“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2015 Brasov, 28-30 May 2015

NATO BOMBING IN THE FORMER REPUBLIC OF

Diana Manolache*, Ciprian Chiş*

*”Carol I” National Defense University, Bucharest, Romania

Abstract: Within this work, we approached the bombing operation in Yugoslavia, named „Allied Force”, that was a part of the War which led to the establishment of Kosovo’s status. The development period of this operation, including bombardment operations, was 78 days, between 24th of March and 10th of June, 1999. In the conducted study, we chose to use the scientifique observation as method of scientifique research as well as we used the comparative-historical method and in terms of the techniques used, we focused mainly on documentary analysis, available with an extensive bibliography. In the conducted study, we have highlighted some dealt less aspects of the subject, and also, items related to the strategy used by combatants during the conflict emphasizing the pros and cons of strategic air power. From these elements can be formulated numerous lessons learned useful in future conflicts, and also, possible research directions.

Keywords: Yugoslavia, NATO forces, bombing actions, .

1. INTRODUCTION The regulations, including the territorial ones, which took place during and after the The bombing operation in Yugoslavia was actions of all kinds from this conflict area, called „Allied Force” and was a part of the were framed within the provisions of United War led to the establishment of Kosovo’s Nations Security Council Resolution no. 1244. status. The development period of this In fact, the separation of the Kosovo province operation, including bombardments (region) from Yugoslavia was performed operations, was 78 days, between 24th of under the temporary and interim March and 10th of June, 1999. administration of the United Nations and this The official code name of this NATO is, including nowadays, strictly monitored by operation was „Operation Allied Force”. The NATO troops that are camped in several areas United States called it „Operation Noble of the province. Anvil”, while Yugoslavia called it, incorrectly and ironic, „Merciful Angel”. 2. THE BELLIGERENT PARTIES The result of this operation is provided in the Kumanovo Treaty: the Yugoslav troop’s The belligerent parties were represented by withdrawal from Kosovo and the the NATO coalition on the one hand, and the establishment of a NATO force in the area, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia on the other known as KFOR (Kosovo Force). hand. The NATO coalition led by the US General The French Navy operated the Super Wesley Clark (SACEUR-Supreme Allied Etendard, while the French Air Force operated of Forces in ) consisted of the Mirage 2000 aircrafts. military forces of the following countries: The integrated in this Belgium, , Czech Republic, Denmark, operation 34 Tornado aircrafts, 12 F-104 , Germany, Hungary, , , aircrafts, 12 AMX aircrafts, 2 B-707 aircrafts, Norway, Poland, Portugal, , Turkey, while the Italian Navy designated and operated , United States and other air, Harrier II aircrafts. sea and land NATO forces. The military The British provided and technique used by NATO troops totalized operated Harrier GR7 aircrafts, Tornado 1,031 aircrafts, 30 attack ships and submarines ground attack jets as well as some support and the specific Force called „Hawk”. aircrafts. The Yugoslav President, Slobodan Other states as Belgium, Denmark, Milošević conducted military operations of his Germany and Turkey provided and operated F- own troops, and, at the end of the conflict, he 16 aircrafts belonging to their Air Force was still in power. Thus, we couls say that he structures. survived the entire battle and he declared the The Spanish Air Force was designated to outcome of the conflict represented a major deploy a definite number of F-18s and KC-130 victory for Yugoslavia. Many political figures aircrafts. stated this was an oppinion shared by few The Canadian Air Force deployed a people. At the end of the hostilities, he and number of 18 CF-18 aircrafts, and i tis other Yugoslav political seniors and military believed that these aircrafts were responsible figures were indicted for war crimes by the for 10% of all bombs dropped during the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former attack operations. These aircrafts were armed Yugoslavia. A very important aspect was the with both guided and unguided „dumb” arrest of Milošević in case in which he would ammunitions, including the Paveway series of have left Yugoslavia. His orders and directives laser-guided bombs. generated violent actions and made from This operation, respectively the bombing Yugoslavia a country treated as a pariah by a campaign marked the first time when lot of states belonging to the international Germany, through its Air Force structure community. The conflict badly affected the actively participated in combat operations economy of the country, and a year later, the since the end of World War II. Yugoslav popular disillusionment with the However, NATO forces relied mostly upon Milošević regime led to his overthrow in the Americans and the proven effectiveness of October 2000. its air power and air superiority by using the F- After the ending of combat operations, in 16, F-15, F-117, F-14, F-18, EA-6B, B-52, December 2002, the Queen Elizabeth II KC-135, KC-10, AWACS, and JSTARS approved the awarding of the Battle Honour aircrafts. These aircrafts operated from bases „Kosovo” to squadrons of the Royal Air Force situated throughout Europe and from aircraft that participated and conducted military carriers in the region. Also, the American B-2 actions in the conflict. The awarded military Spirit stealth bomber obtained its first units were: Nos 1, 7, 8, 9, 14, 23, 31, 51, 101, successful combat role in „Operation Allied and 216 squadrons. Also, this well-deserved Force”, all while striking from its home base reward was extended to the Canadian in the continental United States. squadrons deployed to the operation, 425 and 2.2. Yugoslav Forces. The Yugoslav 441. armed forces were composed of military units 2.1. NATO Aviation. A major and very from Air Force and Navy and were led by important element of the operation was Yugoslav president at the time, Slobodan represented by NATO air force elements, Milošević (who was also the Supreme relying heavily on the Commander of the Yugoslav Army), by and Navy. Dragoljub Ojdanić (the Chief of Yugoslav

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2015 Brasov, 28-30 May 2015

Military Staff), by Svetozar Marjanović (the conflict that was triggered for determining the Deputy Chief of Yugoslav Military Staff) and status of Kosovo province. by Nebojša Pavković (the 3rd Army The operation was, itself, the first time Commander). Thus, engaged in this when NATO used military forces without the conflict about 114,000 soldiers, 20,000 approval of the United Nations Security policemen, 15,000 volunteers, 14 MiG-29 Council against a sovereign nation that has not aircrafts, 46 MiG-21 fighter planes, 34 fighter brought a threat to a NATO member. jets Soko J-22 Oraos, 1,400 artillery pieces, The bombings carried out by NATO during 1,270 battle tanks and 825 armoured fighting this operation is the second major operation in vehicles. the history of this organization, after the During the military actions, in terms of campaign of 1995 - the bombing campaign military technology, NATO lost 2 AH-64 carried out by NATO troops in Bosnia- Apache , one F-117A Nighthawk Herzegovina, also against the Yugoslav troops. aircraft was shot down, a second F-117A The bombings from 1999 led to the Nighthawk aircraft was damaged, and two A- withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo 10 Thunderbolt II aircrafts were also damaged. province, to the establishment of an UNMIK However, an F-16C aircraft was shot down, an mission (an interim UNO mission in Kosovo) AV-8B Harrier aircraft was destroyed and 21 and ended the of the 1990s. UAV-s were reported lost. In terms of human lives, NATO officials stated that three soldiers 3. THE STRATEGY were captured and two soldiers died in the crash of one of the two shot down AH-64 The „Allied Force” Operation consisted, Apache helicopters. This second AH-64 mainly, of aerial missions carried out at high Apache crashed 40 miles from altitudes had the aim to destroy the Yugoslav Tirana. The two crewmen, Army Chief military infrastructure. The ground forces were Warrant Officers David Gibbs and Kevin not used because NATO wanted to minimize Reichert died after the impact. the risk of losing their soldiers and, also, the On the other hand, Serbia’s balance sheet avoiding of the media and the public eye is much higher, respectively 1,031 killed criticism on the possibility of inefficiencies soldiers and police officers and 299 wounded that could be proven during the conduct of soldiers. According to NATO estimates, there actions carried aut by these forces. were between 5,000 and 10,000 killed Serb NATO aviation bombed strategic, soldiers and in terms of military equipment economic and social objectives, such as and technique, there were shot down or bridges, military facilities, government destroyed 6 MiG-29, 4 other planes were buildings and official institutions buildings, destroyed at the ground, one J-22 Orao aircraft strategic facilities, instalations in and was also destroyed and 22 armoured vehicles Pristina and, also, some factories. To hit the and artillery pieces were destroyed during well camouflaged and heavily defended military operations from Kosovo, including 14 targets, NATO used long range cruise missiles. tanks. After the third day of bombing, NATO The bombardment on Yugoslavia destroyed almost all strategic military targets conducted by NATO was a military operation in Yugoslavia. that has not been authorized by the UN and Long time after these events, it was aimed the discouraging or the ending of the discussed whether not the capitulation of Yugoslavia in the from 1999 was c) there must be a difference in military the result of the air power established by capabilities so that the opponent (the enemy) NATO forces. to be unable to fight or even to inhibit the Despite of all actions of NATO forces, the exercise of air superiority over its territory. Yugoslav Army troops continued to attack the Serbia, a relatively small and poor Balkan fighters of the KLA (Kosovo Liberation state, faced a much stronger opponent, Army). respectively NATO coalition, which included A big minus sign for NATO during this both the UK and USA, extremely strong stage of the campaign was the controversial nations in terms of military capabilities and, bombing from the People’s Republic of China implicitly of air forces capabilities. embassy in Belgrade. Most notably was the d) Carl von Clausewitz once defined „the fact that three Chinese reporters were killed essential force of the enemy” as the „the and twenty others were injured, and NATO gravity center” of this. Thus, if the gravity claimed that this incident was a mistake. center of the Yugoslav fighting force had been 3.1. Arguments for strategic air power. destroyed, the will to resist of the Yugoslav As stated by John Keegan, the capitulation of state would also be removed. In Milošević's Yugoslavia in the Kosovo War marked a case, the gravity center was the holding, turning point, a milestone in the history of the respectively the maintaining of a total control conduct of a war. This conflict „demonstrated in his hands. He had the ability to manipulate that a war can be won only because of the the inflation (causing a hyperinflation), he also power and air supremacy”. By comparison, the imposed sanctions and restrictions on the diplomatic efforts failed even before the war demand and supply and he granted various started itself, while NATO oficials decision to facilities to the strong business owners from develop a big land force represent the moment Serbia to the idea of support him during his when the Yugoslav president, Slobodan mandate. But the deteriorating of economic Milošević, accepted a peace agreement. power of the Serbian state, which reached a In order to be conducted in an uniform point of minimum profit, determinated the manner and without the support of other major players to threaten Milošević with their combat elements, it is necessary that the air unsupport in the case in which the air power to meet several factors. These factors campaign will continue and will cause major can be met all together very rarely, but they and costly damages that will affect the were met all together during the conduct of the infrastructure so necessary for the proper military operations in Kosovo. These factors performance of their business. refer to: 3.2. Arguments against strategic air a) the bombardment must be able to cause power. significant damages, but it is necessary to 1. In terms of diplomatic: minimize the generation of human victims. At 1.1. According to British Lieutenant-General, the same time, it aims to create a certain Mike Jackson’s declarations, Russia’s decision pressure among the population and must from 3rd of June, 1999, to support the West determine the fighting parties to end cause and to determine Milošević to surrend hostilities, not to extend them. It is said that was a turning point that took „the greatest the way how the air power was exercised in contribution to the completion of hostilities”. the Kosovo war was able to create this kind of Thus, the capitulation of Yugoslavia took pressure. place the same day. b) the regime must be resistant reported to the 1.2. Milošević’s condemnation by the United pressure among the population. As it was Nations as a war criminal (on 24th of May, demonstrated, by the overthrow of Milošević’s 1999) gave Russia the possibility to diplomatic regime a year later, the Serbian government support the United Nations, which seemed has shown a low authority and it depended unlikely at the beginning of hostilities. very much by the income support within the 1.3. The Rambouillet Pact from 18th of March, country. 1999 (agreed also by Yugoslavia) would have

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2015 Brasov, 28-30 May 2015

been accorded NATO forces the rights for order to reach the proposed target. These transit, bivouac, maneuver, camping and estimates clarified the position of NATO access on the entire territory of Serbia. But leaders, especially those from USA, that a land once Milošević capitulated, NATO forces operation would not have had any support and were granted access only in Kosovo region. maybe no plausible success. In the light of 1.4. The International civil presence in Kosovo these analyzes and comparisons, American was held under UN control, which allowed the leaders strongly reaffirmed their faith that an Russian veto and prevented the emergence of air campaign is much more indicated. NATO some threats to the interests of the Serbian leader’s refractoriness to use ground forces nation. created serious doubts about the idea that 2. The competing land operations - KLA itself Milošević would have been capitulated by undertook operations in Kosovo and achieved facing or by fearing of a land invasion. some success against Serb forces. The Yugoslav army abandoned a border point in 4. THE OPERATION Morinë area, situated next to his outpost at Kosare, in the north-west part of this area. But, On 20th of March, 1999, the OSCE the outpost from Kosare remained under the monitors of Kosovo Verification Mission command of Yugoslav forces during entire withdrew from the province, stating „the period of the conflict, which led to the deteriorating security situation” and on 23rd of establishment in the province of a power line, March, 1999, Richard Holbrooke returned to a point of supply and subsequently led to the Brussels announcing the failure of peace talks domination of the territory from Junik area. and negotiations. A few hours before this Also KLA broke and entered few kilometers statement, Yugoslavia announced on national area in the south-west part of Pastrik Mount television post the emergency situation, region. Notwithstanding, the biggest part of respectively an „imminent threat of war ... this area remained under Serb control. against Yugoslavia by NATO forces” and 3. The potential land attack - the American started a massive mobilization action and General Wesley Clark was „convinced” that began of troops and resources. On 23rd of the planning and the preparations of a land March, 1999, at 10:17 p.m. UTC, NATO interventions would be determined Milošević Secretary General, Javier Solana, made the to concede. The Yugoslav troops capitulation announcement that he ordered General Wesley occurred on the same day that USA President, Clark the „initiation of an air operation in the Bill Clinton, held a conference, highly air space of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia”. mediated and publicized, with the four chiefs On 24th of March, 1999, at 19:00 UTC, of American Services in order to discuss the NATO troops started the bombing campaign options for the deployment of a land force in against Yugoslavia. case in which the conduct of air operations 4.1. NATO Operations. The bombing woul have been failed. campaign conducted by NATO in Serbia 4. With all these stated, France and Germany involved 1,000 aircrafts which operated from vigorously opposed to a ground offensive and air bases from Italy and Germany, and the continuously supported this position for USS Theodore Roosevelt transport ship that several weeks, as of April 1999. French was stationed in the Adriatic Sea. estimates suggested that an invasion would At the dusk of 24th of March, 1999, F/A- require an army of about 500,000 people in 18 Hornets aircrafts of Spanish Air Force were the first NATO aircrafts planned to bomb 4.4. Incidents that took place due to air Belgrade and perform operations such as combats. During the night of 24th to 25th of SEAD (Suppression of Enemy Air Defence). March, 1999, arised the In the same time, from the ship and first five MiG-29 aircrafts in order to combat submarines, there were also launched BGM- the first attacks of the Allied troops. 109 Tomahawk cruise missiles. Two of them took off from the airport in During the ten weeks of the conflict, Niš were vectored to intercept targets situated NATO aircrafts performed over 38,000 in southern Serbia and southern Kosovo combat missions. The air power was region, but, on their flight path, they were reinforced by an Apache helicopters battalion intercepted by NATO fight aircrafts. belonging to US Army. One of those two MiG-29s, piloted by Originally, the campaign was intended to Major Dragan Ilić, was forced to an destroy the Yugoslav air defense, the military emergency landing due to the failure of one objectives of strategic importance and units of engine, and later on, during the conflict, this the Yugoslav ground troops. Among other aircraft was used as bait. The second MiG-29 targets, there were also took in the viewfinder aircraft, piloted by Major Ilijo Arizanov, was objectives as: the bridges across the Danube, overthrown by a USAF F-15C, piloted by factories, power stations, telecommunications Lieutenant-Colonel Cesar Rodriguez. facilities, buildings belonging to the Yugoslav The second pair of MiG-29 aircrafts took party „Leftists” (political party led by off from the Batajnica Air Base, being piloted Milošević's wife), and Avala Television by Major Nebojša Nikolic and Major Ljubisa Tower, too. Kulačin. They were engaged by a USAF On 14th of April, NATO planes bombed aircraft, piloted by Captain Mike Shower who areas near Koriša, regions populated by managed to strike and to knock down the Albanians ethnics, who were used by aircraft piloted by Nikolić, while Kulačin Yugoslav forces as human shields. missed the firing with the rockets. During this 4.2. Yugoslav Operations. The Serbian air combat, a part of MiG-29 flight systems Television declared in several times that more broke and determined him to make great refugees columns fled the Kosovo region efforts to return to base. Finally, arriving at the because of the bombings carried out by NATO Batajnica Air Base, he realized that he could aviation and not due to military operations not land because the air base was under the undertaken by Yugoslav troops. fire of Allied forces and he decided to change The Yugoslav part and the Western the flight path to „Nikola Tesla” Airport from supporters stated that the big refugees’ exodus Belgrade, where, otherwise, he managed to was caused by a massive panic among the land safely. There, he hid this MiG-29 under Kosovo-Albanian ethnicity population, panic the tail of a nonfunctional plane that that was generated, mainly, by the fear of was parked on the airport. bombings carried out by NATO aviation. The fifth and the last MiG-29 aircraft rose 4.3. Air combat. An important part of the by Serbs that night in order to combat Allied war was represented by the struggle between aerial targets was piloted by Major Predrag the Yugoslav Air Force and Allied Air Forces. Milutinović. Immediately after the takeoff, the F-15s and F-16s aircrafts of the US Air Force aircraft’s radar and the electric generator (USAF), flying mainly from the air bases from failed. Shortly after these incidents, he was Italy attacked the defense of Yugoslav forces, warned that he was spotted by one fire control as well as the Yugoslav combat aviation but, radar, but he managed to escape the enemy mainly, sought to incapacitate, as soon as due to several evasive maneuvers. In his possible, the yugoslav MiG-29 aircrafts, which attempt to avoid other unwanted meetings, he was known they were in a pretty bad shape approached to the airport from Niš with the due to the lack of spare parts and due to the intention to land, but the plane was hit by a lack of a proper maintenance of these. 2K12 Kub missile fired by Yugoslav troops and he was forced to catapult.

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2015 Brasov, 28-30 May 2015

So, in that night, Yugoslav Air Force raised Jeff Hwang. One of the MiG-29 pilots, Major five MiG-29 aircrafts, three of them were shot Slobodan Perić launched at least one rocket down, one of them was badly damaged, and before being hit, then he managed to catapult. the fifth returned to base in a poor condition Later, he was found and brought back to and it was no longer used for waging warfare. Yugoslavia by the Republika Srpska Police. No pilot was killed; only one of the five pilots The other pilot, Captain Zoran Radosavljevic was injured and needed a few days to recover. did not eject (there are not known the reasons A closer examination of the available data why he did not proceed at catapultation) and indicates the fact that Major Arizanov was hit died due to the violent impact. and shot down by Colonel Rodriguez while On 27th of March, 1999, the 3rd Battalion Major Nikolic and Major Kulacin were belonging to the 250 Missile Brigade, engaged by Captain Showers, who, at least, hit commanded by Colonel Zoltán Dani, equipped and shot down Nikolic. with Isayev S-125 „Neva-M” missiles (called On the morning of 25th of March, Major by NATO as SA-3 Goa missiles) shot down a Slobodan Tešanović, due to some technical F-117 Nighthawk american plane. The malfunctions, damaged the MiG-29 aircraft Yugoslavs operators from the observation and which he piloted it, near the landing area of the identification equipment in the composition of Ponikve Air Base, after a previous landing air defense system found out that they are able attempt, being also forced to catapult. to detect F-117 planes with Soviet radar During the war from Yugoslavia, the J-22 stations considered „obsoleted” due to the fact Orao and G-4 Super Galebs attack aircrafts that these operated on long wavelengths. The conducted approximately 20-30 combat hit pilot managed to catapult, being recovered missions against KLA, on Kosovo territory. by forces, somewhere near The attacks were carried out from low Belgrade. This was the first and the last time, altitudes and caused many human casualties. so far, when an invisible plane was hit and In one of these missions, deployed on 25th of shot down. March, 1999, Lieutenant-colonel Života Duric On 5th, 6th and 7th of April, Yugoslav died when the plane he piloted it, a J-22 Orao MiG-29 aircrafts were tasked to intercept plane, hit a hill in the Kosovo region. There NATO aircrafts, but each time, the Yugoslav has never been established, in a firmly way, pilots were out of combat due to malfunctions which was the cause of this aeronautic event: a or different damages of the aviation systems malfunction during the aircraft flight, a pilot from the aircrafts board. error or an enemy attack carried out by KLA On 30th of April, 1999, some American forces. The certain aspect of this fact is that sources confirmed that a second F-117A NATO representatives stated they had no aircraft was damaged. Although the aircraft implication in shooting down of this aircraft. returned to the base, it is believed that it has In the afternoon of 25th of March, 1999, never flown again. two Yugoslav MiG-29 aircrafts took off from On 2nd of May, 1999, a USAF F-16 the Batajnica air base with the mission to aircraft was shot down near Šabac, by a SA-3 combat a NATO aircraft that flew towards missile, launched by the 3rd Battalion of the Bosnia. During this mission, the two pilots 250 Missiles Brigade. The pilot was ejected crossed the border line. Thus, they were and he was rescued. In the same day, an A-10 engaged by two F-15 aircrafts of USAF. Both Thunderbolt II aircraft that deployed an aerial MiG-29s were hit and shot down by Captain mission in the airspace over Kosovo region was heavily damaged by a Strela 2 surface-air killing in Kosovo and the pictures of refugees missile launched from a portable shoulder fleeing Serb oppression for their lives makes it device. The pilot was forced to make an clear that this is a fight for justice over emergency landing in Skopje. Also, a Harrier genocide. Also, it was clear that approximately jet piloted by an American pilot crashed while 100,000 military-aged men missed, and most returning from a training mission towards on probably these may have been murdered. its way to USS Kearsarge, the amphibious ship Another important aspect of our study is designed for assault and transportation. The the position of NATO leaders and their Allies, pilot ejected and he was also saved. due to the fact that, before the beggining of the On 4th of May, 1999, a Yugoslav MiG-29 operations, they were not decided whether aircraft piloted by Lieutenant-Colonel Milenko they support or not the leadership of Yugoslav Pavlović was shot down at a low altitude, just President, Slobodan Milošević. Following this above his native town of Valjevo, after a air study, we are able to state that NATO forces fight with two F-16s of USAF. It is possible operations prevented the ethnic cleansing; the that the to have been hit by a Strela 2 genocide in Kosovo region, and, in this way, rocket fired by Yugoslav troops. Following NATO leaders undertook a lot of efforts. All this event, the Yugoslav pilot lost his life. the actions conducted by Serb forces On 11th of May, an A-10 aircraft was determined many civilian casualties and duet o slightly damaged during the execution of a this fact, we could make a comparison task carried out in the airspace over Kosovo. between the events from Kosovo and the Also, NATO forces lost two attack events occured during the Holocaust, but at a helicopters AH-64 Apache (one on 26th of smaller scale. We can affirm that Serbian April and the second on 4th of May, in forces committed genocide or that there are Albania, near the border with Yugoslavia, many evidences of the genocide created by during a training mission. That event resulted Serbian forces. Through their violent, criminal in the death of the two members of the crew, and inhuman actions, Yugoslav forces as it is written in the beginning of this article). determined abhorrent actions on a large scale. NATO officials reported they lost 21 Nevertheless, after few months there were UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles), due to presented the conclusions of NATO bombing. technical problems or malfunctions or due to Between these conclusions, it is interesting to enemy actions. A part of these UAVs, at least remark the number of dead found bodies that seven, were from German troops and five of was approximatively 2,200, with a total these UAVs belonging to the French troops. estimate not exceeding eleven thousand. While the Third Yugoslav Army Commander On 11th of March, 1999, the American stated that 21 UAVs belonging to NATO officials voted a plan committing 4000 troops forces were shot down by Yugoslav forces, to the NATO peacekeeping mission. another Yugoslav general affirmed that the This work was possible with the financial Yugoslav air defense, along with units of the support of the Sectoral Operational land forces shot down 30 UAVs. Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the 5. CONCLUSIONS & European Social Fund, under the project ACKNOWLEDGMENT number POSDRU/159/1.5/S/138822 with the title “Transnational network of integrated Attitudes towards the campaign - In management of intelligent doctoral and favor of the campaign. NATO leaders were postdoctoral research in the fields of Military convinced that all their decisions, regarding Science, Security and Intelligence, Public the airstrikes, were deeply justified. Also, their order and National Security – Continuous decisions were directed for the keeping of formation programme for elite researchers - calm situations. We found out that official “SmartSPODAS”.” sources from Clinton’s Secretary of Defense alleged that the appalling accounts of mass

“HENRI COANDA” “GENERAL M.R. STEFANIK” AIR FORCE ACADEMY ARMED FORCES ACADEMY ROMANIA SLOVAK REPUBLIC

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE of SCIENTIFIC PAPER AFASES 2015 Brasov, 28-30 May 2015

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