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The Politics of Land Acquisition in Sudan the Case of El-Gerief East, Khartoum

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The Politics of Land Acquisition in Sudan the Case of El-Gerief East, Khartoum Master’s Thesis 2019 30 Credits Faculty of Landscape and Society (LANDSAM) Department of International Environment and Development Studies- Noragric The Politics of Land Acquisition in Sudan The case of El-Gerief East, Khartoum Yousif Badawi Abdelrahman International Development Studies-MDS The Politics of Land Acquisition in Sudan The case of El-Gerief East, Khartoum Figure (1) Photo from one of the (Kamāyin) attached to the Blue Nile-El-Gerief East. Taken by Yousif Badawi i The Department of International Environment and Development Studies, Noragric, is the international gateway for the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU). Established in 1986, Noragric’s contribution to international development lies in the interface between research, education (Bachelor, Master and PhD programmes) and assignments. The Noragric Master’s theses are the final theses submitted by students in order to fulfil the requirements under the Noragric Master’s programmes ‘International Environmental Studies’, ‘International Development Studies’ and ‘International Relations’. The findings in this thesis do not necessarily reflect the views of Noragric. Extracts from this publication may only be reproduced after prior consultation with the author and on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation contact Noragric. © Yousif Badawi Abdelrahman, March 2019 [email protected] [email protected] Noragric Department of International Environment and Development Studies The Faculty of Landscape and Society P.O. Box 5003 N-1432 Ås Norway Tel.: +47 67 23 00 00 Internet: https://www.nmbu.no/fakultet/landsam/institutt/noragric ii Declaration I, Yousif Badawi Abdelrahman, declare that this thesis is a result of my research investigations and findings. Sources of information other than my own have been acknowledged and a reference list has been appended. This work has not been previously submitted to any other university for award of any type of academic degree. Signature…………………………………… Date………………………………………… iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ........................................................................................................................................ vi List of Tables ......................................................................................................................................... vii List of Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. viii Glossary of Arabic Terms ..................................................................................................................... ix Acknowledgement ................................................................................................................................. xi Abstract ................................................................................................................................................. xii Figure (2) Map of Sudan ..................................................................................................................... xiii Chapter One: Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 The Structure of the Thesis ........................................................................................................ 2 Chapter Two: Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................ 3 2.1 Research Problem ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Research Objectives and Research Questions .......................................................................... 4 2.3 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 5 2.4 Theoretical Approach ............................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Research Methods ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.5.1 Study Area ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.6 Ethical Considerations .............................................................................................................. 13 2.7 Limitation of the study .............................................................................................................. 14 Chapter 3: The Urbanization Dynamics and Land Governance in Greater Khartoum............... 15 3.1 Background to Urbanization in Sudan .................................................................................... 15 3.2 Brief History of the Making of Khartoum .............................................................................. 16 3.3 Demographic Trends in Greater Khartoum ........................................................................... 17 3.4 Khartoum’s Urban Economy ................................................................................................... 20 3.5 Governance, Urban Planning and Land Governance ............................................................ 23 3.6 Transcending the Rural Urban Land Acquisition Debate in Sudan .............................. 34 3.7 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 37 4. Chapter Four: Case Study of El-Gerief East ................................................................................ 39 4.1 The Beginning of the Land Acquisition ................................................................................... 39 4.2 El-Gerief East Community Sit-in (EECS) Initiation .............................................................. 45 4.2.1 Inside El-Gerief East Sit-In Square .................................................................................. 46 4.2.2 The Formation of El-Gerief East Sit-In Committee (EESC) .......................................... 49 4.2.3 The Sit-In Committee’s Endeavours in Mobilization and Negotiation ......................... 52 4.3 Dynamics around the Land Acquisition of El-Gerief East .................................................... 59 iv 4.3.1 Economic Conflict of Interest ............................................................................................ 59 4.3.2 Views of Compensation Process: Corruption Claims ..................................................... 61 Chapter 5: Discussion and Conclusion .............................................................................................. 63 5.1 Political Elites Utilizing the Exclusion Measures.................................................................... 63 5.2 Political Corruption as a Form of Exclusion .......................................................................... 71 5.3 Summarizing the Exclusion Cycle ........................................................................................... 73 Appendixes ........................................................................................................................................... 76 Appendix (1) List of Interviewees .................................................................................................. 76 Appendix (2) Interviews Guide ...................................................................................................... 78 Appendix 3 Informed Consent ....................................................................................................... 79 Appendix (4) Agreement between the Ministry of Physical Planning and The Sāgya’s Owners in El-Gerief East (28.10.2007)......................................................................................................... 80 Appendix 5 Names and Types of Injuries of El-Gerief East Residents in the Confrontations with Police 2015-2016 ...................................................................................................................... 81 References ........................................................................................................................................ 82 v List of Figures No Figure Name Page Number Figure 1 Photo the Kamāyin attached to the Blue Nile-El- i Gerief East Figure 2 Map of Sudan xiii Figure 3 Map of Greater Khartoum 17 Figure 4 Formal local government structure, Khartoum State 26 Figure 5 El-Gerief East map within Greater Khartoum and 38 East Nile part Figure 6 Three sites of the City of the Blue Nile 40 Figure 7 Photo shows El-Manshia Bridge that 45 connects El-Gerief East to Khartoum Figure8 Photo shows a protest preparation by El-Gerief 48 Community East Sit-in Figure 9 Work structure of El-Gerief East Sit-in Committee 50 Figure 10 Photo shows the Kamāyin site in El-Gerief East 51 Figure 11 Photo of Mosque in El-Gerief East 56 Figure 12 El-Gerief East Sit-in Committee model of 59 mobilization Figure 13 The Cycle of exclusion 74 vi List of Tables No Table Name Page Number Table 1 Total and urban population in Sudan 18 Table 2 Population of Greater Khartoum (2008 census) 19 Table 3 Largest Cities Population and Population Growth 19-20 Rates Table 4
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