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Hermann Emil Fischer: Life and Achievements

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Hermann Emil Fischer: Life and Achievements GENERAL ARTICLE Hermann Emil Fischer: Life and Achievements G Nagendrappa Emil Fischer, considered as one of the greatest chemists of all times, carried out much of the fundamental work on purines, sugars, proteins, stereochemistry and several other areas of chemistry during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Because most of these are biological molecules, he is known as the ‘Father of Biochemistry’. His achievements in G Nagendrappa was a Professor of Organic chemical synthesis and analytical skills were much ahead of Chemistry at Bangalore his times. He was the second to get the Nobel Prize in Chem- University, and Head of istry in 1902. the Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Sri Introduction Ramachandra (Medical) University, Chennai. He is Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are the four major currently in Jain Univer- sity, Bangalore. He chemical constituents of living organisms. These four classes of continues to teach and do organic compounds are the main players in the emergence and research. His work is in existence of life. Extensive pioneering contributions to the devel- the area of organosilicon opment of all these areas of organic chemistry and biochemistry chemistry, synthetic and mechanistic organic were made by Emil Fischer through his more than four decades of chemistry, and clay- brilliant research work starting from the early 1870s. His uncanny catalysed organic reactions skills in analytical and synthetic work, his extraordinary under- (Green Chemistry). standing of the enormous amount of experimental results and their correct interpretation laid a solid foundation for the chemis- try of these biologically important molecules. Though his work essentially constituted analytical and synthetic organic chemis- try, its reach extended to other areas, particularly stereochemis- try, biochemistry, physiology and medicine. As scientific admin- istrator, Fischer established scientific institutions, shaped sci- ence education, encouraged development of other branches of science, helped industrial growth and applied science to over- come resource shortfall in Germany during World War I. He is Keywords Purines, sugars, proteins, phe- considered as one of the greatest or perhaps the greatest of nylhydrazine, Fischer, Nobel organic chemists of all time. Prize, World War I. 606 RESONANCE July 2011 GENERAL ARTICLE Personal Life and Early Education Fischer had great interest to continue Emil Fischer was born on 9th October, 1852, at Euskirchen in his studies. But his Cologne district (then a part of the Prussian Empire) of Germany. father wanted him His father, Laurenz Fischer, was a successful business man and to take up the was running dye making and brewery units and a profitable family business. lumber business. His mother’s name was Julie Fischer. Emil had five older sisters. Both his father and mother were conscientious individuals and had considerable influence on Emil. His father’s brother and his family with wife, five sons and a daughter lived next door. Emil spent time with his cousins, one of whom, Otto, later studied chemistry with him. Emil had a happy boyhood. Emil studied initially under a private tutor for three years in a privateschool started byhis father and then at HöhereBürgerschule (Higher Public School) at Euskirchen, after which he went to Gymnasium (high school) at Wetzler for two years. He studied for two more years in the Gymnasium at Bonn. He was very good in his studies and passed with distinction from high school in 1869. Emil had great interest to continue his studies. But his 1 See Resonance, Vol.6, No.5, father wanted him to take up the family business. To equip 2001. himself for this Emil worked as an apprentice under his brother- in-law who ran lumber business. Emil joined his father in busi- ness and assisted him in solving chemistry-related problems in brewing and dye making. Bur Emil’s interest to pursue further Fischer joined his studies did not diminish, and the young boy was allowed to fulfil father in business his desire. He had great interest in studying physics and math- and assisted him in ematics and joined the University of Bonn in 1871, where chem- solving chemistry- istry was taught by great masters like Kekule1, Engelbach and related problems in Zincke, physics by Kundt and mineralogy by Groth. Though he brewing and dye was impressed by Kekule’s teaching, he moved in1872, along making. Bur Emil’s with his cousin Otto Fischer, to the University of Strasburg, interest to pursue which was newly reconstituted that year under the Prussian further studies did Empire. (In 1918 Strasburg was returned to France. It is presently not diminish, and the the biggest university in that country). When Emil and Otto came young boy was there they had planned to study Bunsen method of analysis under allowed to fulfil his Professor Rose. However, they came under the influence of the desire. famous organic chemist Adolf von Baeyer and joined him to do RESONANCE July 2011 607 GENERAL ARTICLE Fischer was research. Under Baeyer’s guidance they worked on phthalein appointed as dyes. Emil Fischer studied the chemistry of fluorescein and orcin- assistant instructor phthalein, and obtained Dr. Phil. degree in 1874, and started his at Strasburg long, brilliant academic career in the same year. In 1888, Emil University. During Fischer married Agnes Gerlach, daughter of Joseph von Gerlach this period he who was professor of anatomy at Erlangen University. The serendipitously couple had three sons. Unfortunately, Agnes did not live much discovered longer and passed away in 1895. phenylhydrazine, It seems that Fischer suffered from frequent bouts of gastritis which later became from his younger days, which even affected his academic career one of the key now and then. Once he had to take a break for a year, while in reagents in his work Erlangen, and forgo an attractive offer to take the Chair of on the determination Chemistry at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) at of structures of Zurich. sugars and in the synthesis of Academic Positions heterocyclic compounds. Soon after obtaining the doctorate degree Fisher started his long academic career in 1874. He was appointed as assistant instructor at Strasburg University. During this period he serendipitously discovered phenylhydrazine, which later became one of the key reagents in his work on the determination of structures of sugars and in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds (e.g., Fischer indole synthesis, Scheme 1). In 1875 Baeyer went to the University of Munich as successor to Justus von Liebig; Emil and his cousin Otto followed him. Emil Fischer secured a job of assistant there in the organic chemistry C H CH3 H 3 H H NH-NH2 O N N N N CO2H C O2H CO2H 3 CO H CO2H CO2H 2 NH NH NH NH N NH2 H CO H 2 Scheme 1. Fischer indole N NH2 CO H N H N 2 synthesis. H H 608 RESONANCE July 2011 GENERAL ARTICLE department. In 1878 he qualified himself to be a faculty member In 1881, Fischer went (habilitiert) at the university by submitting a thesis on his phenyl- to Erlangen as hydrazine work and in 1879 was appointed as Privatdezent or professor. Two years Extraordinariat (similar to Associate Professor) for analytical later, he rejected a chemistry in the place of Volhard, who moved to Erlangen. In the lucrative offer by same year he was offered the Chair of Chemistry at Aachen, but BASF as the director he did not accept it because he considered that the department was of research, because not of his expected standards. In 1881, Fischer went to Erlangen his first love was as professor, again in the place of Volhard. Two years later, he academics. rejected a lucrative offer from the industrial giant BASF as the director of research, because his first love was academics. How- ever, he was always helpful to industries and supported them in all possible ways throughout his life. After working for seven years in Erlangen, Fischer accepted professorship at Würzburg Finally, he moved to and established a new department of chemistry. Finally, he moved the University of to the University of Berlin to succeed the famous organic chemist, Berlin to succeed the A W Hofmann. He was invited to this position in preference to famous organic senior and well- known chemists, Kekule and Baeyer. The Berlin chemist, A W Government met every request he made for developing the de- Hofmann. He was partment while accepting the offer. Fischer remained there for invited to this position twenty years until his death on the 15th of July, 1919. in preference to senior and well- Fischer had an extraordinary memory which served him in good known chemists, measure to deliver his well-prepared lectures with great effect. Kekule and Baeyer. He proved, during his entire academic career, to be a magnificent researcher, a great academic administrator and an excellent teacher. Scientific Achievements The Beginning – Dyes and Phenylhydrazine Figure 1. While he was in Strasburg, Fischer worked on triphenylmethane HO O O dyes (Figure 1), fluorescein (1) and orcin-phthalein (2). His cousin Otto also worked on similar dyes. R R CO2H His significant discovery here was phenylhydrazine (3), which was prepared serendipitously (Scheme 2). He continued this work when he went to Munich. He and his cousin Otto together 1: R = OH 2: R = CH3 proposed a new theory of the constitution of triphenyl-methane RESONANCE July 2011 609 GENERAL ARTICLE _ _ NaNO2 + Na2SO3 + NaOH NH2 N N Cl NH-NH2Cl NH-NH2 HCl H2O 3 Scheme 2. Preparation of phenylhydrazine. dyes and proved it experimentally. He worked on the properties and reactions of phenylhydrazine. Work on Purines – The Chemicals in Coffee, Cocoa, Birds’ Excreta, and Cell Nucleus At Erlangen, Fischer started work on the active principles of coffee, tea and cocoa.
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