D7o: Patterns in forest herbivory - 2 15:30 - 17:30 Tuesday, 1st October, 2019 Venue R19 - PG Congress Theme D. Biodiversity, Ecosystem Services and Biological Invasions Presentation Types Oral Chair Mikhail Dr

At the global scale, the larger part of plant biomass losses are due to – ‘the little things that run the World’. We plan to summarize the current knowledge regarding the levels and patterns of insect herbivory (both spatial and temporal), discuss the biases in this knowledge, address climate change impacts on plant losses to insects, explore the links between plant diversity and insect herbivory, and discuss the effects of insect herbivory on individual plants, plant communities and ecosystem-level processes.

15:30 - 15:44

D7o Main factors influencing insect attacks of debarked-medicinal Plants in Lama Forest Reserve and Lokoli swampy forest

Yvonne T. CAKPO1,2, Judith KORB2, Brice SINSIN1, Chabi Djagoun3 1Laboratory of Applied Ecology/University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin), Abomey-Calavi, Benin. 2Faculty of Biology I/ University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. 3Laboratory of Applied Ecology/University of Abomey-Calavi (Benin), Cotonou, Benin

Abstract

The spatio-temporal variability of tree attacks by foraging xylophagous insects has been studied on most debarked-medicinal tree species in Lama Forest Reserve and in Lokoli swampy forest in Benin. For achieving that, different factors such as habitat type (crop fields, degraded forest and non-degraded forest), season (dry and rainy season), debarking level (T0: control, T1: 10*20cm² and T2: 20*50cm²), and tree species (A. leiocarpa, D. guineense, D. mespiliformis, F. trichopoda, K. africana, L. barteri, L. acida and S. owariense) were considered. Data were collected during one year (from October 2014 to November 2015) using both interception and emergence traps. Per season, 72 and 81 traps were established in Lama and Lokoli respectively. Data collected were abundance of insects, presence or absence of insect holes, number of insect hole recorded on the tree. Four different orders (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera and Blattodae) were collected including 284 morpho-species with 3771 insect individuals. The present study showed that habitat type, season, debarking level and tree species had significant effects on xylophagous attacks as well as the severity (number of insect holes) of those attacks and the abundance of xylophagous insects. High xylophagous diversity was recorded in degraded-forest and crop fields while non-degraded forests were lesser invaded in xylophagous beetles. Xylophagous insect attacks increased in crop fields and in degraded forest during rainy season on large debarking surface trees. Which implies debarking of most vulnerable medicinal tree species must be done during dry season in small patchs Key words: Xylophagous, medicinal trees, insect attacks, debarking. 15:44 - 15:58

D7o Quantifying Ormiscodes outbreaks in Southern Chile: combining remote sensors and field validation

Sergio Estay1,2, Roberto Chávez3, Alvaro Gutierrez4, Ronald Rocco3 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. 2Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability, Santiago, Chile. 3Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile. 4Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile

Abstract

Although abundant literature of insect outbreaks exists in the Northern Hemisphere, studies for the Southern Hemisphere are rare. Recently, massive outbreaks of the native Ormiscodes amphimone (Fabricius) (: ) have been reported in the southern cone of South America. Ormiscodes amphimone (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) is a native phytophagous moth (Fig. 2) feeding on several host plants such as Nothofagus spp., Populus spp., among many other tree species. These O. amphimone outbreaks have defoliated large areas of temperate forests, raising great concern among local inhabitants, but yet the spatio- temporal patterns of these events have not been evaluated. Here we quantify the extension of the massive O. amphimone outbreaks occurred in the Aysén region (southern Chile) in the period 2000-2017. Remote sensing detections were strongly in agreement with field observations and showed that massive outbreaks of O. amphimone are among the largest biotic disturbances in the forests of the Southern Hemisphere. Considering only field-confirmed outbreaks, the defoliated area reached 164,000 hectares in total between 2000 and 2017, with some years reaching over 20,000 ha defoliated in a single locality. The estimation of the spatial impact of O. amphimone, and its recurrence, represents the first step for the search of management alternatives of this massive disturbance. 15:58 - 16:12

D7o Polyphagozerra coffeae (Lepidoptera: Zeuzerinae: Cossidae): Identification, notes on biology, natural enemies, damage characterization, and addition of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) as a new host in Indonesia

Wagner Tavares, Srikumar Kkadan, Ade Hendrik, Rianza Asfa, Marthin Tarigan, Álvaro Durán Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd., Pangkalan Kerinci, Indonesia

Abstract

The red coffee borer, Polyphagozerra (= Zeuzerra) coffeae (Lepidoptera: Zeuzerinae: Cossidae) is one of the most destructive lepidopteran borer in the world. The objective of this study was to identify the species name and evaluate some biological parameters of P. coffeae in the laboratory. Also, the natural enemies were identified and the damage caused on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) commercial plantations by this pest was characterized in Riau, Indonesia. Caterpillars and pupae of P. coffeae, obtained from Eucalyptus spp. plantations, were reared in a laboratory on ripe apple fruits, Malus pumila (Rosaceae). Male were identified as P. coffeae after aedeagus (male genitalia) analysis. Five groups of natural enemies were recovered from the P. coffeae stages: the hyperparasitoid Brachymeria sp. (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae: Chalcidinae), the gregarious parasitoids Cossidophaga sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae) and a eulophid (Hymenoptera: Tetrastichinae) species, a nematode (Nematoda), and a fungus entomopathogen. The damage caused by P. coffeae on the Eucalyptus trees was evident when tree tops were hanging and fallen, and presence of galleries and pupation chambers. Adult longevity (± SD) was 5.88 ± 0.54 days. Each 1.66 ± 0.28 day old female was able to lay an average of 591.80 ± 126.33 eggs. Caterpillars stayed in the tree stem longer than 60 days. The pupal stage lasted 18.96 ± 1.44 days. The current study adds E. pellita and E. pellita × E. grandis as new hosts of P. coffeae and describes several knowledge aspects of P. coffeae as a pest of Eucalyptus in Riau, Indonesia. 16:12 - 16:26

D7o Does Paropsis atomaria larval feeding induce chemical responses in Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata?

Flavia Sarti Bonora, Helen Nahrung, David Lee, Andrew Hayes University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, Australia

Abstract

Corymbia citriodora subsp. variegata (CCV) is promising for hardwood plantations in areas considered marginal for many commercial forestry species, as it presents desirable field performance, wood quality and form and suits a range of site conditions. The eucalypt tortoise beetle Paropsis atomaria Olivier (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is a major pest of eucalypt plantations in Queensland, including areas planted with CCV. P. atomaria can cause severe defoliation in young trees, reducing plantation productivity and quality. Studies with Corymbia spp demonstrated that plant secondary metabolites, such as terpenes, are correlated with herbivory and can be effective as insect growth inhibitors. Changes in plant chemistry can occur in plants as a response to herbivory, potentially reducing further damage. To provide a better understanding of plant-herbivore interactions and possible resistance mechanisms, this study evaluated the chemical response of CCV challenged by P. atomaria. Seedlings of CCV were submitted to one of three treatments: no damage; mechanical damage and P. atomaria larval damage. After 15 days seedlings were removed from the treatments and leaf samples were analysed to determine the leaf-oil gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results revealed that P. atomaria larval feeding induced chemical response in CCV with up-regulation of waxes and down-regulation of terpenoids. The same pattern was not observed on plants under mechanical damage, suggesting an interaction between plant-herbivore. 16:26 - 16:40

D7o Four species of mirid bugs (Hemiptera) and parasitism of Helopeltis bradyi by Leiophron sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) commercial plantations in Indonesia

Srikumar Koda Kkadan1, Wagner Tavares1, Ade Hendrik1, Irfan Pasaribu2, Marthin Tarigan1, Alvaro Duran1 1Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd., Pangkalan Kerinci, Indonesia. 2PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk., Porsea, Indonesia

Abstract

Mirid bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae) are important pests of young and old Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) trees in Indonesia. Young Eucalyptus plantations are mainly affected by Helopeltis (Hemiptera: Miridae). This damage resulted in die-back of young shoots, curling, deformed, and drying, usually irrespective of the clones. In North Sumatra, damage of Eucalyptus is associated to Helopeltis bradyi Waterhouse despite the presence of H. theivora in the region. Important alternate host plants as reservoirs of H. bradyi in vicinity to Eucalyptus plantations were Coffea sp. (Rubiaceae), Persea sp. (Lauraceae), Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae), and Theobroma cacao (Malvaceae). Leiophron sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is reported as an important parasitoid with parasitism of 25.71% on the H. bradyi nymph and adult individuals sampled. Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse were recorded as the only species affecting Eucalyptus plantations in Riau Province, so far no other Helopeltis spp. was identified in the Province. Ragwelellus festivus Miller was reported for the first time damaging Eucalyptus trees in Riau, North Sumatra and East Kalimantan of Indonesia. Pachypeltis sp. was also recorded along with Helopeltis species and R. festivus in North Sumatra and Riau Provinces. Sex pheromone traps using virgin female body extract were developed for H. bradyi and H. theivora and found to be compelling in attraction and trapping. Insecticides belonging to synthetic pyrethroid group and others applied using sprayers and foggers found to be effective against these pests. Four species of mirid bugs damaging Eucalyptus trees and the parasitoid Leiphron sp. were reported for the first time in Indonesia. 16:40 - 16:54

D7o Population progression of Eucalyptus leaf roller complex and Helopeltis theivora, and factors affecting their chemical control in young Eucalyptus plantations in Riau, Indonesia

Srikumar Koda Kkadan, Wagner Tavares, Rianza Asfa, Ignatius Andri Ferlianda, Marthin Tarigan , Alvaro Duran Asia Pacific Resources International Holdings Ltd., Pangkalan Kerinci, Indonesia

Abstract

Eucalyptus leaf roller complex (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse (Hemiptera: Miridae) cause severe damage on juvenile foliage of Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae) plants. Population progression of leaf roller and H. theivora on E. pellita and E. grandis × E. pellita plantations was studied based on the damage incidence and severity in six locations in Riau Province, Indonesia. Leaf roller infestation on E. pellita and E. grandis × E. pellita clones commenced from three weeks after planting (WAP). Incidence remained maximum (80-100%) from four to 12 WAP. Decline in population commenced since 14 WAP and reached further low in 16 WAP. Severity of infestation reached extreme (84%) through five to nine WAP. Helopeltis theivora infestation instigated from six WAP and advanced from 12 WAP. Incidence reached maximum (80%) in 15 WAP and declined in 18 WAP. Crosses of E. grandis and E. pellita were found to be more susceptible to leaf roller and H. theivora infestation than pure E. pellita. Currently insecticide application is sole remedy for control of leaf roller and H. theivora outbreaks. Analysis (January 2017 to May 2018) indicated that rainfall (>15 mm) affected negatively the efficiency of spraying insecticides. There was also significant relationship between control size area and rounds of insecticide application. Current study formulated effective management strategies for leaf roller complex and H. theivora. 16:55 - 17:00

D7o Herbaria as distorting mirrors in studies of insect herbivory

Vitali Zverev1, Irina Sokolova2, Mikhail V. Kozlov1, Alexander Egorov3, Mikhail Goncharov4, Elena Zvereva1 1University of Turku, Turku, Finland. 2Komarov Botanical Institute, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. 3St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation. 4St. Petersburg Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation

Abstract

Herbaria were recently advertised as reliable sources of information on historical changes in plant damage by insects and pathogens. Our aim was to explore, whether the levels of insect herbivory occurring in nature can be invoked from herbarium specimens. Losses of leaf area to insects in herbarium specimens collected by botany students (4.87%) were significantly lower than losses measured from ecological samples (7.96%) collected simultaneously in unbiased way. The differences in herbivory between herbarium specimens and ecological samples varied with plant species and increased with the increase in plant damage; as the result, there was no correlation between leaf damage in herbarium specimens and the actual level of herbivory. Curators asked to select one of two specimens for museum collections generally preferred specimens with lower leaf damage. Both collectors and curators significantly differed in their attitudes to plant damage, from careful selection of branches with nearly undamaged leaves to neglecting the extent of leaf damage by insects or even preferring specimens with high infestation by identifiable herbivores, e.g. leaf miners. We conclude that leaf damage measured from herbarium specimens not only underestimates field herbivory, but is not proportional to the level of damage that occurred in nature at the time of sampling due to multiple factors that cannot be controlled in data analysis. In terms of quantitative data on overall losses of leaf area to insects, herbaria act as distorting mirrors, and therefore cannot be recommended for studying past levels of herbivory. 17:00 - 17:05

D7o Herbivory reduction through plant-spider associations in undergrowth species in a cloud forest of Peru

R. Jaemy Romero-Herrada Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. Departamento de Ecología, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru

Abstract

One of the most successful anti-herbivory strategies for plants has been to establish mutualistic relationships with predators that consume herbivores, such as spiders. The success of spiders in herbivory reduction may be related to their ability to prey on various herbivore guilds. Despite the strong impact that spiders exert on the density and spatial distribution of herbivores, the effect they have on host plants is variable and dependent on environmental conditions. In this sense, you will seek to determine if the association with spiders has an effect on the proportion of herbivory presented by juvenile plants of three common shrub species of the undergrowth of the cloud forests of Peru through three altitude levels (2400, 2600 and 2800 m.a.s.l.). These species are: Hedyosmum cuatrecazanum Occhioni. (Chloranthaceae), Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae) and Psychotria sp. (Rubiaceae). To evaluate this effect I established two Bayesian models, one where the effect of the association is included in a generalized manner and another where the effect of the association is dependent on the species. The proportion of herbivory presented by spider-associated plants (mean ± SD = 0.041 ± 0.031) was lower than the proportion of herbivory in non-associated plants (mean ± SD = 0.076 ± 0.048). I found a significant herbivory reducing effect when plants are associated with spiders in all three species and for both models. Additionally, I observed that the greatest herbivory reducing effect occurs in Hedyosmum cuatrecazanum-spider associations, and that the reducing effect on Miconia sp. and Psychotria sp is similar. 17:05 - 17:10

D7o Dinámica de brotes de Ormiscodes amphimone: Rol del paisaje térmico como forzarte ambiental en la Región de Aysén, Chile

Nicolhole Atero Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile

Abstract

La dinámica de brotes de insectos ha cambiado en las últimas décadas como consecuencia del aumento de la temperatura, generando severas repercusiones en el funcionamiento de los bosques. Recientemente, se han observado brotes masivos de la polilla nativa Ormiscodes amphimone en los bosques Patagónicos de América del Sur. En este estudio se evaluó el rol del paisaje térmico como forzante ambiental en la fenología de O. amphimone en la Región de Aysén, Chile. Se utilizaron datos de temperatura del proyecto MERRA-2 para reconstruir el paisaje térmico de los últimos 15 años, utilizando los grados-días acumulados (GDA) como proxy de la idoneidad térmica, y mediante un modelo logístico, se estimó la probabilidad de tener un brote en función de los GDA en cada localidad. Además, se construyó un modelo fenológico regional para conocer la respuesta térmica de O. amphimone respecto a los GDA. Los GDA muestran un patrón heterogéneo en toda la región, lo que hace que la fenología de O. amphimone sea altamente variable entre localidades, y que la probabilidad de ocurrencia de brotes este determinada por distintos umbrales térmicos. Finalmente el modelo fenológico sugiere una relación positiva entre la acumulación térmica y la abundancia poblacional relativa de la especie, sin embargo, esta relación es específica para cada sitio. Este estudio es un primer paso en el desarrollo de herramientas para evaluar el riesgo de brotes en todo el territorio, y de este modo, optimizar las estrategias de manejo para minimizar el impacto de esta plaga en América del Sur. 17:10 - 17:15

D7o Susceptibilidade de três árvores amazônicas de interesse comercial ao ataque de térmitas (Isoptera: Insecta)

Diulio de Souza1, Norma Bustamante1, Rayssa Vasconcelos2, Luiz Neto1, João Wezen1 1UFAM, Manaus, Brazil. 2INPA, Manaus, Brazil

Abstract

Susceptibilidade de três árvores amazônicas de interesse comercial ao ataque de térmitas (Isoptera: Insecta)

Diulio Andrew Torres de Souza¹,², Norma Cecília Rodrigues Bustamante¹, Rayssa Gomes Vasconcelos¹, Luiz de Moura Neto¹, João Victor Barros Wezen¹ ¹ Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Manaus, Amazonas. ² [email protected] O conhecimento acerca do comportamento de térmitas em relação às espécies florestais amazônicas de interesse comercial ainda é incipiente. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a susceptibilidade de cupiúba (Goupia glabra), guariúba (Clarisia racemosa) e marupá (Simarouba amara), ao ataque de Nasutitermes surinamenses, Nasutitermes corniger e Cornitermes acignathus. Foram confeccionados corpos-de-prova (estacas) de cada espécie, totalizando 108 estacas. As mesmas foram numeradas, pintadas com diferentes cores na extremidade e tiveram o volume, peso úmido e densidade básica, determinados. Para a obtenção do peso seco, as amostras foram separadas por espécie e acondicionadas em estufa (103°C). No Campus-UFAM, instalou-se 3 áreas amostrais, cada uma com 12 pontos próximos a atividade térmitica. Ao redor de cada ponto, foram enterradas 3 estacas (1 por espécie). Aos 90 e 120 dias, foram removidas 6 estacas por espécie, de cada área, que passaram pelo processo de secagem. 55% das madeiras estavam infestadas, a espécie marupá, apresentou a maior frequência de ocorrência de térmitas (81%), guariúba (44%) e cupiúba (39%). O marupá sofreu maior ataque de N. surinamenses e N. corniger, enquanto que a cupiúba foi a menos infestada. Já C. acignathus demonstrou maior atração pelas estacas de marupá e guariúba.

Palavras-chave: espécies madeireiras, térmitas, preferência alimentar, densidade. 17:15 - 17:20

D7o Relación entre la amplitud del rango de distribución de especies del género Nothofagus y la riqueza de especies herbívoras en Chile

Daniela López1, Carmen Paz Silva1, Carlos Riquelme2, Sergio Estay1,3 1Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile. 2Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. 3Centro de Ecología Aplicada y Sustentabilidad (CAPES), Santiago, Chile

Abstract

El género Nothofagus en Sudamérica se extiende desde los 30° a los 56° S. En Chile, las especies arbóreas que componen el género Nothofagus presentan diferentes amplitudes de su rango de distribución, se caracterizan por tener hojas tanto hojas caducas como perennes, y albergar diferentes especies de herbívoros, los cuales depredan las especies arbóreas generando diferentes tipos de daño. En este trabajo, nosotros evaluamos la relación entre la amplitud del rango de distribución de ocho especies del genero Nothofagus y la riqueza de especies herbívoras, cuantificando el mecanismo de daño predominante. Nosotros encontramos una relación débil entre la amplitud del rango de distribución y la riqueza de especies herbívoros que depredan las especies arbóreas (r = 0.60, I.C. [-0.19, 0.92]). En total, se cuantificaron 145 especies herbívoras que depredan al género Nothofagus, y el mecanismo de daño predominante fue la defoliación ~ 30 %. En términos especie – específico, Nothofagus dombeyi, fue la especie arbórea que presentó la mayor presión de depredación, i.e una mayor riqueza de especies defoliadoras asociadas esta especie. 17:20 - 17:25

D7o Ambrosia and bark beetle community along with latitudinal gradient: temporal dynamics of the community and phylogenetic effects of plants on the community

NAOTO KAMATA1,2, Sunisa Sanguansub2, Yong Peng1, Teerapong Saowaphak3, Sawai Buranapanichpan3, Anut Buranapanichpan1,4 1The University of Tokyo, Furano, Japan. 2Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen, Thailand. 3Chaing Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand. 4Royal Department of Agriculture Thai, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract

Ambrosia and bark beetles are recognized as important forest insect groups because they sometimes cause devastating damage to forest ecosystems. Our aim is to clarify ambrosia and bark beetle community and their relationship with host plants along with a latitudinal gradient. In this paper, comparison among three locations, 2 sites in Japan and 1 in Thailand, will be introduced. Ethanol baited traps (‘traps’) and bait logs were used in this study. Seasonal changes in the community obtained by the traps and a relationship between phylogenetic distance of host plants and community similarity of the beetles obtained by the bait logs were compared among the three sites. The species richness captured by the traps tended to decrease with latitude. In Thailand, beetles were captured throughout the season but not in Japan. Seasonal dissimilarity tended to be greater but annual dissimilarity tended to smaller with latitude. Changes in the community (turnover rate) was greater in Thailand than Japan, partly because of the faster life cycle duration, partly because of the more rapid changes in the breeding material, as a result of higher average temperatures. Beetles have to disperse and seek out new breeding sites more frequently in Thailand than in Japan. Results of the bait log experiment also support the hypothesis. A negative correlation between the phylogenetic distance between host plants and similarity in the beetle community was stronger in Japan. The community tended to be more equivalent with latitude. 17:25 - 17:30

D7o Mixed plantation and insect herbivory across a harvesting gradient in north Patagonian forest

Marcos Nacif, Lucas Garibaldi, Carolina Quintero UNRN-IRNAD, S.C. de Barilche, Argentina

Abstract

Sustainable forest management should optimize tree productivity and biodiversity conservation. However, it is unknown how different tree species and their associated herbivores respond to a gradient of forest extraction or if exists an optimum harvesting level for plant performance and herbivore guild diversity. In an experimental management program in Patagonian shrublands, were planted Austrocedrus chilensis, Nothofagus alpina, N. pumilio, N. antarctica, N. dombeyi and N. obliqua, in plots with different harvesting intensities. Plant survival, growth and leaf damage of herbivore guilds were measured. Mixed model effects were used. The plants survived more and grew better at intermediate harvesting intensities. Two groups of plants presented similar consumption patterns, coincidentally with their phylogenetic proximity. These responses were obtained with different guilds. N. obliqua and N. alpina were more consumed at intermediate harvesting intensities, and N. pumilio, N. antarctica and N. dombeyi were more consumed at lower harvesting intensities. A non-deciduous species was the less consumed (N. dombeyi). Diversity patterns are similar to herbivory rates (not for N. dombeyi in the second year). Intermediate harvesting is optimal for plant performance and herbivore guild diversity. In a productive forest scenario, harvesting is necessary, also ensure herbivore guild diversity.