Lithuanian Language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: Between Function and Status
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Traukinio Bėgiais Į Pažinimą: TRAKAI
Traukinio bėgiais į pažinimą: TRAKAI Atrasti Trakuose kažką naujo gali pasirodyti nemenkas iššūkis, atrodo, visi juose yra ne kartą buvę: matę pilį, maudęsi ežeruose, valgę kibiną. Tačiau būtent faktas, kad Trakai daugeliui puikiai žinomi, suintriguoja ir paskatina ieškoti juose įdomybių. Siūlome leistis į kelionę traukiniu į Senuosius ir Naujuosius Trakus bei susipažinti su salos pilies šešėlyje esančiais istorijos perlais. Maršruto pradžia Senųjų Trakų geležinkelio stotis (Vilniaus g. 3, Senieji Trakai) Maršruto pabaiga apžvalgos aikštelė šalia Žalioji g. 7, Trakai Stotis grįžimui Trakų geležinkelio stotis (Vilniaus g. 5, Trakai) Siūlomas keliavimo būdas ir trukmė pėsčiomis, apie pusė dienos Traukinių tvarkaraštis www.traukiniobilietas.lt Turizmo informacija Karaimų g. 41, tel. (8 528) 51934, http://trakai-visit.lt/ 0. Senųjų Trakų geležinkelio stotis (Vilniaus g. 3, Senieji Trakai) Maršruto pradžia. 1. Senųjų Trakų piliavietė (Pilies g. 1, Senieji Trakai) Kompleksas, talpinantis net kelis svarbius istorijos paminklus: čia Gediminas 2. Senųjų Trakų kaimo architektūrinis draustinis (Trakų g., Senieji Trakai) pastatė pilį ir perkėlė sostinę iš Kernavės; gimė Vytautas Didysis; gyvavo Medinių namų gyvenvietė, turinti dzūkiško gatvinio kaimo architektūros ir puošybos elementų bei menanti dar XVI a. vienas seniausių Lietuvoje benediktinų vienuolynas. Šiandien piliavietėje yra Žygimanto Augusto valakų reformos laikus. veikianti neogotikinė bažnyčia bei moterų vienuolynas. 3. Vytauto Didžiojo kelias (kelias, jungiantis Senuosius ir Naujuosius Trakus) Minint Vytauto Didžiojo 570-ąsias mirties metines medžio drožėjai sukūrė devynias skulptūras, įkūnijančias reikšmingus su šiuo valdovu susijusius istorijos faktus. Eidami šiuo keliu iš Senųjų Trakų pasieksite Naujuosius Trakus. 4. Senosios Trakų žydų kapinės (Vilniaus g. 12, Trakai) Medžių paunksmėje pasislėpusios kapinės, kuriose yra virš 200 įvairių paminklų su užrašais hebrajų kalba. -
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth As a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity*
Chapter 8 The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a Political Space: Its Unity and Complexity* Satoshi Koyama Introduction The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita) was one of the largest states in early modern Europe. In the second half of the sixteenth century, after the union of Lublin (1569), the Polish-Lithuanian state covered an area of 815,000 square kilometres. It attained its greatest extent (990,000 square kilometres) in the first half of the seventeenth century. On the European continent there were only two larger countries than Poland-Lithuania: the Grand Duchy of Moscow (c.5,400,000 square kilometres) and the European territories of the Ottoman Empire (840,000 square kilometres). Therefore the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the largest country in Latin-Christian Europe in the early modern period (Wyczański 1973: 17–8). In this paper I discuss the internal diversity of the Commonwealth in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and consider how such a huge territorial complex was politically organised and integrated. * This paper is a part of the results of the research which is grant-aided by the ‘Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research’ program of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2005–2007. - 137 - SATOSHI KOYAMA 1. The Internal Diversity of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Poland-Lithuania before the union of Lublin was a typical example of a composite monarchy in early modern Europe. ‘Composite state’ is the term used by H. G. Koenigsberger, who argued that most states in early modern Europe had been ‘composite states, including more than one country under the sovereignty of one ruler’ (Koenigsberger, 1978: 202). -
The Lithuanian Apidėmė: a Goddess, a Toponym, and Remembrance Vykintas Vaitkevičius, University of Klaipeda
Scandinavian World. Minneapolis / London: [Sveinbjörn Egilsson, Rafn Þ. Gudmundsson & Rasmus University of Minnesota Press. Rask (eds.).] 1827. Saga Olafs konungs Power, Rosemary. 1985. “‘An Óige, an Saol agus an Tryggvasonar. Nidrlag sogunnar med tilheyrandi Bás’, Feis Tighe Chonáin and ‘Þórr’s Visit to tattum. Fornmanna sögur 3: Niðrlag sögu Ólafs Útgarða-Loki’”. Béaloideas 53: 217–294. konúngs Tryggvasonar með tilheyrandi þáttum. Robinson, Tim. 2008. Stones of Aran: Pilgrimage. Kaupmannahøfn: Harðvíg Friðrek Popp. Introduction by Robert Macfarlane. London: Faber Thompson, Stith. 1955–1958. Motif-Index of Folk- & Faber. Literature: A Classification of Narrative Elements in Robinson, Tim. 2009. Stones of Aran: Labyrinth. Folktales, Ballads, Myths, Fables, Mediaeval Introduction by John Elder. New York: New York Romances, Exempla, Fabliaux, Jest-Books, and Review of Books. Local Legends. Rev. & enlarged edn. Bloomington / Schama, Simon. 1996. Landscape and Memory. New Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. Available at: York: Vintage Books. https://www.ualberta.ca/~urban/Projects/English/M Sigurgeir Steingrímsson, Ólafur Halldórsson, & Peter otif_Index.htm (last accessed 17 October 2017). Foote. 2003. Biskupa sögur 1: Síðari hluti – Tietz, Andrea. 2012. Die Saga von Þorsteinn sögutextar. Íslenzk Fornrit 15. Reykjavík: Hið bæjarmagn – Saga af Þorsteini bæjarmagni: Íslenzka Fornritafélag. Übersetzung und Kommentar. Münchner Smith, Jonathan Z. 1987. To Take Place: Toward Nordistische Studien 12. München: Utz. Theory in Ritual. Chicago / London: University of Chicago Press. The Lithuanian Apidėmė: A Goddess, a Toponym, and Remembrance Vykintas Vaitkevičius, University of Klaipeda Abstract: This paper is devoted to the Lithuanian apidėmė, attested since the 16th century as the name of a goddess in the Baltic religion, as a term for the site of a former farmstead relocated to a new settlement during the land reform launched in 1547–1557, and later as a widespread toponym. -
Geolinguistic and Sociolinguistic Situation of Northern Samogitians of Kretinga: Dialectal Area, Use of the Dialect, Linguistic Attitudes
DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ Lietuvių kalbos institutas Fields of research: history of Lithuanian language, Baltic linguistics, geolinguistics. JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ Klaipėdos universitetas Fields of research: lexicology, dialectology, geolinguistics. GEOLINGUISTIC AND SOCIOLINGUISTIC SITUATION OF NORTHERN SAMOGITIANS OF KRETINGA: DIALECTAL AREA, USE OF THE DIALECT, LINGUISTIC ATTITUDES Šiaurės žemaičiai kretingiškiai geolingvistiniu ir sociolingvistiniu požiūriu: plotas, tarmės vartojimas, kalbinės nuostatos ANNOTATION The aim of this article is to highlight the parameters denoting the vitality level of lin- guistic and cultural identity of one dialectal community (namely, the Northern Samogi- tians of Kretinga) under the circumstances of increasing globalization and diglossia. In accordance with the theoretical concept of geolinguistics as a dynamic dialectology, the do- main classification proposed by Anton M. Hagen and the empirical material issues denoting sociocultural identity of the subdialect are presented. The vitality and sociocultural distinc- tion of the dialectal area is being sustained by various factors, three of which have the most important role: sufficiently developed infrastructure, dialect use and attitudes based on the value system of users of the dialect. Straipsniai / Articles 37 DALIA PAKALNIŠKIENĖ, JŪRATĖ LUBIENĖ KEYWORDS: Samogitian dialect, Northern Samogitians of Kretinga, stan- dard language, geolinguistics, sociolinguistics, domain, linguistic attitude. ANOTACIJA Straipsnyje svarstoma, ar įmanomas vienu dialektu kalbančios -
Lithuanian Religious and Ceremonial Terms of Semitic Origin: the Phenomenon of Azazel
Etnolingwistyka 29 Lublin 2017 I. Rozprawy i analizy DOI: 10.17951/et.2017.29.257 Rolandas K r e g ž d y s (Vilnius, Lithuanian Culture Research Institute) Lithuanian religious and ceremonial terms of semitic origin: the phenomenon of Azazel The article deals with the so-called phenomenon of Azazel, i.e. the scape- goat icon, examples of which can be found in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and in dialectal sources. Its relics are also traced in three-day Shro- vetide rites before the Lenten fast, which begins on Ash Wednesday (Shrove Tuesday in Lithuania), and in the Easter feast from Piev˙enaiin Samogitia (the histrionic so-called “Easter Jews” vigil on the night before Easter). Using different methods of investigating cultural realia, i.e. cross-cultural comparison and linguistic analysis (based on the inner and external reconstruction (or historical) methodology), two main types of religious terms of Semitic origin registered in the Dictionary of the Lithuanian Language and dialectal sources are identified: (i) Hebraisms with neutral or hereditary connotation; and (ii) pejoratives or semantically modified words with an anti-Semitic background. The paper also explains the origin of the xenophobic elements of the Easter feast, the way it has been celebrated in Piev˙enaiuntil today. Key words: Azazel/scapegoat phenomenon; religious terms; ceremonial terms; Hebraism; pejorative; semantically modified words Introduction: a short prehistory of the origin and purport of the scapegoat or Azazel icon The mythonym of Azazel or Hazazel (Azael, Azozel)1 is traditionally explained as an appellative of one of the chiefs of the 200 fallen angels 1 The exact meaning of the proper name is ambiguous: 1. -
Ilga Jansone, Anna Stafecka ATLAS of the BALTIC
DOI: 10.11649/abs.2013.034 Acta Baltico-Slavica, 37 SOW, Warszawa 2013 Ilga Jansone, Anna Stafecka Latvian Language Institute of the University of Latvia Riga ATLAS OF THE BALTIC LANGUAGES: PLANT NAMES OF SLAVONIC ORIGIN Latvian and Lithuanian are the only Baltic languages still alive. They both have his- torically developed regional territorial dialects. Traditionally, three Latvian dialects are distinguished. Middle dialect is spoken in Kurzeme, Vidzeme and Zemgale. For the Livo- nian dialect, the area of distribution is Northern Kurzeme and North Western Vidzeme. High Latvian dialect is used in the eastern part of Latvia. The Latvian dialects are further divided into 500 small territorial units called subdialects which are united in certain groups. Lithuanian language has two main dialects: Aukshtaitian and Zhemaitian. Lithu- anian dialects are also divided into groups of subdialects, these groups containing more than 700 smaller dialectal units. Historical regional dialects are relatively well-preserved both in Latvia and Lithuania. Nevertheless, nowadays they are disappearing. This was the reason why the dialectologists of the Latvian Language Institute of the University of Latvia, and the Department of Language History and Dialectology of the Institute of the Lithuanian Language, have developed a joint project entitled Atlas of the Baltic Languages, which is intended to demonstrate the close kinship of these two Baltic languages. In 2009, the pilot project volume of the Atlas of the Baltic Languages, including 12 geolinguistic maps -
Repatriation of Poles from Lithuania, 1944–1947
chapter 7 Between Poland and Lithuania: Repatriation of Poles from Lithuania, 1944–1947 Vitalija Stravinskienė Introduction “Nostalgia is an illness that is common to everyone who came from Vilnius. … Only we can understand this longing for ‘Lithuania’ our fatherland.” This is how an author described his emotions in a letter to a friend sent from Poland to Lithuania in the late 1950s.1 This chapter tries to explain who those people who longed for Vilnius were, and how and why they ended up in Poland. It deals with the massive displacement of about 160,000 Poles from Soviet Lithuania to Poland between 1944 and 1947. The migration of Poles from Soviet Lithuania to the new “Peoples Republic of Poland,” shifted several hundred kilometres to the West and firmly under the control of the ussr, had been initiated by Joseph Stalin before the end of the war. It was a highly dynamic process that involved many people. Yet it must also be seen in the broader context of other processes that took place in Lithuania at the same time: brutal Sovietisation, massive repressions, radical economic and social changes, etc. This kind of comprehensive approach is necessary to reconstruct a more objective picture of the course and conse- quences of the Stalin-led population transfer of Poles from re-occupied Lithuania to Poland. The epicentre of this transfer was Vilnius and that part of Vilnius region that was incorporated into the Republic of Lithuania in 1939. More specifically, it was the city of Vilnius and the adjacent districts of Švenčionys, Vilnius and Trakai. -
Zeszyt-1 I Lam.Indd
Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa 2012; 5 (1), s. 41–49 doi: 10.4467/20844131KS.12.006.0907 MAREK STARÝ (The University of Finance and Administration in Prague) Political and administrative system of Waldstein’s Lands Abstract The aim of this paper is to identify and describe basic mutual and different political and administrative characteristics of the lands under the rule of imperial generalissimo Albrecht of Waldstein. This man of Europian importance created in the twenties of the 17th century the Duchy of Frýdlant in north-eastern part of Bohemian Kingdom, moreover he became the ruler of German Duchy of Mecklenburg, as well as Emperor’s vassal in two Silesian Principalities, Sagan (1627) and Glogow (1632). It is quite interest- ing to learn about his arrangements in individual domains and to see, how some general principles of his reign were combined with specifi c steps proceeded from older particular traditions. It also shows undoubtedly, that Waldstein was really brilliant organiser, administrator and lawgiver who deserves intensive attention of legal history. Key words: Albrecht of Waldstein (Wallenstein), Thirty Years War, history of administration, Silesia, Bohemian Kingdom, reign on the absolutistic foundations, Duchy of Friedland, Duchy of Glogow, Principality of Sagan Słowa klucze: Albrecht von Waldstein (Wallenstein), wojna trzydziestoletnia, historia administracji, Śląsk, Królestwo Czeskie, rządy absolutne, Księstwo Frydlandu, Księstwo Głogowskie, Księstwo Żagańskie Imperial generalissimo Albrecht of Waldstein (or Wallenstein) († 1634) is undoubt- edly among the most signifi cant fi gures of Czech history. His importance defi nitely goes beyond the nation’s borders. Since the 19th century, he has even been considered to be a great national fi gure by the Germans, thanks to Schiller’s well-known drama.1 Waldstein played a considerable role in the history of Poland, both as a co-creator of European politics and as a military leader, whose activities during the Thirty Years’ War had infl uenced the Polish Respublica. -
Lessons from the Rise and Demise of the Self-Declared Caliphate of the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq
IN A BROKEN DREAM: LESSONS FROM THE RISE AND DEMISE OF THE SELF-DECLARED CALIPHATE OF THE ISLAMIC STATE IN SYRIA AND IRAQ TAL MIMRAN* I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................77 II. THE PRINCIPLE OF SOVEREIGNTY AND THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL ORDER.............................................79 III. THE CASE STUDYTHE ISLAMIC STATE BETWEEN 2014 AND 2017.......................................................................91 IV. THE DREAM OF THE CALIPHATE AND STATEHOOD................99 A. The Criteria for Statehood............................................100 1. Permanent Population............................................101 2. Defined Territory ....................................................102 3. Effective Government .............................................102 4. Capacity to Enter into Relations with Other States ............................................................103 B. What’s Recognition Got To Do with It? ........................103 V. FUNCTIONALISM, DETERRITORIALIZATION, AND THE ISLAMIC STATE IN THE AGE OF THE RISE OF NSAS............112 VI. CONCLUSION........................................................................127 I. INTRODUCTION The Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (Islamic State)1 is a terrorist organization that took over significant territories, in the context of the Syrian civil war,2 and declared itself a caliphate in June 2014.3 It transformed from a minor terrorist group into an alleged quasi-state, presenting capabilities and wealth like no * Doctorate -
The Holy See
The Holy See APOSTOLIC LETTER SESCENTESIMA ANNIVERSARIA OF THE SUPREME PONTIFF JOHN PAUL II ON THE OCCASION OF THE SIXTH CENTENARY OF THE "BAPTISM" OF LITHUANIA To my Venerable Brother Liudas Povilonis Apostolic Administrator of Kaunas and Vilkaviskis President of the Lithuanian Episcopal Conference and to the other Bishops of Lithuania 1. THE SIX HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY of the "Baptism" of our Nation, which you are solemnly celebrating in this year of grace, is for you and your people an occasion for the deepening of faith, of prayer and of spiritual renewal, in which the whole Church is united with intense and fraternal participation. As I have recalled in various circumstances - and most recently in my homily at the Mass on 1 January last - the whole Church commemorates with you this very significant anniversary and with you gives thanks "to God for his inexpressible gift" (2 Cor 9:15). The Church in Rome and all the sister Churches throughout the world join you in the fervent prayer of thanksgiving that you are raising to the Lord for the inestimable grace of the "Baptism", for the welcome which it met among your people and for the benefits which it brought them, and for the strength and fervour with which your fathers preserved it and developed it amid the vicissitudes of a history six centuries long. The universal Church is aware of and grateful for the great spiritual wealth which the Lithuanian Catholic community has brought and still brings to the ecclesial communion and recognizes in its centuries-old witness of fidelity to Christ tire action of the Holy Spirit, who "by the power of the Gospel makes the Church grow, perpetually renews her, and leads her to perfect union with her Spouse ".(1) 2 As you know, in order to manifest this universal communion with you, on 28 June next, simultaneously with the national celebration in Vilnius, I shall preside at the tomb of the Apostle Peter at a solemn concelebration, during which I shall have the joy of beatifying a great son and Pastor of your people, Archbishop Jurgis Matulaitis. -
The Bible in Poland
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 8 Issue 2 Article 6 5-1988 The Bible in Poland Unknown Authors Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Christianity Commons, and the Eastern European Studies Commons Recommended Citation Authors, Unknown (1988) "The Bible in Poland," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 8 : Iss. 2 , Article 6. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol8/iss2/6 This Article, Exploration, or Report is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ," �; •: . THE BIBLE IN POLAND :;.I I. Catholic translations The oldest preserved Polish translation of the biblical text is the three- language Latin-Polish-German pastoral from the end of the 14th century , discovered in the Monastery of St. Florian near Linz in 1825. It is linked with the name of Blessed Hedwig, Queen of Poland. The pastoral, called the Florian pastoral after the name of the place of its discovery , contains 397 illuminated pages; purcha sed in 1931, it is now in the National Library in Warsaw. The Bible of Queen Zofia (wife of the Polish King Ladislaus Jagiello), completed in 1455, is probably the translation of the entire Scripture from the Vulgate. The preserved manuscript is the first volume of the work, since 1627 kept in the Library of the Hungarian Reformed College in Sarospatak in Hungary. -
Volyn Tragedy in Cinema and Theatre
HistorySocial Philosophyof Ukraine 11 UDC 94(477.82)"1943":323.12]:792 KALISHCHUK OKSANA, Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University (Lutsk, Ukraine) e-mail: [email protected], ORCID 0000-0003-1272-7920 VOLYN TRAGEDY IN CINEMA AND THEATRE Cinema is rightly considered as a powerful socio-communicative channel of information space. Its significance is strengthened in a case of appealing to the ticklish topic. An overview of works of cinema and theater art devoted to the Ukrainian-Polish conflict in the years of World War II on the West of Ukraine are proposed in article. The attention is paid not only to the plot variety of the films, but also to the philosophical, hermeneutical, psychoanalytic opportunities and the requirement of their thorough study. Thus, an accent on the individualization of the Volhynian events through the person of witnesses, people who survived it, has become specific in particular to the chronicle-documentary and popular science-fiction films. The feature of documentary films about Volyn'43 is the inability to make them more aesthetic and distant. The ability to cause emotional empathy should be considered the main task of both cinematography and theater at the present stage. Today, cinema and theatre works are the elements of national self-identification and the formation of national memory. Documentary and especially feature films can restore and reinforce old stereotypes and create new myths. The more than seventy-years-old experience is becoming an experience of contemporaries through the means of modern art. It is concluded that both documentary and featured films and theatrical performances are one of the ways of international dialogue.