La Crisis En Libia Y Sus Efectos En La Región Del Sahel

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La Crisis En Libia Y Sus Efectos En La Región Del Sahel La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel The crisis in Libya and its effects on the Sahel region A crise em Líbia e os seus efeitos na região do Sahel Fecha de recepción: 2018/05/29 | Fecha de evaluación: 2019/05/14 | Fecha de aprobación: 2019/08/20 Álvaro Javier Hernández Ospina Juan Carlos García Perilla Profesional en Relaciones Internacionales y Estudios Políticos Magister Seguridad y Defensa Nacional Universidad la Nueva Granada Docente, Programa Relaciones Internacionales y Estudios Políticos Relaciones Internacionales Universidad Militar Nueva Granada Bogotá D.C., Colombia Bogotá D.C., Colombia [email protected] [email protected] Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo: Hernández, A. & García,J.C.. (2019). La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel. Revista Criminalidad, 62(1): 133-148 Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza desde la perspectiva clásica de la desaparición del líder libio y los factores de riesgo que seguridad la evolución de la política exterior de Libia durante aumentan la vulnerabilidad de esta, ante la situación caótica la era de Muammar Gaddafi , caracterizándose en su inicio por en el país norafricano, sumado a la intervención militar ser una amenaza de guerra constante a transformarse en el de Occidente en Libia, la cual profundiza la situación de principal factor de estabilidad de la región del Sahel antes de violencia al no permitir la reconfi guración de una autoridad su caída. Desde este punto se examinan las consecuencias central fuerte. que, en materia de seguridad, acontecieron en la región tras Palabras clave Terrorismo, intervención, amenazas (Fuente: Tesauro de Política Criminal Latinoamericana – ILANUD) Libia, seguridad regional, guerra civil, crimen organizado (Autor). Abstract The following article analyzes from the classical security occurred in the region following the demise of the Libyan perspective the evolution of Libya’s foreign policy during the leader and the risk factors that increase its vulnerability, given era of Muammar Gaddafi , characterized at the beginning as the chaotic situation in the North African country, added to being a constant threat of war, to become the main stability the Western military intervention in Libya, which deepens factor of the Sahel region before his fall. From this point the violence situation by not allowing the reconfi guration of we examine the consequences that, in terms of security, a strong central authority. Keywords Terrorism, intervention, threats (source: Thesaurus of Latin American Criminal Policy - ILANUD) Libya, regional security, civil war, organized crime (Author). Rev. Crim. / Volumen 62 - Número 1 - Enero-abril 2020 - pp. 133-148 - ISSN 1794-3108 - Bogotá, D. C., Colombia 133 Álvaro Javier Hernández Ospina; Juan Carlos García Perilla Resumo O seguinte artigo analisa desde a perspectiva clássica de do desaparecimento do líder líbio e os fatores de risco que segurança a evolução da política exterior de Líbia durante a aumentam a vulnerabilidade desta, perante a situação caótica era de Muammar Gaddafi, caracterizar-se em seu início por no país norte-africano, somado à intervenção militar de ser una ameaça de guerra constante a se transformar no Ocidente em Líbia, a qual aprofunda a situação de violência principal fator de estabilidade da região do Sahel antes da ao não permitir a reconfiguração de uma autoridade central sua caída. Desde este ponto examinam-se as consequências forte. que, em matéria de segurança, aconteceram na região após Palavras-chave Terrorismo, intervenção, ameaças (fonte: Tesauro de Política Criminal Latino-americana – ILANUD) Líbia, segurança regional, guerra civil, crime organizado (Autor). “Yo personalmente, juego un papel estabilizador en la región de África. Si la situación en Libia es desestabilizada, Al-Qaeda mandará aquí. Libia se convertirá en el segundo Afganistán y los terroristas llenarán Europa” Muammar Gaddafi Introducción La muerte de Muamar Gaddafi el 20 de octubre de Por tal razón, el líder libio participó activamente en 2011 en la ciudad de Sirte al norte de Libia por parte la región en diversas alianzas, conflictos, golpes de de las milicias del Consejo Nacional de Transición estado, fragmentaciones territoriales, surgimiento (CNT), representó el final de un régimen que controló de grupos rebeldes y acuerdos de cooperación, en los destinos de la población libia por cerca de cuarenta distintos países africanos, primordialmente de la zona y dos años; además puso al país norafricano en el del Sahel. centro de la geopolítica del continente. Pero el fin En los últimos años, antes de la guerra civil del dictador también supuso un cambio radical en el que acabó con el régimen gaddafista en 2011, Libia escenario regional y en la política interna de varios se había convertido en el principal componente países africanos aliados de Gaddafi. de la seguridad de los principales países del Sahel. Durante décadas, los movimientos del excéntrico Desde el final del régimen, la región se convirtió coronel estuvieron dirigidos a convertir al país en en un foco de inestabilidad que se ha venido la potencia del continente, para lo cual dispuso de profundizando, dadas las debilidades de los diferentes enormes recursos económicos y militares para gobiernos para enfrentar las diversas amenazas configurar un mapa político continental que le fuera que se potencializaron o surgieron en la zona. A favorable a sus intereses de reunir a todas las naciones ello se suma la participación de las potencias de la africanas en una sola nación para erigirse él como OTAN, encabezadas por los Estados Unidos, cuya uno de los líderes más poderosos en influyentes del intervención se ha limitado a enfrentar los temas mundo. de carácter militar sin ahondar en los verdaderos El Sahel fue, durante ese tiempo, el principal escenario problemas estructurales de seguridad. en el que Gaddafi desplegó sus tentáculos políticos En este artículo se busca responder la pregunta para empezar a expandir su ideología panafricanista1. de cómo la crisis de un Estado puede afectar la estabilidad y la seguridad de una región, en este caso 1 El Panafricanismo se refiere al movimiento político, filosófico, cultural Libia y su impacto en la región del Sahel, desde la y social de hermanamiento africano y a la búsqueda de unificación de corriente clásica de la seguridad. Para lo cual se hará todas las naciones del continente bajo un solo Estado africano, para to- dos los africanos, tanto en África como en la diáspora alrededor del un breve repaso a la concepción de la seguridad desde mundo. la perspectiva clásica como eje central del análisis. 134 Rev. Crim. / Volumen 62 - Número 1 - Enero-abril 2020 - pp. 133-148 - ISSN 1794-3108 - Bogotá, D. C., Colombia La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel Luego se analizará la incidencia de la política exterior esfera de análisis, pero el apartado militar relegó a libia en la seguridad de la región, la cual generó estos en los primeros años del siglo XX, en especial, estabilidad por más de veinte años, tomando como en la época de la Guerra Fría. La escuela internacional ejemplo a Chad, Sudán y Malí, durante el régimen del realismo puntualizó el concepto de poder como de Gaddafi. Posteriormente, se desarrollará la caída el eje central para todos los aspectos de la seguridad del líder libio en el año 2011 y las repercusiones en nacional. la estabilidad del Sahel. Por último, se determinará En los años finales del enfrentamiento Este-Oeste, cómo la participación de los Estados Unidos y la dentro del campo de las relaciones internacionales OTAN en la región ha incidido en el desarrollo de se evaluaron otros conceptos más allá del físico, en la problemática y si esta ha podido ser una solución el que los temas económicos y sociales entraron o, por el contrario, potenció aún más los factores de en la definición del término. Así, conceptos como inestabilidad en la región. “seguridad multidimensional” y “seguridad humana” surgieron de esta reevaluación (Frasson-Quenoz, 2014); sin embargo, por su relevancia, se tomará el Metodología concepto clásico de “seguridad nacional” para el desarrollo de la presente investigación. La investigación para este artículo fue desarrollada El político y abogado germano-estadounidense desde una perspectiva cualitativa, teniendo como eje de Hans Morgenthau, exponente del realismo en EE. UU., análisis la postura clásica de la seguridad y utilizando el se refiere a la seguridad como obtención de poder enfoque histórico, por lo cual se elaborará una reseña militar para salvaguardar la integridad del Estado frente histórica de Libia relacionada con la estabilidad y la a amenazas externas y llegado el caso, defenderse de seguridad en la región del Sahel, con base en hechos estas por medio de la guerra (Morgenthau, 1987). históricos que evidencian cómo la crisis del gobierno de La importancia de este concepto en las relaciones Gaddafi afecta la estabilidad del Sahel. Esta se presenta internacionales se sustenta por el pensamiento en tres partes, el gobierno del líder libio, su caída y el hobbesiano que, conforme se reafirma la anarquía conflicto actual, a partir de una revisión bibliográfica, del sistema internacional, la estabilidad interna y la mediante el empleo de fuentes primarias, como integridad de las personas depende de la capacidad del fuentes secundarias, en las cuales se incluyen artículos Estado para contrarrestar las amenazas del exterior académicos y libros que aporten al tema de interés. (Hobbes, 2009). Bajo la anterior premisa se hace referencia a la Definición clásica de seguridad Seguridad Nacional, es decir, a la defensa del Estado- Nación frente a amenazas externas y mantener la La palabra seguridad proviene del latín securitas, que integridad de los valores esenciales que componen significa libre de cualquier peligro o daño y se refiere su figura. Aquí la definición del término empieza a a un estado mental que produce en los individuos bifurcarse, abarcando otros aspectos del Estado.
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