAR 2 VAR 3 VAR 4 VAR 5 VAR 6 VAR 7 VAR 8 VAR 9 VAR 10 VAR 11 VAR 12 VAR 13 VAR 14 Figure 11. Correlation of spacing trial.
Scatter Plot Matrix _1 VAR 2 VAR_ 3 VAR_ _4 VAR _5 VAR _6 VAR _7 VAR _8 VAR _9 VAR _10 VAR _11 VAR 2 _1 VAR 3 _1 VAR 4 _1 VAR
VAR 1 VAR 2 VAR 3 VAR 4 VAR 5 VAR 6 VAR 7 VAR 8 VAR 9 VAR 10 VAR 11 VAR 12 VAR 13 VAR 14 Figure 12. Correlation of fertilizer trial.
number but in the second year it showed The correlation coefficient is a strong positive correlation with those in the good indicator to decide the criteria for spacing trial (Table 3 and Table 4). selection (Dakshina et al., 2008). In our
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Table 3. Correlation matrix of first and second year of spacing treatments.
Table 4. Correlation matrix of first and second year of fertilizer trials.
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investigation it was observed that in Acknowledgement spacing trial root biomass per plant (gm) were positively correlated with secondary The authors are grateful to branch number per plant followed by plant Director, CSIR-North East Institute of height and negatively correlated with Science & Technology, Jorhat, for his keen primary branch number per plant and leaf interest to carry out this work. The authors area per plant (cm). But Dry root yield also grateful to Dr. Mohan Lal Scientist (t/ha) were positively correlated secondary MAEP Division for help us in statistical branch/plant, plant height followed by root work. biomass/plant. In fertilizer treatment, the root Conflict of interest statement biomass /plant(gm) were positively correlated with leaf area/plant(cm) followed Authors declare that they have no by leaf number/plant and plant height. Dry conflict of interests. root yield (t/ha) were positively correlated with root biomass/plant followed by leaf References area and leaf number per plant and plant height. Dry root yield correlation with root Anonymous. Indian medicinal plants; a biomass. Therefore, these relationship compendium of 500 species. Madras: Orient indicate the characters such as dry root Longman, 1993. v. 1. yield and root biomass, plant height, leaf no Anonymous. The wealth of India, raw and leaf area per plant should be taken in to materials. A dictionary of Indian raw materials consideration during selection both the and industrial products. New Delhi: CSIR, spacing and fertilizer treatment. 1948. v. 1. Bennarba, B.; Meddah, B. Biological activities Conclusion of Aristolochia plants: a mini review. J. Physiobiochemical Metabolism, v. 2, n. 1, p. , 2013. Results revealed that the yield components and yield were significantly Bliss, B. J.; Landherr, L.; Depamphilis, C. W.; affected by planting geometry. The root Ma, H.; Hu, Y. Maximova, S. N. Regeneration and plant let development from somatic tissues biomass and root yield has shown an of Aristolochia fimbriata. Plant Cell Tissue increasing trend with wider spacing and Organ Culture, v. 98, p. 105-114, 2009. decline in root yield with closer spacing. Available from:
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Braz. J. Biol. Sci., 2015, v. 2, n. 4, p. 235-243.