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Evaluation of Water Quality of Reservoirs from Cávado River’S Hydrographic Basin

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Evaluation of Water Quality of Reservoirs from Cávado River’S Hydrographic Basin EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY OF RESERVOIRS FROM CÁVADO RIVER’S HYDROGRAPHIC BASIN Rafaela Alão de Almeida Mestrado em Ecologia Ambiente e Território Departamento de Biologia 2015 Orientador Doutora Sara Cristina Ferreira Marques Antunes, Professora Auxiliar Convidada do Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Coorientador Doutor Nuno Eduardo Malheiro Magalhães Esteves Formigo, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto Todas as correções determinadas pelo júri, e só essas, foram efetuadas. O Presidente do Júri, Porto, ______/______/_________ Dissertação submetida à Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ecologia Ambiente e Território, da responsabilidade do Departamento de Biologia. A presente tese foi desenvolvida sob a orientação científica da Doutora Sara Cristina Ferreira Marques Antunes, Professora Auxiliar Convidada do Departamento de Biologia da FCUP; e co-orientação científica do Doutor Nuno Eduardo Malheiro Magalhães Esteves Formigo, Professor Auxiliar do Departamento de Biologia da Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto. Agradecimentos Aos orientadores desta tese, Doutora Sara Antunes e Doutor Nuno Formigo, por toda a ajuda, disponibilidade total, pelo apoio incansável durante todo o projeto e por terem sempre acreditado em mim e no melhor resultado para esta tese, e por todos os bons conselhos dados, quer a nível académico quer a nível pessoal. Também não posso deixar de agradecer todas as boleias para as saídas de campo, a boa disposição e o à vontade que ajudou muito ao desenvolvimento desta tese. Aos meus pais, pelo apoio incondicional em todos os momentos, pelos conselhos, por todo o suporte emocional e pessoal, por sempre terem acompanhado o meu trabalho e me terem aturado nos momentos menos felizes, e ouvido incansavelmente todas as minhas conversas relacionadas com a tese (e não só). Aos amigos, em especial aos BioSapos, por todos os bons momentos que passámos juntos, por todas as aventuras, por toda a diversão, pelo apoio que me deram sempre que algo corria mal, por serem o meu anti-stress nos momentos mais complicados. Um especial agradecimento e felicitação aos amigos que entregam também este ano as suas teses de mestrado, pelo sofrimento partilhado durante este ano e a alegria no momento da entrega. A todos eles dedico a seguinte citação de Chris McCandless: “a felicidade é apenas real quando partilhada!” Aos colegas de laboratório, por toda a ajuda prestada, pela bancada partilhada e pelas conversas. Por todas as vezes que me ajudaram com as minhas análises e a minha loiça por lavar. Ao meu namorado, por tudo… A todos aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram para que esta tese tenha corrido da melhor forma possível, essa ajuda não será esquecida. A todos vós, o maior e mais sincero Obrigado! Este projeto foi apresentado, sob forma de comunicação oral, na 8ª edição do encontro de Investigação Jovem da Universidade do Porto – IJUP, em Maio de 2015. v Resumo As albufeiras são massas de água fortemente modificadas, formadas, normalmente, em consequência da construção de barragens. A interrupção do curso natural do rio tem alterações significativas no ecossistema e na qualidade da água. As albufeiras são ecossistemas sujeitos à acumulação de nutrientes e a elevadas variações no nível da água, estando assim mais sujeitas a processos de eutrofização e perturbações na estabilidade das comunidades biológicas. Com o aumento da dependência das populações humanas no abastecimento de água fornecido pelas albufeiras, torna-se cada vez mais importante criar ferramentas e metodologias para avaliar a qualidade da água e a estabilidade dos ecossistemas aquáticos. Em resposta a esta necessidade têm vindo a ser criados documentos que permitem a avaliação da qualidade da água em albufeiras, tais como a Diretiva Quadro da Água (DQA). A DQA propõe a utilização de elementos físicos e químicos, hidromorfológicos e biológicos para avaliar a qualidade da água. O zooplâncton é um elemento biológico de todos os ecossistemas aquáticos, apresentando um papel muito importante nas teias tróficas, e que apresenta elevada sensibilidade para alterações que ocorram no ecossistema. Apesar disto, a DQA não inclui o zooplâncton como um dos elementos biológicos a utilizar na classificação das massas de água. Assim, o principal objetivo deste projeto foi avaliar a qualidade da massa de água em quatro albufeiras pertencentes à bacia hidrográfica do rio Cávado (Venda Nova, Alto Cávado, Alto Rabagão e Paradela), utilizando para isso elementos físicos, químicos e biológicos. Mensalmente (Março a Novembro de 2014) foram recolhidas amostras de água e de zooplâncton em cada albufeira. Os parâmetros físicos e químicos avaliados foram os propostos pela DQA. Relativamente ao zooplâncton este foi avaliado quanto à diversidade e abundância. Os resultados obtidos através dos parâmetros físicos e químicos permitiram classificar todas as albufeiras com “Bom Potencial Ecológico”. Contudo, a comparação destes resultados com a dinâmica do zooplâncton permitiu concluir que este elemento biológico é mais sensível a pequenas alterações no ecossistema. Assim, e olhando apenas para os parâmetros físicos e químicos propostos pela DQA para avaliar a qualidade da água, estes parecem ser altamente redutores para compreender todas as alterações que ocorrem nestes ecossistemas aquáticos. Palavras-chave: Albufeiras, zooplâncton, Diretiva Quadro da Água, Índice do Estado Trófico, parâmetros físico-químicos, qualidade da água. vi Abstract Reservoirs are artificial lentic water bodies formed by the construction of dams. The sudden interruption of the normal flow of the river has major consequences to the ecosystem and the quality of the water. Reservoirs are more prone to nutrient accumulations and water-level fluctuations than natural lakes, thus being more susceptible to eutrophication and disturbance in the stability of the biological communities. With the increase in human dependence on reservoirs for water supply, there is an urgent need to create tools and methods to evaluate the quality of the water and the ecosystem stability. Concerning this, documents such as the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which provides guidelines to evaluate the ecological status of different types of water bodies, have been implemented to assess water quality in reservoirs. WFD proposes the use of physical, chemical, hydromorphological and biological elements to assess the quality of the water. Zooplankton is a biological element present in all aquatic ecosystems, plays a key role in the trophic webs and is highly sensible to changes in the environment. Despite this, WFD does not include zooplankton as one of the biological elements for the analysis of the water bodies. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality of four reservoirs (Venda Nova, Alto Cávado, Alto Rabagão and Paradela) belonging to Cávado River’s hydrographic basin, using physical and chemical and biological indicators. To attain this objective, the reservoirs were sampled every month during nine months (between March and November of 2014). Samples of water and zooplankton were collected and brought to the laboratory for further analyses. Physical and chemical parameters evaluated were those proposed by WFD. Zooplankton samples were analysed concerning its composition, diversity and abundance. The physical and chemical data obtained allowed to classify all the reservoirs with “Good Ecological Potential”. However, the comparison of these results with the dynamics observed in the zooplankton communities allowed to conclude that this biological element is more sensitive to small alterations in the ecosystem. Therefore, considering only the physical and chemical parameters proposed by WFD to evaluate water quality, they seem to be highly insufficient to understand all the alterations that occur in the aquatic ecosystems. Keywords: Reservoirs, zooplankton, Water Framework Directive, Cávado River’s basin, Trophic State Index, physical and chemical parameters, water quality vii Index INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 General Introduction 2 Reservoirs 3 Water Framework Directive 9 Physical and Chemical Elements ................................................................. 11 Hydromorphological Elements ..................................................................... 13 Biological Elements ...................................................................................... 14 Zooplankton 15 Main objectives 18 MATERIAL AND METHODS ......................................................................................... 19 Study Area 20 Sampling Procedures 26 In situ ........................................................................................................... 26 Laboratory procedures ................................................................................. 27 Zooplankton ................................................................................................. 30 Statistical analysis 30 RESULTS ................................................................................................................... 32 Physical and Chemical parameters 33 Trophic State Index 36 viii Zooplankton communities’ dynamics 37 Canonical Correspondence Analysis 40 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................
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