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The Sudanese Civil War - the Effect of Arabisation and Islamisation
Research and Science Today No. 2(12)/2016 International Relations THE SUDANESE CIVIL WAR - THE EFFECT OF ARABISATION AND ISLAMISATION Paul DUTA1 Roxelana UNGUREANU2 ABSTRACT: SUDAN IS NOT AN ARAB ETHNIC EVEN IF THE ARAB CIVILIZATION IS FUNDAMENTAL IN THIS STATE, SUDANESE BEING CONSIDERED AFRICANS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC ORIGINS. THE PROCESS OF ISLAMISATION OF EGYPT HAS IGNORED SUDAN, BEING RECORDED ONLY OCCASIONAL RAIDS IN THE SUDAN OVER MORE THAN THE TURN OF THE MILLENNIUM WHAT HAS ATTRACTED THE EMBLEM OF THE BORDER OF ISLAM (TURABI USES THE WORDS “FRONTIER ZONE ARABS”). THE TRANSFORMATION OF SUDAN IN A SPACE OF ARAB CIVILIZATION HAS NOT BEEN CARRIED OUT BY MILITARY CONQUEST BUT BY TRADE AND ARAB MISSIONARIES WHICH BANISH CHRISTIAN INFLUENCES, ARABISATION ESTABLISHED ITSELF THOUGH ISLAM (TWO THIRDS OF THE POPULATIONS) AND RABA LANGUAGE (HALF OF THE POPULATION). THE PROSPECTS OF IRRECONCILABLE ISLAMIC ON THE STATE THE SUDANESE OF TABANI AND KUTJOK REFLECTS THE GRAVITY OF THE CONTRADICTIONS WHICH IT CONTAINS THE FOUNDATIONS OF THIS STATE. THE POPULATION IN THE SOUTH OF THE COUNTRY COULD ACCEPT A FEDERALIZATION, BUT THE LEADERSHIP OF THE ISLAMIC POLICY IN THE NORTH WOULD NOT BE ACCEPTED LOSS OF POWER; THE POLITICAL ELITE IN THE SOUTH OF THE COUNTRY STILL PRESSED FOR THE SECESSION. FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF THE STATE UNITY, THE CIVIL WAR BETWEEN THE ELITE OF THE NORTH AND THE MINORITY POPULATIONS OF SOUTH AFRICA (NILE MINORITY DINKA, NUER MINORITY OF BAHR AL-GHAZAL, MINORITIES IN THE AREA OF THE UPPER NILE AND THE EQUATOR) IS POWERED BY THE UNFAIRNESS OF THE REDISTRIBUTION AND MONOPOLISE RESOURCES AFTER OBTAINING INDEPENDENCE. -
Libya) Regulation 2019 (Cap. 537CF) (Updated on 30 April 2021, 11:00 Am
The list of individuals and entities under the United Nations Sanctions (Libya) Regulation 2019 published on the website of the Commerce and Economic Development Bureau on 30 April 2021 (reproduced in Attachment 2 to the circular issued by the Securities and Futures Commission on 30 April 2021 with reference number SFO/IS/011/2021) List of individuals and entities published under section 43 of the United Nations Sanctions (Libya) Regulation 2019 (Cap. 537CF) (updated on 30 April 2021, 11:00 am) INDIVIDUALS LYi.001 Name: 1: ABDULQADER 2: MOHAMMED 3: AL-BAGHDADI 4: na Title: Dr Designation: Head of the Liaison Office of the Revolutionary Committees DOB: 1 Jul. 1950 POB: na Good quality a.k.a.: na Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no: B010574 National identification no: na Address: Tunisia (Believed status/location: jail in Tunisia.) Listed on: 26 Feb. 2011 (amended on 26 Mar. 2015, 2 Apr. 2012) Other information: Listed pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (Travel Ban). Believed status/ location: deceased. INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we- work/Notices/View-UN-Notices-Individuals click here LYi.002 Name: 1: ABDULQADER 2: YUSEF 3: DIBRI 4: na Title: na Designation: Head of Muammar Qadhafi's personal security DOB: 1946 POB: Houn, Libya Good quality a.k.a.: na Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no: na National identification no: na Address: na Listed on: 26 Feb. 2011 Other information: Listed pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (Travel Ban). INTERPOL-UN Security Council Special Notice web link: https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Notices/View-UN- Notices-Individuals click here LYi.003 Name: 1: SAYYID 2: MOHAMMED 3: QADHAF AL-DAM 4: na Title: na Designation: na DOB: 1948 POB: a) Sirte, Libya b) Egypt Good quality a.k.a.: Sayed M. -
Libyen: Verordnung Vom 30
Federal Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research EAER State Secretariat for Economic Affairs SECO Bilateral Economic Relations Sanctions Version of 13.05.2015 Sanctions program: Libyen: Verordnung vom 30. März 2011 über Massnahmen gegenüber Libyen (SR 946.231.149.82), Anhänge 2, 3, 4 und 5 Origin: EU/ UN Sanctions: Art. 2 Abs. 1 (Finanzsanktionen), Anhang 2 (Teil A: natürliche Personen, Teil B: Unternehmen und Organisationen) Sanctions program: Libye: Ordonnance du 30 mars 2011 instituant des mesures à l’encontre de la Libye (RS 946.231.149.82), annexes 2, 3, 4 et 5 Origin: EU/ UN Sanctions: art. 2, al. 1 (Sanctions financières), annexe 2 (partie A: personnes physiques, partie B: entreprises et entités) Sanctions program: Libia: Ordinanza del 30 marzo 2011 che istituisce provvedimenti nei confronti della Libia (RS 946.231.149.82), allegati 2, 3, 4 e 5 Origin: EU/ UN Sanctions: art. 2 cpv. 1 (Sanzioni finanziarie), allegato 2 (parte A: persone fisiche, parte B: imprese e organizzazioni) Individuals SSID: 130-12789 Name: Qadhafi Aisha Muammar Muhammed Abu Minyar DOB: 1978 POB: Tripoli, Libya Good quality a.k.a.: Aisha Muhammed Abdul Salam Identification document: a) Passport No. 428720, Libya b) Passport No. 215215, Libya Justification: Daughter of Muammar Qadhafi. Closeness of association with regime. Travelled in violation of paragraph 15 of resolution 1970, as described by the Panel of Experts on Libya in its 2013 Interim Report. Relation: Daughter of Qadhafi Muammar Mohammed Abu Minyar (SSID 130-12812) Other information: Believed status/location: Sultanate of Oman. Modifications: Amended on 16 Aug 2013, 14 Sep 2013 SSID: 130-12797 Name: Qadhafi Hannibal Muammar DOB: 20 Sep 1975 POB: Tripoli, Libya Identification document: Passport No. -
Mining in South Sudan: Opportunities and Risks for Local Communities
» REPORT JANUARY 2016 MINING IN SOUTH SUDAN: OPPORTUNITIES AND RISKS FOR LOCAL COMMUNITIES BASELINE ASSESSMENT OF SMALL-SCALE AND ARTISANAL GOLD MINING IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EQUATORIA STATES, SOUTH SUDAN MINING IN SOUTH SUDAN FOREWORD We are delighted to present you the findings of an assessment conducted between February and May 2015 in two states of South Sudan. With this report, based on dozens of interviews, focus group discussions and community meetings, a multi-disciplinary team of civil society and government representatives from South Sudan are for the first time shedding light on the country’s artisanal and small-scale mining sector. The picture that emerges is a remarkable one: artisanal gold mining in South Sudan ‘employs’ more than 60,000 people and might indirectly benefit almost half a million people. The vast majority of those involved in artisanal mining are poor rural families for whom alluvial gold mining provides critical income to supplement their subsistence livelihood of farming and cattle rearing. Ostensibly to boost income for the cash-strapped government, artisanal mining was formalized under the Mining Act and subsequent Mineral Regulations. However, owing to inadequate information-sharing and a lack of government mining sector staff at local level, artisanal miners and local communities are not aware of these rules. In reality there is almost no official monitoring of artisanal or even small-scale mining activities. Despite the significant positive impact on rural families’ income, the current form of artisanal mining does have negative impacts on health, the environment and social practices. With most artisanal, small-scale and exploration mining taking place in rural areas with abundant small arms and limited presence of government security forces, disputes over land access and ownership exacerbate existing conflicts. -
Libya Established Pursuant to Resolution 1973 (2011) Addressed to the President of the Security Council
United Nations S/2013/99* Security Council Distr.: General 9 March 2013 Original: English Note by the President of the Security Council In paragraph 10 (d) of resolution 2040 (2012), the Security Council requested the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) to provide a final report to the Council with its findings and recommendations. Accordingly, the President hereby circulates the report dated 15 February 2013 received from the Panel of Experts (see annex). * Reissued for technical reasons on 12 April 2013. 13-25443* (E) 160413 *1325443* S/2013/99 Annex Letter dated 15 February 2013 from the Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council On behalf of the members of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to Security Council resolution 1973 (2011), I have the honour to transmit herewith the report of the Panel prepared in accordance with paragraph 10 (d) of resolution 2040 (2012). (Signed) Salim Raad Coordinator Panel of Experts on Libya established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) (Signed) Simon Dilloway Expert (Signed) Theodore Murphy Expert (Signed) Giovanna Perri Expert (Signed) Savannah de Tessières Expert 2 13-25443 S/2013/99 Final report of the Panel of Experts established pursuant to resolution 1973 (2011) concerning Libya Contents Page Summary ..................................................................... 5 I. Background ................................................................... 7 A. Mandate and appointment -
58 EN Official Journal of the European Union 14.4.2011
L 100/58 EN Official Journal of the European Union 14.4.2011 COUNCIL IMPLEMENTING DECISION 2011/236/CFSP of 12 April 2011 implementing Decision 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN UNION, HAS ADOPTED THIS DECISION: Having regard to Council Decision 2011/137/CFSP of 28 February 2011 concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya ( 1), and in particular Article 8(1) and (2) Article 1 thereof, in conjunction with Article 31(2) of the Treaty on Annexes I, II, III, and IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP shall be European Union, replaced by the text set out in Annexes I, II, III, and IV respectively to this Decision. Whereas: (1) On 28 February 2011, the Council adopted Decision Article 2 2011/137/CFSP concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Libya. This Decision shall enter into force on the date of its adoption. (2) In view of the gravity of the situation in Libya, additional persons and entities should be included in the list of persons and entities subject to restrictive measures as Done at Luxembourg, 12 April 2011. set out in Annex IV to Decision 2011/137/CFSP. (3) Furthermore, one person should be removed from the For the Council lists in Annexes II and IV, and the information relating to certain persons and entities on the lists in Annexes I, The President II, III, and IV to that Decision should be updated, C. ASHTON ( 1 ) OJ L 58, 3.3.2011, p. -
How to Win Well Civil Resistance Breakthroughs and the Path to Democracy
ICNC SPECIAL REPORT SERIES | VOL. 4 APRIL 2021 How to Win Well Civil Resistance Breakthroughs and the Path to Democracy Jonathan Pinckney How to Win Well: Civil Resistance Breakthroughs and the Path to Democracy by Jonathan Pinckney (2021) Published by ICNC Press Publication Disclaimer: The designations used and material presented in this publication do not indicate the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ICNC. The authors hold responsibility for the selection and presentation of facts contained in this work, as well as for any and all opinions expressed therein, which are not necessarily those of ICNC and do not commit the organization in any way. International Center on Nonviolent Conflict 600 New Hampshire Ave NW, Suite 710 • Washington, D.C. 20037 USA www.nonviolent-conflict.org COPY EDITOR: Julia Constantine SPECIAL REPORT SERIES EDITOR: Dr. Maciej Bartkowski CONTACT: [email protected] © 2021 International Center on Nonviolent Conflict Jonathan Pinckney All rights reserved. ISBN: 978-1-943271-34-4 ICNC SPECIAL REPORT SERIES How to Win Well Civil Resistance Breakthroughs and the Path to Democracy Jonathan Pinckney Table of Contents Introduction . 1 How Nonviolent Uprisings Succeed . 5 The Effects of the Breakthrough Types . 8 Testing the Influence of Civil Resistance-Initiated Breakthroughs on Democratization . 10 Breakthrough by Elections in the 2018 Armenian Velvet Revolution . 14 Breakthrough by Coup d’État in the 2011 Egyptian Revolution . 16 Takeaways and Recommendations . 19 References . 21 Appendix . 25 Coding Rules for Determining Breakthrough Type . 25 Example Breakthrough Type Coding Determinations . 26 TABLE A1: Complete List of Cases with Breakthrough Types . 28 TABLE A2: Full OLS Model Regression Table and Robustness Check Results . -
Ethnic Violence and Justice
Ethnic Violence and Justice Ethnic Violence and Justice is based on the transcript of a workshop organized by the Open Society Institute and the Center for Policy Studies at Central European University on May 9–10, 2002, in Budapest. Workshop Chairman: Aryeh Neier Workshop Principal Speakers and OSI Fellows: Fred Abrahams Bill Berkeley Joost Hiltermann Dinah PoKempner Samantha Power David Rohde Ethnic Violence and Justice The Debate over Responsibility, Accountability, Intervention, Complicity, Tribunals, and Truth Commissions Open Society Institute and the Center for Policy Studies at Central European University CEU PRESS Central European University Press Budapest — New York Copyright © Open Society Institute, 2003 Published by Central European University Press An imprint of the Central European University Share Company Nádor utca 11, H-1051 Budapest, Hungary Tel: +36 1 327 3138 or 327 3000 Fax: +36 1 327 3183 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.ceupress.com 400 West 59th Street, New York, NY 10019 USA Tel: +1 212 547 6932 Fax: +1 212 548 4607 E-mail: [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the permission of the Publisher. Produced by the Open Society Institute’s Communications Offi ce in New York and the Center for Policy Studies at Central European University ISBN 963 9241 74 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ethnic violence and justice : the debate over responsibility, accountability, intervention, complicity, tribunals, and truth commissions. p. -
19 October 2020 "Generated on Refers to the Date on Which the User Accessed the List and Not the Last Date of Substantive Update to the List
Res. 1970 (2011) List The List established and maintained pursuant to Security Council res. 1970 (2011) Generated on: 19 October 2020 "Generated on refers to the date on which the user accessed the list and not the last date of substantive update to the list. Information on the substantive list updates are provided on the Council / Committee’s website." Composition of the List The list consists of the two sections specified below: A. Individuals B. Entities and other groups Information about de-listing may be found at: https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ombudsperson (for res. 1267) https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/sanctions/delisting (for other Committees) https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/2231/list (for res. 2231) A. Individuals LYi.005 Name: 1: AMID 2: HUSAIN 3: AL KUNI 4: na Title: Colonel Designation: Governor of Ghat (South Libya) DOB: na POB: na Good quality a.k.a.: na Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no: na National identification no: na Address: Libya (Believed status/ location: South Libya) Listed on: 17 Mar. 2011 (amended on 26 Sep. 2014, 2 Apr. 2012) Other information: Listed pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (Travel Ban). LYi.004 Name: 1: QUREN 2: SALIH 3: QUREN 4: AL QADHAFI Title: na Designation: Libyan Ambassador to Chad DOB: na POB: na Good quality a.k.a.: Akrin Saleh Akrin :Low quality a.k.a.: na Nationality: na Passport no: na National identification no: na Address (أﻗﺮﻳﻦ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ أﻗﺮﻳﻦ) Egypt Listed on: 17 Mar. 2011 (amended on 26 Mar. 2015, 26 Sep. 2014) Other information: Listed pursuant to paragraph 15 of resolution 1970 (Travel Ban). -
Friend and Foe of the Libyan Political Milieu)
Key Social Institutions and Actors of the Libyan Conflict (Friend and Foe of the Libyan Political Milieu) Andrey V. Chuprygin, Senior Lecturer, School of Asian Studies, Faculty of World Economy and International Relations, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow, Russia [email protected] Larisa A. Chuprygina, Senior Lecturer, School of Asian Studies, Faculty of World Economy and International Relations, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow, Russia [email protected] Valeriy A. Matrosov, Lecturer, School of Asian Studies, Faculty of World Economy and International Relations, National Research University “Higher School of Economics”, Moscow, Russia [email protected] Abstract. Recently, Libyan conflict has become one of the vital elements that determine the development of the geostrategic space in the Middle East and Northern Africa. Meanwhile all the governing mechanisms of this artificial state, the social structure of which still crucially depends on tribes and archaic principles of their interaction, were destroyed. During the Libyan monarchy the social fabric of the country was held together among other factors by the network of Islamic institutions, while in Ghaddafi`s Libya it came down to his personal charisma and the network of his contacts and connections through tribal elders and elites. Since late 2011, there has been an apparent lack of such a factor, on the state level, that could contribute to reunification of the Libyan society or, at least, be used as an impetus for the main actors to compromise. Instead, there are multiple tribes, controlling territories and infrastructure, and numerous militias, controlling the cities, and three governments, each posing as the sole legitimated one. -
La Crisis En Libia Y Sus Efectos En La Región Del Sahel
La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel The crisis in Libya and its effects on the Sahel region A crise em Líbia e os seus efeitos na região do Sahel Fecha de recepción: 2018/05/29 | Fecha de evaluación: 2019/05/14 | Fecha de aprobación: 2019/08/20 Álvaro Javier Hernández Ospina Juan Carlos García Perilla Profesional en Relaciones Internacionales y Estudios Políticos Magister Seguridad y Defensa Nacional Universidad la Nueva Granada Docente, Programa Relaciones Internacionales y Estudios Políticos Relaciones Internacionales Universidad Militar Nueva Granada Bogotá D.C., Colombia Bogotá D.C., Colombia [email protected] [email protected] Para citar este artículo / To reference this article / Para citar este artigo: Hernández, A. & García,J.C.. (2019). La crisis en Libia y sus efectos en la región del Sahel. Revista Criminalidad, 62(1): 133-148 Resumen El siguiente artículo analiza desde la perspectiva clásica de la desaparición del líder libio y los factores de riesgo que seguridad la evolución de la política exterior de Libia durante aumentan la vulnerabilidad de esta, ante la situación caótica la era de Muammar Gaddafi , caracterizándose en su inicio por en el país norafricano, sumado a la intervención militar ser una amenaza de guerra constante a transformarse en el de Occidente en Libia, la cual profundiza la situación de principal factor de estabilidad de la región del Sahel antes de violencia al no permitir la reconfi guración de una autoridad su caída. Desde este punto se examinan las consecuencias central fuerte. que, en materia de seguridad, acontecieron en la región tras Palabras clave Terrorismo, intervención, amenazas (Fuente: Tesauro de Política Criminal Latinoamericana – ILANUD) Libia, seguridad regional, guerra civil, crimen organizado (Autor). -
HISTORY of CONFLICT in SUDAN-Current
WOMEN AND COMPREHENSIVE PEACE AGREEMENT: THE CASE OF SOUTHERN SUDAN, 2005-2012. BY Name: Peter K. Kor REG. NO: C50/63797/2010 PRESENTED TO: DR. HERBERT A. MISIGO A Research Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Masters in Armed Conflict and Peace Studies, Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Nairobi OCTOBER 2013 DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for the award of degree in any other University. PETER K. KOR ____________________ Date _____________ This project has been submitted for examination with my approval as a University supervisor DR. HERBERT MISIGO AMATSIMBI ____________________ Date _____________ ii DEDICATION I dedicate this work to the women of Southern Sudan who bore the brunt of the cruelty of war but still stood on as mothers, wives, fighters and peace makers. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to thank the Department of History and Archaeology of the University of Nairobi for giving me a chance to study and bring out the face of the Southern Sudan women. The members of staff gave me support and treated me as their son. They nurtured and guided me to this level. I also want to thank my supervisor at the department, Dr. Herbart Misigo Amatsimbi, for valuable comments and, not least, for making I believe that this study was possible to carry out. My sincere gratitude goes to him for giving me more assistance than I could ever have asked for. Without him, this study would have been substantially harder to conduct. I am, furthermore, immensely grateful for all the assistance provided by those I interviewed during the study.