DOCSLIB.ORG

Land System Resilience: Linking Land Use Change, State Policy and Ethnic Minority Resource Management in Northern Upland Vietnam

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Land System Resilience: Linking Land Use Change, State Policy and Ethnic Minority Resource Management in Northern Upland Vietnam LAND SYSTEM RESILIENCE: LINKING LAND USE CHANGE, STATE POLICY AND ETHNIC MINORITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN NORTHERN UPLAND VIETNAM Kate Trincsi Department of Geography McGill University Submitted March 2017 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Science. © Kate Trincsi ABSTRACT In the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, state policies governing land use, market integration, and poverty reduction largely determine the prospects for social-ecological resilience. In turn, land system change in the northern uplands has largely been shaped by market liberalization and the integration of ethnic minority farmers into state development practices and ideologies. Hybrid crops and plantation forestry are increasingly being adopted with important implications for local livelihoods and ecosystems, although the long-term outcomes of such land changes remain poorly understood. The aim of this thesis is to explore the relationships between state policy, land use change, and social-ecological resilience from 1999 to 2014 in Lào Cai Province, Vietnam. To do so, I draw on a conceptual framework integrating social-ecological systems, resilience, land system change, and sustainable livelihoods. Taking a mixed methods approach, I developed 15m resolution object-oriented land cover classifications, which I analyzed for change in landscape structure and function from 1999 to 2014. I also completed qualitative fieldwork including 75 semi-structured and informal interviews with government officials and Hmong, Yao, and Tày farmers. I find that there has been an important increase in plantation forestry, cash crops, and urban areas. Concurrently, total area under agricultural cultivation and secondary vegetation have declined, pointing to a land system regime shift. Farmers described an increase in opportunities to gain financial capital, yet also noted a severe degradation of natural capital. Furthermore, there has been a loss of socio-ecological resilience due to increasing incidents of extreme weather events, market price fluctuations, and pest outbreaks. Long-term resilience planning is largely absent at the household or state level, with households having to respond to ongoing disturbances mostly through short-term adaptation mechanisms such as changing crop varieties, applying increasing amounts of chemical fertilizers, and pursuing off-farm income opportunities. I conclude with context-relevant policy recommendations to increase diversity and the self-organizing capacity of the social-ecological system. ii RÉSUMÉ Au sein de la République socialiste du Vietnam, les politiques gouvernementales relatives à l’utilisation du sol, l’intégration aux marchés économiques ainsi que la réduction de la pauvreté matérielle déterminent la vision à l’égard de la résilience socio-écologique. En revanche, le changement dans le système d’occupation du sol dans ces régions a également été largement influencé par la libéralisation des marchés économiques et l’intégration des paysans de minorités ethniques au sein des pratiques et idéologies étatiques pour le développement national. Les cultures hybrides et les plantations forestières sont de plus en plus adoptées, et ce avec d’importantes retombées pour les moyens de subsistance des populations ainsi que pour les écosystèmes, malgré que les effets de ces changements d’usages demeurent encore peu connus. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’explorer la relation entre les politiques de l’État, les changements dans l’utilisation du sol et la résilience socio-écologique, de 1999 à 2014, dans la province de Lào Cai au Vietnam. Ma recherche utilise un cadre conceptuel intégrant les systèmes socio- écologiques, la résilience, le changement du régime d’utilisation des terres et les moyens de subsistance durables. J’ai développé une méthode de classification de la couverture du sol orienté objet, ayant une résolution de 15 mètres au sol, afin d’analyser le changement dans la structure et la fonction des paysages. Employant une méthodologie mixte, j’ai également réalisé 75 entretiens semi-structurés et informels avec des officiels du gouvernement et des paysans des minorités Hmong, Yao, et Tày. Mon analyse montre qu’il y a eu une augmentation significative des plantations forestières, des cultures de rente et des zones urbaines car les paysans s’intègrent de façon grandissante dans l’économie de marché. Parallèlement, les zones cultivées et la végétation secondaire ont diminué, indiquant un changement dans le régime d’utilisation des terres. Par ailleurs, les paysans ont décrit une augmentation des occasions pour accumuler du capital financier, mais une dégradation importante du capital naturel. De plus, il existe une perte de résilience socio-écologique, causée par une augmentation de l’incidence d’événements météorologiques extrêmes, la fluctuation des marchés et les infestations d’insectes ravageurs. La planification pour la résilience à long-terme est largement absente à l’échelle du ménage et au niveau étatique. Les ménages doivent le plus souvent répondre à ces perturbations à travers des mécanismes d’adaptation à court-terme, tel qu’en variant les types de cultures, en appliquant davantage d’engrais chimiques et en cherchant des sources de revenus en dehors du secteur agricole. Pour conclure, je recommande des politiques adaptées au contexte afin d’augmenter la diversité et la capacité d’organisation du système socio-écologique. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to sincerely thank my supervisor Sarah Turner for her advice and guidance from the initial conceptualization of this thesis to the final draft. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my committee advisor Hien Pham for providing insight and guidance on remote sensing methods and land use change in Vietnam. Finally, I would like to thank the examiner of this thesis for offering many helpful suggestions. I am grateful for the help and support I received from Vietnam National University in obtaining research permissions and navigating the fieldwork process. Thank you to Pham Van Cu and his colleagues, Dieu Dinh, Bui Quang Hung, Nguyen Tham, and Ha Kieu Anh, for opening many doors, and for your guidance. Many thanks to my four research assistants for easing my transition into northern Vietnam and for helping me navigate the complexity of working with four different ethnic groups. Thank you also to the many contacts at the People’s Committee of Lào Cai, who helped organize my time in Bảo Yên District, and to the Hmong, Yao, and Tày interviewees for their curiosity, enthusiasm, and patience. A special thank you goes to Noelani Eidse: her friendship, help navigating Hanoi, and support while in Vietnam was more than I could have asked for. Thank you also to the other members of the Southeast Asian Massif research lab for their support, inspiration, and constructive criticism. I would also like to extend my gratitude to my friends in the Department of Geography. Melody Lynch: thanks for pushing me to work harder, for editing my thesis, and for being a travel partner. Lewis Archer: thank you for the moral support, words of encouragement, and many cups of coffee. Laurence Cote-Roy: thank you for translating my abstract. I would also like to acknowledge the generous financial support I received from Sarah Turner, Roger Warren, the Department of Geography at McGill University, Mitacs Globalink, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. Thank you also to Margaret Kalascka, Pablo Arroyo, and the Geographic Information Centre of McGill University for ongoing GIS and remote sensing assistance. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their support and encouragement. Thank you to my puppy Yukon, whose hugs brought many smiles to my face during the final preparation of this thesis. To my partner Daniel Haberman: thank you for supporting my journey, allowing me to bounce ideas off you, and for inspiring me to be the best person I can be. Most of all, thank you to my brother, parents, and grandmother for believing in me and your endless love. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................1 1.1 Thesis aim .......................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Thesis outline ..................................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ...........................................................................5 2.1 Social-ecological systems................................................................................................... 5 2.1.1 Social-ecological systems as complex adaptive systems ..............................................6 2.1.2 Adaptive renewal cycle and disturbances .....................................................................6 2.1.3 Regime shifts in SESs .................................................................................................8 2.2 Resilience framework ......................................................................................................... 9 2.2.1 Vulnerability, adaptation, and sustainability .............................................................. 10 2.2.2 Applying the resilience framework ............................................................................ 11 2.3 Land system science ........................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ceylon Cinnamon • Pure Cinnamon • Mexican Cinnamon • Sri Lanka Cinnamon • Canela (Spanish for Cinnamon)
    Cinnamon The 4th most valuable spice in the world http://www.trueceylonspices.com/ceylon-cinnamon/ www.truecylonspices.com 1. About Cinnamon is a first traded and most popular spice from the ancient time. It extracts from the bark of the cinnamon tree have also been used traditionally as medicine throughout the world. www.truecylonspices.com 2. Products of Cinnamon • Cinnamon Quills (Full tubes) • Cinnamon Quillings (broken tubes) • Cinnamon Featherings • Cinnamon Chips • Ground Cinnamon (Cinnamon powder) • Cinnamon Leaf Oil • Cinnamon Bark Oil www.truecylonspices.com 3. Varieties 1. Cassia Cinnamon 1. Cinnamomum loureiroi 2. Cinnamomum aromaticum 3. Cinnamomum burmannii 2. True Cinnamon 1. Cinnamomum verum www.truecylonspices.com 3.1.1 Cinnamomum loureiroi • Other names: • Saigon Cinnamon • Vietnamese cinnamon • Vietnamese cassia • Origin: • Vietnam • Pros: • Strong spicy cinnamon taste • high levels of oil content Image credit: Wikipedia • Cons: • High Coumarin Levels www.truecylonspices.com 3.1.2 Cinnamomum aromaticum • Other names: • Cinnamomum cassia (old Latin name) • Cassia • Chinese cinnamon • Chinese cassia • Tung Hing • Origin: • China • Pros: • Cheap Image credit: Wikipedia • Cons: • High Coumarin Levels www.truecylonspices.com 3.1.3 Cinnamomum burmannii • Other names: • Korintje cassia • Padang cassia • Batavia cassia • Indonesian cinnamon • Origin: • Indonesia • Pros: • Cheap • Spicy Cinnamon flavor Image credit: Wikipedia • Cons: • High Coumarin Levels www.truecylonspices.com 3.2.1 b. Cinnamomum verum • Other names: • Cinnamomum zeylanicum (old Latin name) • True Cinnamon • Ceylon Cinnamon • Pure cinnamon • Mexican cinnamon • Sri Lanka cinnamon • Canela (Spanish for cinnamon) • Origin: • Sri Lanka (90%), • India, Madagascar, Brazil, Caribbean • Pros: • Ultra Low Coumarin levels • Softer and subtle taste • crumbly • Cons: • Expensive www.truecylonspices.com 4. Usage of Cinnamon • Usage of Cinnamon bark • As a spice.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Statement and Significance
    1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 STATEMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROBLEM Nowadays most consumers are concerned about using chemical preservatives in foods to prevent lipid oxidation and the growth of spoiling microbes since some of these additives trend to be carcinogenic or can promote the growth of tumors, so that the decrease in chemical preservatives usage is of interest. Lipid oxidation and bacterial contamination are the main factors to determine food quality loss and shelf- life reduction; therefore, delaying lipid oxidation and preventing bacterial cross- contamination are highly important to food processors (Fernandez-Lopez et al., 2005). To inhibit lipid oxidation and microbial growth, the synthetic antioxidants have been widely used, the most common are butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and tert-butylated hydroxyquinone (TBHQ) as potential inhibitors for lipid peroxidation and thereby stabilize fat containing food- stuffs (Löliger, 1991). However, BHA and BHT were found to be anticarcinogenic as well as carcinogenic in experiments or animals and it has been established that they are involved in tumor formation (Botterweck et al., 2000). In recent years, the global demand of natural foods and natural preservatives being consumed for health are preferable. Using plant essential oils and their extracts, the new approach to prevent the proliferation of microorganism or protect food from oxidation, as alternative natural preservative agents is becoming popular due to their medicinal, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties (Pattnaik et al., 1997: Moreno et al., 2002: Sharififar et al., 2007: Al-Fatimi et al., 2007: Yang and Clausen, 2007). The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of plant essential oils and their extracts are particularly beneficial for utilizations in the food industry such as in raw and processed food preservation, besides those herbal plants and dietary spices are widely cultivated and approved for consumption.
    [Show full text]
  • Country Gender Assessment of Agriculture and the Rural Sector in Viet Nam
    COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE RURAL SECTOR IN VIET NAM COUNTRY GENDER ASSESSMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND THE RURAL SECTOR IN VIET NAM Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Hanoi, 2019 Required citation: FAO. 2019. Country gender assessment of agriculture and the rural sector in Viet Nam. Hanoi. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISBN 978-92-5-131863-8 © FAO, 2019 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services.
    [Show full text]
  • Download 944.17 KB
    Updated Indigenous Peoples Plan Document: Indigenous Peoples Plan/ Ethnic Minority Development Plan Document Stage: Updated Project Number: 45406-001 November 2018 Socialist Republic of Viet Nam: Low Carbon Agricultural Support Project Prepared by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), Socialist Republic of Viet Nam for the Asian Development Bank. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of October 2018) Currency Unit – dong (D) D1.00 = $ $1.00 = 23,270 ABBREVIATIONS ADB – Asian Development Bank AP/AH – affected person / affected household BP – biogas plant CBO – Community Based Organization CEMA – Committee of Ethnic Minorities Affairs CME – Clean Mechanism Entity CP – Community Participation CPC – Commune People’s Committee CPMU – Central Project Management Unit CPO – Central Project Office CSAP – Climate Smart Agriculture Practices CSB – Community Supervision Board CSAWMP – climate-smart agriculture waste management practice CWU – Commune Women’s Union DARD – Department of Agriculture and Rural Development DMS – Detailed Measurement Survey DOC – Department of Construction DOF – Department of Finance DOLISA – Department of Labour, Invalids and Social Assistance DONRE – Department of Natural Resources and Environment DPC – District People’s Committee EA – executing agency EMA – External Monitoring Agency EM – ethnic minority EMDP – ethnic minorities development plan EMP – ethnic minority people FF – father land front FI – financial intermediaries FFM – fact finding mission GAP – gender action plan GHG – greenhouse gas HH – Household
    [Show full text]
  • Challenging Slopes: Ethnic Minority Livelihoods, State Visions, and Land‑Use Land Cover Change in Vietnam’S Northern Mountainous Borderlands
    Environment, Development and Sustainability https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01539-1 Challenging slopes: ethnic minority livelihoods, state visions, and land‑use land cover change in Vietnam’s northern mountainous borderlands An Thinh Nguyen1 · Sarah Turner2 · Margaret Kalacska2 Received: 1 May 2020 / Accepted: 22 May 2021 © The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. 2021 Abstract Sloping farmlands dominate much of Vietnam’s northern borderlands with China. Here, ethnic minority farmers have relied on their traditional ecological knowledge for centu- ries to fashion sustainable semi-subsistence livelihoods as best they can. With a rapidly increasing agrarian transition, these farmers must now juggle the agro-ecological limits of their farmlands with new state agricultural policies, growing market integration, and increasing extreme weather events. Despite about 60 percent of Vietnam’s landmass com- prising slopes greater than 15°, there is sparse information regarding how best to support sustainable livelihood approaches in such regions. Yet, an understanding of current crop choices, agricultural limits, and farmer decision-making processes in such locales is vital for relevant, slope-related policy suggestions to be formulated. In this paper, we take a mixed methods approach, combining land-use and land cover (LULC) change mapping with qualitative interviews and observations, to investigate the interactions among sloping lands, LULC change, and local livelihoods in a remote, mountainous commune in northern Vietnam’s borderlands. We analyze LULC maps for Bản Phố commune, Lào Cai province, which contains 13 ethnic minority Hmong villages and has a fairly typical upland topog- raphy with three-quarters of the land sloped over 15°.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Cinnamon Water Extract As a Cariostatic Agent
    EFFECTS OF CINNAMON WATER EXTRACT AS A CARIOSTATIC AGENT ON NICOTINE-INDUCED STREPTOCOCCUS MUTANS BIOFILM by Abdulaziz Alshahrani Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the School of Dentistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, March 2019. ii Thesis accepted by the faculty of the Department of Operative Dentistry, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry. Frank Lippert Richard L. Gregory Chair of the Committee Norman Blaine Cook Program Director Date iii DEDICATION iv I dedicate this work to the Almighty Allah for his blessings, graces and virtues. In addition, I dedicate this work to my beloved parents, without whose prayers and support I would never have been who I am today, and to my lovely brothers and sisters for their love and encouragement during my studies. Lastly, I dedicate this work to my mentors and instructors throughout all my schooling. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vi My appreciation and thanks go to my research committee – Dr. Richard L. Gregory, Dr. Blaine Cook, and Dr. Frank Lippert – for their guidance and encouragement throughout the conduct of my research. Without their knowledge and thoughtful advice, this research project would never have been completed. I would like to extend thanks to Mr. George Eckert and Ms. Sruthi for their help in the biostatistics section. I am grateful to my amazing and loving parents for their endless support and encouragement. I would like to thank my wonderful brothers and sisters for their love and encouragement.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Spp.) in Dentistry
    molecules Review Effects of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) in Dentistry: A Review Spartak Yanakiev Medical College Y. Filaretova, Medical University—Sofia, Yordanka Filaretova Street 3, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected]fia.bg; Tel.: +35-98-8644-5108 Received: 26 July 2020; Accepted: 11 September 2020; Published: 12 September 2020 Abstract: Dental medicine is one of the fields of medicine where the most common pathologies are of bacterial and fungal origins. This review is mainly focused on the antimicrobial effects of cinnamon essential oil (EO), cinnamon extracts, and pure compounds against different oral pathogens and the oral biofilm and the possible effects on soft mouth tissue. Basic information is provided about cinnamon, as is a review of its antimicrobial properties against the most common microorganisms causing dental caries, endodontic and periodontal lesions, and candidiasis. Cinnamon EO, cinnamon extracts, and pure compounds show significant antimicrobial activities against oral pathogens and could be beneficial in caries and periodontal disease prevention, endodontics, and candidiasis treatment. Keywords: cinnamon essential oil; dentistry; oral pathogens; oral biofilm; candida; antimicrobial effect; dental caries; endopathogens; cinnamaldehyde; eugenol 1. Introduction Dental medicine is one of the fields of medicine where the most common pathologies are of bacterial and fungal origins. Widely spread diseases like dental caries, periodontal disease, and endodontic lesions are caused by well-known bacterial and fungal pathogens: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguinis, Porfiromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Actinobacilus actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, Candida albicans, etc. [1]. Preventive medicine relies mostly upon reducing the bacterial biofilm via oral hygiene. The most often used active ingredients in mouth rinses and toothpastes are chlorhexidine, hyaluronic acid, and fluorides.
    [Show full text]
  • ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized
    11 EV9L519 I I ~~~~~SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM Public Disclosure Authorized i 1 I RURAL ENERGY 2PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized ! ~~FEASIBILITY STUDY | ~LAO CAI PROVINCE 1 Volume 2 l ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized I ehia cetfcZrieEtrrs EC 220 l Public Disclosure Authorized II- SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM RURAL ENERGY 2 PROJECT I I | FEASIBILITY STUDY LAO CAI PROVINCE Volume 2 l ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT l Project Manager Doan Tat Quang Deputy Chief Clerk Nguyen Anh Tuan PP. Director I Technical Scientific Service Enterprise Deputy director I l | Nguyen Van Dong I l ELECTRICITY OF VIETNAM l WB credit VN -4000 I ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN Vietnam Rural Energy 11 Lao Cai province I Prepared by Science, Technology Service Enterprise Power Engineering and Consulting Company N°1 H lI Hanoi, July 2005 1 1. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF WORK 1.1. Objectives of the Project The development objectives of the proposed Rural Energy II Project are to assist the Govemment of Vietnam to alleviate poverty in the rural areas by providing basic infrastructure service such as electricity and access to general services, for improving living conditions and productivity. The Project will assist the Government of Vietnam to implement I its national objective of providing electricity to about 12 million rural households through: - An effective strategy for rural electrification with special focus on provision of energy to the remote mountainous areas; I - Rehabilitating, upgrading and expanding the rural
    [Show full text]
  • Operationalising REDD+ in Viet Nam
    UN-REDD PROGRAMME UN-REDD Viet Nam Phase II Programme: Operationalising REDD+ in Viet Nam 29 July 2013 1 UN-REDD VIET NAM PHASE II PROGRAMME Country: SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM Programme Objective: To enhance Viet Nam’s ability to benefit from future results-based payments1 for REDD+ and undertake transformational changes in the forestry sector Expected Outcomes: Outcome 1: Capacities for an operational National REDD+ Action Programme (NRAP) are in place Outcome 2: The six pilot provinces enabled to plan and implement REDD+ actions Outcome 3: National Forest Monitoring System (NFMS) for Monitoring and Measurement, Reporting and Verification and National REDD+ Information System (NRIS) on Safeguards are operational Outcome 4: Stakeholders at different levels are able to receive positive incentives Outcome 5: Mechanisms to address the social and environmental safeguards under the Cancun Agreement, established Outcome 6: Regional cooperation enhances progress on REDD+ implementation in the Lower Mekong Sub-Region. National Executing Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) Agency: National Implementing Partner: Viet Nam Administration of Forestry (VNFOREST) UN partners: FAO, UNDP and UNEP Programme title: “UN-REDD Viet Nam Phase II Estimated total budget: USD 30,229,8082 Programme” Allocated resources: Programme duration: 29 July 2013 – 31 December 2015 UN-REDD Viet Nam Phase II Programme 2 MPTF (installment from Norway) USD 30,229,808 Fund management: Pass-through funding (UNDP MPTF-O as Administrative Agent) Total funded Phase II: USD 30,229,8082 1 Note that the term “results-based payments” refers only to the basis for international transfer of funds to Viet Nam 2 The agreed allocation is NOK 180,000,000, which will be deposited in annual tranches in NOK.
    [Show full text]
  • Markets in the Mountains: Upland Trade-Scapes, Trader Livelihoods, and State Development Agendas in Northern Vietnam
    MARKETS IN THE MOUNTAINS: UPLAND TRADE-SCAPES, TRADER LIVELIHOODS, AND STATE DEVELOPMENT AGENDAS IN NORTHERN VIETNAM Christine Bonnin Department of Geography McGill University, Montréal Submitted October 2011 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Christine Bonnin 2011 In loving memory of a dear friend, Radoslaw Stypczynski (Radek) and for his Sa Pa Sisters ii ABSTRACT In this dissertation I investigate market formation and integration in the northern uplands of Vietnam (Lào Cai province) through a focus on the everyday processes by which markets are created and (re)shaped at the confluence of local innovation and initiatives, state actions, and wider market forces. Against a historically-informed backdrop of the ‘local’ research context with regard to ethnicity, cultural practice, livelihoods, markets and trade, I situate and critique the broader Vietnam state agenda. At present, the state supports regularising market development often in accordance with a lowland majority model, and promoting particular aspects of tourism that at times mesh, while at others clash, with upland subsistence needs, customary practice, and with uplanders successfully realising new opportunities. State-led initiatives to foster market integration are often instituted without informed consideration of their effects on the specific nature and complexity of upland trade, such as for the realisation of materially and culturally viable livelihoods. Conceptually, I weave together a framework for the study that draws key elements from three main strands of scholarship: 1) actor-oriented approaches to livelihoods; 2) social embeddedness, social network and social capital approaches to market trade and exchange, and; 3) the commodity-oriented literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving-Agricultural-Interventions
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized TARGET PROGRAMS INVIETNAM TARGET UNDER THENEW NATIONAL INTERVENTIONS AGRICULTURAL IMPROVING © 2020 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2020. Vietnam: Improving agricultural interventions under the new National Target Programs. © World Bank.” All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@ worldbank.org. IMPROVING AGRICULTURAL INTERVENTIONS UNDER THE NEW NATIONAL TARGET PROGRAMS IN VIETNAM June, 2020 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .............................................................................................................................................2 Executive Summary ...........................................................................................................................................3 1.
    [Show full text]
  • A Literary Review on Cinnamomum Zeylanicum with Special Reference to Its Varieties A
    Vol-7 Issue-3 2021 IJARIIE-ISSN(O)-2395-4396 A LITERARY REVIEW ON CINNAMOMUM ZEYLANICUM WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO ITS VARIETIES A. M. Muthalib 1*, M.M.M Nifras2 S. M. Mujahid3 1Senior Lecturer, Head, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, 20100, Sri Lanka. 2Demonstrator, Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, 20100, Sri Lanka. 3PG Scholar of Moalejat, Govt. Nizamia Tibbi College, Hyderabad, 500023, Telangana, India. ABSTRACT A spice is a dried seed, fruit, root, bark or flower of a plant or an herb used in small quantities for flavor, color or as a preservative. The spices and Herbs used for flavor, aroma and medicinal properties derive a special value from the said factors. Long before modern medicine, spices were valued for their ability to help individuals in disease prevention and health promotion. Various civilizations relied on herbs and spices for both food and medicine. Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of trees belonging to the family ‘Lauraceae’ and genus ‘Cinnamomum’. Cinnamon is found widely in Sri Lanka but also distributed in South and South-East Asia. This study was carried out to give an overview on Cinnamon, to differentiate the varieties of Cinnamon in the view of therapeutic and commercial purposes and to review the recent scientific evidences phytochemical and pharmacological studies systematically. There are over 250 plant species in the cinnamon genus. But only 4 types or varieties of Cinnamon are used for commercial purposes. Such as, Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamon zeylanicum Blume.), Cassia cinnamon (Cinnamomum aromaticum), Korintje cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmanni) and Saigon cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi).
    [Show full text]