Untersuchungen Zu Schwefelverbindungen Und

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Untersuchungen Zu Schwefelverbindungen Und Untersuchungen zu Schwefelverbindungen und Enzymaktivitäten in Allium-Arten des Subgenus Melanocrommyum Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades (Dr. rer. nat.) Dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Anja Vogt aus Wuppertal Marburg/Lahn 2008 Vom Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg als Dissertation angenommen am ........................... Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Keusgen Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Li Tag der mündlichen Prüfung am 19.12.2008 Meinen Eltern und meiner Schwester Zwei Dinge sind zu unserer Arbeit nötig: Unermüdliche Ausdauer und die Bereitschaft, etwas, in das man viel Zeit und Arbeit gesteckt hat, wieder wegzuwerfen. Albert Einstein Danksagung Ich danke Herrn Prof. Dr. Keusgen für die Überlassung des interessanten Themas, seine unermüdliche Unterstützung und sein Engagement sowie für sein Vertrauen, das er mir und meiner Arbeit immer wieder entgegen gebracht hat. Herrn Prof. Dr. Li danke ich für die freundliche Übernahme des Koreferates. Ausserdem danke ich den Mitgliedern meiner Prüfungskommission, Prof. Dr. Petersen und Prof. Dr. Bakowsky. Herrn Dr. Fritsch möchte ich danken für die Sammlung und die Bereitstellung der Allium-Proben, die taxonomische Zuordnungen und seine Hilfe. Ausserdem sei an dieser Stelle allen Kooperationspartnern des PharmAll Projektes und der VW-Stiftung für die Finanzierung des Projektes gedankt. Ich danke meiner ganzen Arbeitsgruppe für die gute Atmosphäre und den Spaß während und nach der Arbeitszeit, sowie Floris van Elsäcker und Matthias Brauschke für ihre unersätzliche praktische Hilfe im Labor und dafür, dass sie immer ein offenes Ohr für alle Probleme hatten. Dr. Uwe Reinscheid danke ich für die viele Hilfe bezüglich NMR-Messungen und der guten Zusammenarbeit für die Publikation. Dank auch an die MS-und NMR-Abteilung des Institutes für die Hilfe und die Messungen, besonders an Nina, Heike und Frau Dr. Laufenberg für die gute Zusammenarbeit. Dank auch an Verena Janiak und die Arbeitsgruppe von Prof. Dr. Petersen für die Hilfe bei den Anlaufschwierigkeiten mit der Gelelektrophorese. Außerdem danke ich meinen Kollegen bei der Praktikumsbetreuung für die vielen netten Tage und den Spaß den wir hatten. Thanks to my “new” working group in Saskatoon for their friendly welcome and their support. Ich danke meine Freunden, die immer für mich da waren und ein offenes Ohr für alle Probleme hatten. Besonders danke ich meinen Eltern und Ilona und Patrick, ohne deren Unterstützung und Interesse diese Arbeit nicht möglich gewesen wäre. Ich danke Uwe für seine Liebe, sein Verständnis, seine Geduld und sein Vertrauen in mich. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Abkürzungsverzeichnis 8 1. Einleitung 11 1.1 Die Gattung Allium 11 1.2 Bedeutung der Gattung Allium 12 1.3 Inhaltsstoffe der Allium-Arten 13 1.3.1. Cysteinsulfoxide 14 1.3.2 Alliinase 15 1.3.3 primäre und sekundäre Aromakomponenten 17 1.3.4 γ-Glutamylpeptide 19 1.3.5 Andere Enzyme 19 1.3.6 Steroide in Allium-Arten 20 1.3.7 Weitere Inhaltsstoffe 21 1.4 Arten des Subgenus Melanocrommyum 22 1.5 Steroidglykoside in Pflanzen 23 1.5.1 Steroidsaponine des Subgenus Melanocrommyum 24 1.5.2 Hoodia-Arten und Steroidsaponine 26 1.6 Verfärbungen von Lebensmittel 33 1.6.1 Enzymatische Verfärbungreaktionen 33 1.6.2 Nicht enzymatische Verfärbungsreaktionen 34 1.6.3 Verfärbungen von Allium-Arten 34 1.7 Ziel der Arbeit 40 2. Material und Methoden 42 2.1 verwendete Chemikalien 42 2.2 Pflanzenmaterial 45 2.3 Lösungen und Puffer 51 2.3.1 Lösungen und Puffer für die Precursorextraktion und für die Cysteinsulfoxiduntersuchung 51 2.3.2 Lösungen und Puffer für die Proteinextraktion und Untersuchung 52 1 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.3.3 Lösungen und Puffer für die Gel- und Affinitätschromatographie 54 2.3.4 Lösungen und Puffer für die Aktivitätsbestimmungen 56 2.3.5 Verwendete Geräte 58 2.4 Allgemeine Vorschriften 59 Parameter der HPLC-MS- und MS/MS- Messungen 59 Parameter der HR-MS und NMR Messungen 60 Dünnschichtchromatographische Untersuchungen von Allium Extrakten 60 Herstellung der synthetischen Cysteinsulfoxide 61 Quantitative Bestimmung der Cysteinsulfoxide nach Derivatisierung mit OPA 61 Proteinlösungen 62 2.5 Isolierung des Farbstoff-Precursors 63 2.5.1 Darstellung der enzyminaktivierten Rohextrakte 63 2.5.2 Aufreinigung der Rohextrakte durch HPLC 63 2.5.3 Überprüfung der Aufreinigung mittels Massenspektrometrie 64 2.5.4 Bestimmung der optischen Rotation 66 2.6 Proteinextraktion und -bestimmung 66 2.6.1 Proteinextraktion 66 2.6.2 Optischer Schnelltest auf enzymatische Aktivität 67 2.6.3 Proteinmengenbestimmung nach Lowry und Bradford 67 2.6.4 Proteingelanalytik 68 2.7 Enzymaufreinigung 73 2.7.1 Gelchromatographie 73 2.7.2 Affinitätschromatographie an einer Con A Säule 73 2.7.3 Affinitätschromatographie an einer Nickelsäule 74 2.7.4 Affinitätschromatographie an einer Lens culinaris-Lektin-Säule 75 2.8 Aktivitätsbestimmungen 75 2.8.1 Bestimmung der Enzymaktivität der Alliinase-ähnlichen Funktion 76 2.8.2 Bestimmung des pH-Optimums 77 2.8.3 Bestimmung des Temperatur-Optimums 77 2.8.4 Michaelis-Menten Kinetik 78 2 Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.8.5 Bestimmung der Substratspezifität 82 2.8.6 Hemmung der enzymatischen Aktivität 82 2.8.7 Bestimmung der Polyphenoloxidase-Aktivität 83 2.8.8 Bestimmung der kinetischen Parameter der Polyphenoloxidase-Aktivität 84 2.8.9 Substratspezifität der Polyphenoloxidase-Aktivität 85 2.8.10 Hemmung der Polyphenoloxidase-Aktivität und Effekte von Metallionen 85 2.8.11 Bestimmung der Aktivität der Farbstoffbildung 86 2.8.12 Bestimmung der kinetischen Parameter der Aktivität der Farbstoffbildung 86 2.9 Farbstoff 87 2.9.1 Herstellung der Farbstoffextrakte 87 2.9.2 Aufreinigung der Farbstoffextrakte 88 2.9.3 MS/MS Messungen der Farbstoffextrakte 88 2.9.4 HPLC-MS Messungen der Farbstoffextrakte 89 2.10 Inhaltstoffe von A. stipitatum 89 2.10.1 Extrakte von A. stipitatum 89 2.10.2 MS/MS und HPLC-MS Messungen der Extrakte von A. stipitatum 90 2.11 Extrakte von Allium Arten zur Steroidbestimmung 91 2.11.1 HPLC-MS Messungen zur Steroidbestimmung 91 2.12 Extrakte von Hoodia und verwandten Arten zur Steroidbestimmung 92 2.12.1 MS/MS und HPLC-MS Messungen der Extrakte 93 3. Ergebnisse 95 3.1 Farbstoff Precursor 95 3.1.1 Isolierung des Farbstoff Precursors 95 3.1.2 Strukturaufklärung des Precursors 97 3.2 Proteinuntersuchungen 103 3.2.1 Ergebnisse der Proteinextraktion 103 3.2.1.1 Bestimmung des Proteingehaltes 103 3.2.1.2 Proteingelanalytik 105 3.2.1.2.1 Vergleich unterschiedlicher Arten 105 3.2.1.2.2 Vergleich innerhalb einzelner Arten 106 3 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.3 Aufreinigung eines unbekannten Enzyms 110 3.3.1 Enzymaufreinigung: Gelchromatographie 110 3.3.2 Proteinfraktion A 111 3.3.2.1 Enzymaufreinigung: Affinitätschromatographie über eine Con A Säule 111 3.3.2.2 Enzymaufreinigung: Eigenschaften des Proteinfraktion A 113 3.3.3 Proteinfraktion B 115 3.3.3.1. Enzymaufreinigung: Affinitätchromatographie über eine Lens culinaris-Lektin-Säule 115 3.3.3.2 Enzymaufreinigung: Metall-chelat-Komplex Chromatographie an einer Nickel-Säule 116 3.3.3.3 Enzymaufreinigung: Kombination der Aufreinigung mit einer Nickel-Chelat- und einer Lens culinaris-Lektin-Säule 118 3.3.3.4 Enzymaufreinigung: Eigenschaften der Proteinfraktion B 119 3.4 Kinetische Parameter der isolierten Proteinfraktion B 121 3.4.1 Charakterisierung der Alliinase-ähnlichen Aktivität 121 3.4.1.1 Bestimmung des pH-Optimums 122 3.4.1.2 Bestimmung des Temperatur-Optimums 124 3.4.1.3 Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik 125 3.4.1.4 Bestimmung der Substratspezifität 128 3.4.1.5 Hemmung der enzymatischen Aktivität 131 3.4.2 Charakterisierung der Polyphenoloxidase-Aktivität 132 3.4.2.1 Bestimmung des molaren Extinktionskoeffizienten 132 3.4.2.2 Bestimmung des pH-Optimums 133 3.4.2.3 Bestimmung des Temperatur-Optimums 135 3.4.2.4 Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik 137 3.4.2.4.1 Brenzcatechin 138 3.4.2.4.2 Dopamin 139 3.4.2.4.3 Zusammenfassung der Km- und Vmax-Werte 142 3.4.2.5 Bestimmung der Substratspezifität 142 3.4.2.6 Hemmung der enzymatischen Aktivität 143 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 3.4.3 Charakterisierung der kinetischen Parameter der Bildung des Farbstoffes 144 3.4.3.1 Bestimmung des molaren Extinktionskoeffizienten 145 3.4.3.2 Bestimmung des pH-Optimums 146 3.4.3.3 Bestimmung des Temperatur-Optimums 147 3.4.3.4 Michaelis-Menten-Kinetik 147 3.5 Farbstoff und weitere Reaktionsprodukte 151 3.5.1 Identifizierung des Farbstoffes 151 3.5.1.1 Bestimmung des Farbstoffes mittels MS und HPLC-MS 152 3.5.2 Substanzen aus Farbstoffextrakten 154 3.6. Untersuchung der Extrakte aus A. stipitatum 161 3.6.1 Cysteinsulfoxide in A. stipitatum 161 3.6.2 Versuche zur Umsetzung des putativen Pyridinylcysteinsulfoxides mit Enzymrohextrakten 163 3.6.2.1 Ergebnisse der Umsetzung von A. stipitatum mit Enzymen direkt nach der Zugabe 164 3.6.2.2 Ergebnisse der Umsetzung von A. stipitatum mit Enzymen 24 Stunden nach der Zugabe 166 3.7 Steroide in Allium-Arten 170 3.8 Steroide in Arten der Gattung Hoodia 175 3.8.1 Untersuchungen an einigen Extrakten aus Hoodia, Stapelia sowie verwandten Arten 176 3.8.1.1 MS/MS Messungen 177 3.8.1.2 HPLC-MS Messungen der Extrakte 181 4. Diskussion 185 4.1 Isolierung des L-(+)-S-(3-Pyrrolyl) Cysteinsulfoxides 185 4.1.1 Rolle des L-(+)-S-(3-Pyrrolyl) Cysteinsulfoxides in der Bildung des roten Farbstoffes 185 4.1.2 Mögliche Biosynthese des L-(+)-S-(3-Pyrrolyl) Cysteinsulfoxides 187 4.1.2.1 Biogenese der bekannten Cysteinsulfoxide 187 4.1.2.2 Biogenese des Pyrrolylcysteinsulfoxides 192 4.1.2.3 Porphobilinogen 192 4.1.2.4 Pyrrol-2-carboxylat 193 5 Inhaltsverzeichnis
Recommended publications
  • ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 7Th Edition
    ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names th 7 Edition ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori Published by All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be The Internation Seed Testing Association (ISTA) reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted Zürichstr. 50, CH-8303 Bassersdorf, Switzerland in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior ©2020 International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) permission in writing from ISTA. ISBN 978-3-906549-77-4 ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names 1st Edition 1966 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Prof P. A. Linehan 2nd Edition 1983 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. H. Pirson 3rd Edition 1988 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. W. A. Brandenburg 4th Edition 2001 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 5th Edition 2007 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 6th Edition 2013 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. J. H. Wiersema 7th Edition 2019 ISTA Nomenclature Committee Chair: Dr. M. Schori 2 7th Edition ISTA List of Stabilized Plant Names Content Preface .......................................................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 6 Symbols and Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Master Plant List 2017.Xlsx
    Master Plant List 2017 Availability, Pot Size and Prices are subject to change. Category Type Botanical Name Common Name Size Price Range N BREVER Azalea X 'Cascade' Cascade Azalea (Glenn Dale Hybrid) #3 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Electric Lights' Electric Lights Double Pink Azalea #2 44.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Karen' Karen Azalea #2, #3 39.99 - 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Poukhanense Improved' Poukhanense Improved Azalea #3 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Renee Michelle' Renee Michelle Pink Azalea #3 49.99 N BREVER Azalea X 'Stewartstonian' Stewartstonian Azalea #3 49.99 N BREVER Buxus Microphylla Japonica "Gregem' Baby Gem Boxwood #2 29.99 N BREVER Buxus Sempervirens 'Green Tower' Green Tower Boxwood #5 64.99 N BREVER Buxus Sempervirens 'Katerberg' North Star Dwarf Boxwood #2 44.99 N BREVER Buxus Sinica Var. Insularis 'Wee Willie' Wee Willie Dwarf Boxwood Little One, #1 13.99 - 21.99 N BREVER Buxus X 'Cranberry Creek' Cranberry Creek Boxwood #3 89.99 #1, #2, #5, #15 Topiary, #5 Cone, #5 Spiral, #10 Spiral, N BREVER Buxus X 'Green Mountain' Green Mountain Boxwood #5 Pyramid 14.99-299.99 N BREVER Buxus X 'Green Velvet' Green Velvet Boxwood #1, #2, #3, #5 17.99 - 59.99 N BREVER Buxus X 'Winter Gem' Winter Gem Boxwood #5, #7 59.99 - 99.99 N BREVER Daphne X Burkwoodii 'Carol Mackie' Carol Mackie Daphne #2 59.99 N BREVER Euonymus Fortunei 'Ivory Jade' Ivory Jade Euonymus #2 35.99 N BREVER Euonymus Fortunei 'Moonshadow' Moonshadow Euonymus #2 29.99 - 35.99 N BREVER Euonymus Fortunei 'Rosemrtwo' Gold Splash Euonymus #2 39.99 N BREVER Ilex Crenata 'Sky Pencil'
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Wild Food Plants for Human Consumption in Geçitli (Hakkari, Turkey)
    Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 14(2), April 2015, pp. 183-190 Survey of wild food plants for human consumption in Geçitli (Hakkari, Turkey) İdris Kaval1, Lütfi Behçet2 & Uğur Çakilcioğlu3* 1Yuzuncu Yıl University, Department of Biology, Van 65000, Turkey; 2Bingöl University, Department of Biology, Bingöl 12000, Turkey; 3Tunceli University, Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Pertek, Tunceli 62500, Turkey E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] Received 15 July 2014, revised 22 January 2015 This study aims to record accumulation of knowledge on plants which are used as food by native people of Geçitli (Hakkari, Turkey) that has a rich culture and a very natural environment. In addition, the medical uses of these plants were compiled from the literature. Study area was located on the East of Anatolian diagonal, in the Eastern Anatolia region. Field study was carried out over a period of approximately two years (2008-2010). During this period, 84 vascular plant taxa were collected. The plants were pressed in the field and prepared for identification. A total of 84 food plants belonging to 30 families were identified in the region. In the study being conducted, use of wild plants as food points out interest of people in Geçitli in wild plants. The fact that a large proportion of edible plants are also being used for medicinal purposes indicates that the use of wild plants has a high potential in the region. The present study shows that further ethnobotanical investigations are worthy to be carried out in Turkey, where most of knowledge on popular food plants are still to discover.
    [Show full text]
  • Alliums of All Shapes & Sizes’
    Tips From Trecanna Trecanna Nursery is a family-run plant nursery owned by Mark & Karen Wash and set on the Cornish slopes of the Tamar Valley, specialising in unusual bulbs & perennials, Crocosmias and other South African plants. Each month Mark will write a feature on some of his very favourite plants. Trecanna Nursery is now open from Wednesday to Saturday throughout the year, from 10am to 5pm, (or phone to arrange a visit at other times). There is a wide range of unusual bulbs, herbaceous plants and hardy South African plants including the largest selection of Crocosmia in the South. We are located approx. 2 miles north of Gunnislake. Follow the brown tourist signs from the A390, Callington to Gunnislake road. Tel: 01822 834680. Email: [email protected] Talks to garden clubs and societies. ‘Alliums Of All Shapes & Sizes’ Last year I covered a number of fabulous Alliums that you plant and enjoy in your garden, however as there are so many excellent varieties to choose from, I have decided to look at some more - particularly as May & June is when the vast majority of them burst into flower. The main displays of spring flowering bulbs, including narcissi and most tulips, are just coming to an end in May. The Alliums fulfil a valuable task, bridging the gap between Spring & Summer before many of our herbaceous plants come into their prime. There are a vast array of wild Alliums in existence coming from areas such as Asia, North America and Europe – in fact the wild species number over 700 and with all the hybrids that have been bred over the years the choice is now literally thousands.
    [Show full text]
  • English Gardens Giant Onion
    Giant Onion Allium giganteum Plant Height: 12 inches Flower Height: 4 feet Spread: 12 inches Sunlight: Hardiness Zone: 4a Other Names: Flowering Onion Giant Onion flowers Description: Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder One of the tallest ornamental onions, this selection looks beautiful as an accent in garden beds and in fresh or dried arrangements; large globes of small, purple, star shaped flowers stand above low mounded, fragrant green foliage; low maintenance Ornamental Features Giant Onion features bold balls of lightly-scented purple flowers at the ends of the stems from early to mid summer. The flowers are excellent for cutting. Its sword-like leaves remain green in color throughout the season. The fruit is not ornamentally significant. Landscape Attributes Giant Onion is an open herbaceous perennial with tall flower stalks held atop a low mound of foliage. Its relatively coarse texture can be used to stand it apart from other garden plants with finer foliage. Giant Onion in bloom This is a relatively low maintenance plant, and should Photo courtesy of NetPS Plant Finder only be pruned after flowering to avoid removing any of the current season's flowers. It is a good choice for attracting butterflies to your yard, but is not particularly attractive to deer who tend to leave it alone in favor of tastier treats. It has no significant negative characteristics. Giant Onion is recommended for the following landscape applications; - Vertical Accent - General Garden Use Planting & Growing Giant Onion will grow to be about 12 inches tall at maturity extending to 4 feet tall with the flowers, with a spread of 12 inches.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Cysteine Sulfoxides and Related Compounds Occurring in Wild Onions
    Synthesis of cysteine sulfoxides and related compounds occurring in wild onions Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften (Dr. rer. nat.) dem Fachbereich Pharmazie der Philipps-Universität Marburg vorgelegt von Mohammad Sadegh Feizabad aus Teheran / Iran Marburg/Lahn, 2019 i Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Michael Keusgen Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Frank Runkel Tag der Einreichung Promotion: 24.04.2019 Tag der mündlichen Promotion: 24.06.2019 ii Dedicated to my beloved parents and wife for their precious supports and gentle, who have inspired me and been the driving force throughout my life. iii Foreword The majority of the genus Allium species are known for their medicinal applications: for example, A. stipitatum shows antibiotic effects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other Allium species exhibit antistaphylococcal effects. Furthermore, recent studies have provided evidence of various antifungal, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects of some Allium species. Allium is also well known in traditional medicine for its ability to cure various ailments such as wounds or acute and chronic bronchitis; additionally, alliums can be used as expectorants due to the presence of cysteine sulfoxide and its derivatives. Cysteine sulfoxides, which are some of the basic secondary compounds in Allium, have been addressed in various studies. Alliin, propiin, methin, marasmin, and thiosulfinate, all of which are alliinase substrates, are of particular interest because of their pharmaceutical effects. The enzymatic reaction that occurs during the formation of disulfides or thiosufinates results in various compounds that differ chemically, physically, and pharmaceutically.The cysteine sulfoxide recently investigated in A. giganteum, A. rarolininanum, A. rosenorum, and A. macleani species is the S-(pyrrolyl)cysteine S-oxide.
    [Show full text]
  • 1980-04R.Pdf
    COMING IN THE NEXT ISSUE Victoria Padilla is recognized as an expert on bromeliads. She will share her knowledge with readers in the OctoberlNovember issue when she writes about their history and development as popular house plants. In addition, look for George Taloumis' article on a charming Savannah townhouse garden and an article on new poinsettia varieties by another expert, Paul Ecke. Roger D. Way will write about new apple varieties and Mrs. Ralph Cannon will offer her G: hoices for hardy plants for damp soils. And last but not least, look for a staff article on money-saving ideas for the garden. We've canvassed over 100 gardeners for their best tips. All this and more in the next issue of American Horticulturist. Illustration by Vi rgini a Daley .- VOLUME 59 NUMBER 4 Judy Powell EDITO R Rebecca McClimans ART DIRECTOR Pam Geick PRODUCTION ASS ISTANT Steven H . Davis Jane Steffey ED ITO RI AL ASS ISTANTS H . Marc Cath ey Gi lbert S. Da ni els Donald Wyman H ORTICULTURAL CONSULTANTS Gil bert S. Daniels BOOK EDITOR Page 28 Page 24 May Lin Roscoe BUSINESS MA AGER Dorothy Sowerby EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS FEATURES COORDINATOR Broad-leaved Evergreens 16 Judy Canady MEMBERSH IP/SUBSCRIPTI O N Text and Photograph y by Donald Wyman SERVICE Padua 18 Ci nd y Weakland Text and Photography by David W. Lee ASS IST ANT TO THE EDITOR John Si mm ons Bulbs That Last and Last 23 PRODUCTION C OORDINATIO N Isabel Zucker Chro magraphics In c. Plant Propagation-The Future is Here 24 COLOR SEPARATI ONS Chiko Haramaki and Charles Heuser C.
    [Show full text]
  • Master Plant List
    MASTER PLANT LIST 5 7 8 6 Glasshouse 4 1 2 3 7 MASTER PLANT LIST PAGE 1 TREES 4 PAPERBARK MAPLE Acer griseum 2 3 RED WEEPING CUT-LEAF JAPANESE MAPLE Acer palmatum ‘Atropurpureum Dissectum’ 3 4 5 7 8 CORAL BARK JAPANESE MAPLE Acer palmatum ‘Sango Kaku’ 4 WEEPING CUT-LEAF JAPANESE MAPLE Acer palmatum ‘Viridis Dissectum’ 2 FULL MOON MAPLE Acer shirasawanum ‘Aureum’ 6 CELESTIAL DOGWOOD Cornus rutgersensis ‘Celestial’ 2 6 SANOMA DOVE TREE Davidia involucrata ‘Sonoma’ 4 SHAKEMASTER HONEY LOCUST Gleditsia triacanthos inermis ‘Shademaster’ 7 TEDDY BEAR MAGNOLIA Magnolia grandiflora ‘Teddy Bear’ 7 BRAKENS BROWN BEAUTY MAGNOLIA Magnolia grandiflora ‘Brackens Brown Beauty’ 2 JAPANESE STEWARTIA Stewartia pseudocamellia 7 WESTERN RED CEDAR Thuja plicata ‘Atrovirens’ SHRUBS 2 ROSANNIE JAPONICA ‘ROZANNIE’ Aucuba japonica ‘Rozannie’ 7 BARBERRY Berberis ‘William Penn’ 2 BEAUTY BERRY Callicarpa ‘Profusion’ 5 7 YULETIDE CAMELLIA Camellia sasanqua ‘Yuletide’ 5 QUINCE Chaenomeles ‘Dragon’s Blood’ 5 QUINCE Chaenomeles ‘Scarlet Storm’ 5 TWIG DOGWOOD WINTER FLAME DOGWOOD Cornus sanguinea ‘Arctic Fire’ 5 MIDWINTER FLAME DOGWOOD Cornus sericea ‘Midwinter Flame’ 1 HARRY LAUDER’S WALKING STICK Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’ 8 BEARBERRY Cotoneaster dammeri 7 SUMMER ICE CAUCASIAN DAPHNE Daphne caucasica ‘Summer Ice’ 2 LILAC DAPHNE Daphne genkwa 6 WINTER DAPHNE Daphne odora f. alba 3 4 CHINESE QUININE Dichroa febrifuga 2 RICE PAPER SHRUB Edgeworthia chrysantha 2 RICE PAPER SHRUB Edgeworhia chrysantha ‘Snow Cream’ 7 TREE IVY Fatshedera lizei 5 DWARF WITCH ALDER Fothergilla gardenii 5 JAPANESE WITCH HAZEL Hamamelis japonica ‘Shibamichi Red’ 2 4 6 BLUE BIRD HYDRANGEA Hydrangea macrophylla ssp. Serrata ‘Bluebird’ 3 4 BLUE DECKLE HYDRANGEA Hydrangea macrophylla ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • Allium Cyrilli Complex (Sect
    Turkish Journal of Botany Turk J Bot (2013) 37: 39-45 http://journals.tubitak.gov.tr/botany/ © TÜBİTAK Research Article doi:10.3906/bot-1110-7 Allium cyrilli complex (sect. Melanocrommyum) in Turkey Fatma Neriman ÖZHATAY, İlker GENÇ* Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, İstanbul University, 34116 Beyazıt, İstanbul , Turkey Received: 11.10.2011 Accepted: 23.07.2012 Published Online: 26.12.2012 Printed: 22.01.2013 Abstract: As a part of a revisional study of the genus Allium L. sect Melanocrommyum Webb et Berthel. in Turkey, detailed studies were conducted on 3 very closely related and taxonomically difficult species cited in theFlora of Turkey: Allium cyrilli Ten., A. atropurpureum Waldst. & Kit., and A. decipiens Fisch. ex Schult. & Schult. f., to clarify their occurrence in Turkey and their taxonomy. The results of this study show that A. atropurpureum and A. decipiens do not occur in Turkey. On the other hand, A. cyrilli is represented by 3 subspecies of which 2 are new for science: subsp. fritschii N.Özhatay & İ.Genç and subsp. asumaniae N.Özhatay & İ.Genç. The diagnostic morphological characters, distribution, conservation status, and colour photographs of the 3 subspecies as well as their chromosome numbers are presented: 2n = 16 (diploid) for subsp. fritschii, and 2n = 32 (tetraploid) for subsp. asumaniae and subsp. cyrilli. Key words: Allium, Melanocrommyum, chromosome number, new subspecies, Turkey 1. Introduction (Kollmann, 1984; Davis et al., 1988; Özhatay & Tzanoudakis, The genus Allium L. is a very variable and taxonomically 2000; Deniz & Sümbül, 2004; Özhatay et al., 2009, 2011; Eker difficult genus naturally distributed over the northern & Koyuncu, 2011; Behçet et al., 2012; Behçet & Rüstemoğlu hemisphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Nomenclature - Flowers Common Name: Botanical Latin Name: Family Name Amaryllis Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) Apple; Flowering Apple, Crab Apple Malus Spp
    Plant Nomenclature - Flowers Common Name: Botanical Latin Name: Family Name Amaryllis Hippeastrum (Amaryllidaceae) Apple; Flowering Apple, Crab Apple Malus spp. (Rosaceae) Autumn Joy Sedum Sedum ‘Autumn Joy’ (Crassulaceae) Baby’s Breath Gypsophila paniculata (Caryophyllaceae) Bachelor's buttons, Cornflower Centaurea cyannus (Asteraceae – Compositae) Balloon Flower Platycodon grandiflorus (Campanulaceae – Lobeliaceae) Banana Shrub Michelia fuscata; M. figo (Magnoliaceae) Banksia Banksia spp. (Proteaceae) Begonia Begonia (Begoniaceae) Bellflower Campanula spp. (Campanulaceae – Lobeliaceae) Bells of Ireland Moluccella laevis (Lamiaceae- Labiatae) Billy Balls or Billy Buttons Craspedia globosa (Asteraceae - Compositae) Bird of Paradise Strelitzia reginae (Streliziaceae) Black-Eyed Susan Rudbekia spp. (Asteraceae- Compositae) Blanket Flower Gaillardia spp. (Asteraceae – Compositae) Blue Mist Flower, Hardy ageratum Eupatorium coelestinum syn. (Asteraceae – Compositae) Conoclinium coelestinum Blue Throatwort Trachelium caeruleum (Campanulaceae – Lobeliaceae) Bouvardia Bouvardia spp. (Rubiaceae) Breath of Heaven Coleonema pulchrum(Diosma) (Rutaceae) Brodiaea; also Triteleia Brodiaea spp . (Liliaceae) Broom Genista spp. (Fabaceae – Leguminosae) Buttercup; Ranunculus Ranunuclus spp. (Ranunculaceae) Butterfly Bush Buddleia davidii (Buddlejaceae) Butterfly Weed Asclepias tuberose (Asclepiadaceae) Calla Lily Zantedeschia spp. (Araceae) Camellia Camellia spp. (Theaceae) Candytuft Iberis spp. (Brassicaceae – Cruciferae) Chinese Lantern Lily Sandersonia
    [Show full text]
  • Master Plant List
    MASTER PLANT LIST 5 N 9 7 8 6 Glasshouse 4 Green Roof 1 2 3 7 MASTER PLANT LIST PAGE 1 TREES 4 Acer griseum PAPERBARK MAPLE 2 3 Acer palmatum ‘Atropurpureum Dissectum’ RED WEEPING CUT-LEAF JAPANESE MAPLE 3 4 5 6 7 Acer palmatum ‘Sango Kaku’ CORAL BARK JAPANESE MAPLE 7 Chamaecyparis nootkatensis ‘Pendula’ WEEPING NOOTKA CYPRESS 7 Chamaecyparis obtusa ‘Gracilis’ SLENDER HINOKI CYPRESS 1 6 Cornus rutgersensis ‘Celestial’ CELESTIAL DOGWOOD 3 6 Davidia involucrata ‘Sonoma’ SONOMA DOVE TREE 4 Gleditsia triacanthos inermis ‘Shademaster’ SHADEMASTER HONEY LOCUST 7 Magnolia grandiflora ‘Teddy Bear’ TEDDY BEAR MAGNOLIA 7 Magnolia grandiflora ‘Bracken’s Brown Beauty’ BRAKEN’S BROWN BEAUTY MAGNOLIA 3 Picea pungens ‘Iseli Fastigiate’ ISELI FASTIGIATE SPRUCE 3 7 Sciadopitys verticillata ‘Wintergreen’ WINTERGREEN UMBRELLA PINE 2 3 Stewartia pseudocamellia JAPANESE STEWARTIA 7 Thuja plicata ‘Atrovirens’ WESTERN RED CEDAR SHRUBS 8 Arbutus compacta DWARF STRAWBERRY TREE 7 Aucuba japonica ‘Rozannie’ ROSANNIE AUCUBA 7 Berberis x gladwynensis ‘William Penn’ BARBERRY 5 Buxus microphylla ‘Wintergreen’ BOXWOOD 8 Callicarpa ‘Profusion’ BEAUTY BERRY 5 7 Camellia sasanqua ‘Yuletide’ YULETIDE CAMELLIA 3 Camellia sasanqua ‘Setsugekka’ SETSUGEKKA CAMELLIA 5 Chaenomeles ‘Dragon’s Blood’ QUINCE 5 Chaenomeles ‘Scarlet Storm’ QUINCE 5 Cornus sericea ‘Bud’s Yellow’ YELLOWTWIG DOGWOOD 1 Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’ HARRY LAUDER’S WALKING STICK 6 Cryptomeria japonica ‘Black Dragon’ BLACK DRAGON JAPANESE CEDAR 8 Cotoneaster dammeri BEARBERRY 2 Daphne genkwa LILAC DAPHNE 4 Dichroa febrifuga CHINESE QUININE 2 Edgeworthia chrysantha ‘Snow Cream’ RICE PAPER SHRUB 7 Fatshedera lizei TREE IVY 7 x Fatshedera lizei ‘Variegata’ VARIGATED TREE IVY 5 Fothergilla gardenii DWARF WITCH ALDER 5 Hamamelis japonica ‘Shibamichi Red’ JAPANESE WITCH HAZEL 2 4 Hydrangea macrophylla ssp.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Monocotyledonous Bulbous Weed Species Was Detected in Hungary: (Allium Giganteum Regel)
    A new monocotyledonous bulbous weed species was detected in Hungary: (Allium giganteum Regel) by Bence Balogh1 in collaboration with: in collaboration with: Bálint Benczés2, Gábor Bese2, Richárd Bisztray3, Emese Bodor4, András Fejes4, Máté Károlyi5, Roland Kisjuhász6, László Menyhárt7, Roland Nagy2, Gergő Somody2, Zselyke Széman8, Attila Török9, Gábor Wágner2 and Roland Szabó6. 1 Bayer CS Hungary Kft./Budapest 2 CPR Európa Kft./Szombathely 3 Farmer-Agro Kft./Békéscsaba 4 Biotek Agriculture Kft./Csömör 5 Eurofins Agroscience Services Kft./Székesfehérvár 6 Sumi Agro Hungary Kft./Budapest 7 Syngenta Magyarország Kft./Budapest 8 SGS Hungária Kft./Budapest 9 Kömlői Róna Kft./Kömlő Summary The indicated and identified plant 'Allium giganteum Regel' known by synonym as 'Allium procerum Trautv. ex Regel' and by common name 'Giant Onion', or 'Ornamental Onion' - is native in Central and Southwestern Asia (Pamir-Alay; Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan and Hindu Kush; Afghanistan, Pakistan and the west part of China), but as an ornamental garden plant, it is cultivated in many countries all over the world. The biggest Allium giganteum bulb producer is the Netherlands, but there are smaller producers in Israel, France, Japan and Latvia. (Rabinowitch and Currah, 2002; Kamenetsky and Rabinowitch 2006). The situation was different before the middle of the 19th century when Eduard Regel and other botanists went to Central Asia and discovered many new species among which was Allium giganteum Regel. (Dadd, 1987). This new weed species belongs to the Amaryllidaceae family and Allium genus. (Li, Zhou, Yu, Zhang and Wei, 2010). This plant was used by native people as spice in cheese production and as an herb.
    [Show full text]