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Aspects of Productivity of Traditionally Managed Barotse Cattle in the Western Province of Zambia

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Aspects of Productivity of Traditionally Managed Barotse Cattle in the Western Province of Zambia Aspects of productivity of traditionally managed Barotse cattle in the Western Province of Zambia Ed van Klink CENTRALE LANDBOUWCATALOGUS lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I s~, 0000057 2809 8 k^r E.G.M, van Klink Aspects of productivity of traditionally managed Barotse cattle in the Western Province of Zambia Proefschrift terverkrijgin gva nd egraa dva n doctor ind elandbouw -e nmilieuwetenschappe n opgeza gva nd eRecto rMagnificus , Dr.C.M .Karssen , inhe topenbaa r teverdedige n opwoensda g 2novembe r 1994o mvie ruu r ind eAul ava nd eLandbouwuniversitei t teWageningen . i 2>(Sjögq BIBLIOTHEEK EXNDBOUWüNIVERSITK> WAGENINGEM Stellingen. 1. De invloed vand e leefomgeving enhe tmanagemen to pd e productiviteit vantraditionee l gehouden rundvee in Afrika isaanmerkelij k groterda ndi eva n chronische infectiesme t inwendigeparasieten .-Di tproefschrift - 2. Dea lo fnie tbestaand e relatietusse nveehouderi j en ecologische degradatie inonde rander eAfrik a vraagt eerder eengroter emat eva nbetrokkenhei d bij veeteeltontwikkeling danhe tveronachtzame n ervan.- Dit proefschrift- 3. Bij het vaststellen van ontwikkelingsdoelstellingen dient terdege rekening te worden gehouden met socio- economische aspecten, die als betrekkelijk vaststaande randvoorwaarden moeten worden gezien. -Dit proefschrift- 4. Routinematige bestrijding van teken in de traditionele veehouderij in Afrika is, zeker bij afwezigheid van de parasiet Theileria parva, veelal niet economisch verantwoord, en kan daarnaast een potentieel gevaar inhouden, door de ontwikkeling van premuniteit te blokkeren. -Pegram, R.G., A.D. James, O.P.M. Oosterwijk, K.J. Killorn, J. Lemche, M. Ghirotti, Z. Tekle, H.G.B. Cbizyuka, B.I. Mwase and F. Chizhuka (1991). Studies on the economie impact of ticks in Zambia. Exp. Appl. Acarol., 12:9-26.- 5. De verdere ontwikkeling van duurzame landbouw en veehouderij zou zeer gediend zijn met een eenduidige definitie van het begrip duurzaamheid, -symposium Duurzame Dierlijke Productie, Eisen vanuit markt, milieu en maatschappij. Studievereniging "De Veetelers", 29 Januari 1992, Ede- 6. Een bedrijfsvoering, die gericht is op het handhaven van een zo hoog mogelijk gezondheidsniveau, verhoogt de kwaliteit van de veehouderij. -Julicher, C.H.M., B.O.M. van Klink, G. de Peuter, D.L. Schumer, G.H.J.M. Versteijlen (1993). De Toekomst van de Diergezondheid. "Wie zal het een sorg zijn?!" Ministerie van Landbouw Natuurbeheer en Visserij, Den Haag- 7. Gezien het ontbreken van natuurlijk bos, het vrijwel ontbreken van vrij levend grootwild en de hoge veebezetting past Nederland bescheidenheid in de discussie over het kappen van tropisch regenwoud, de olifantenjacht en overbegrazing in de derde wereld. 8. Bijuitbrake nva nee nbelangrijk eVeewetziekt e worden doord esecto rveela lmee rd egenome nmaatregele n als debetreffend e ziekteal sproblee mervaren . 9. Omhe tbegri pgrondgebondenhei d ind e biologische veehouderijvor mt egeve n zullend eveehouderij ,he t daarvoor beschikbare voederareaal énhe t beschikbare areaal omd egeproduceerd emes t opa ft e zetten onderdeelui tmoete nmake nva néé ne nhetzelfd e systeem. 10. Hetdumpe nva ngoedkoo p Europeesvlee so pmarkte n in westAfrika ,waa rvoora lve evanui td eSahe lword t vermarkt, isnie t alleen eenbedreigin g voord e ontwikkeling vand ewelvaar tva nveehouder se nd e ontwikkeling vangerelateerd e activiteiten,maa rhoud t ookee nbedreigin g invoo rd epoginge nd e verwoestijning tebeperken . 11. Identificatie-e nregistratieregelinge n voordieren , primair opgezette nbehoev eva ndiergezondhei d en residutracering,diene n eenro lt espele ni n kwaliteitsbeheersings- engarantiesystemen ,med e omdat ditee npositie f effect zalhebbe n ophe tdraagvla k voor dezeregelingen . 12. Geenenkel eoverhei d isi nstaa td e 200jaa rvoorui t te ziendi e noodzakelijk zijno mtropisc hhardhou to p werkelijk duurzamewijz e teproducere n ent eoogsten . 13. Datee ngedeelt eva nd etheori ete naanzie nva n regulering vand evoedselopnam e vanKetelaar se n Tolkampmogelij k ooko pmense nva ntoepassin gka n zijn,val t onder anderea ft e leidenui the t feitda t babieshu n flesminde rve r leegdrinken,naarmat ed e speenminde rmakkelij kmel kdoorlaat .-Ketelaars , J.J.M.H., and B.J.Tolkam p (1991).Towar d aMa wTheor y of Peed Intake Regulation inRuminants .Ph.D .thesis , Landbouwuniversiteit Wageningen.- 14. Hetkusj e iswaarschijnlij k deenig e natuurlijke pijnbestrijdingswijzewaarva n zelfsdoo rd egrootst e bestrijdersva nkwakzalveri jd ecuratiev ewerkin g niet wordt betwijfeld. Stellingenbehorend ebi jhe tproefschrif t "Aspectso f productivity oftraditionall ymanage d Barotsecattl e inth e Western Province of Zambia",va nE dva nKlink ,2 novembe r 1994t eWageningen . Promotoren: Dr.D .Zwar t BuitengewoonHoogleraa rTropi&ch eVeehouderi j Dr.J.P.T.M .Noordhuize n HoogleraarGezondheids -e nZiektelee r CIPDAT AKONINKLIJK EBIBLIOTHEEK ,DE NHAA G Klink,E.G.M ,va n Aspectso fproductivit yo ftraditionall ymanage dBarots e cattlei nth eWester nProvinc eo fZambi a/ E.G.M .va n Klink.- [S.l. :s.n. ] ThesisWageningen .- Wit hRef .- Wit hsummar y inDutch . ISBN90-5485-324- 7 Subjectheadings :cattl e ;traditiona lmanagemen t ;Zambi a /cattl e ;productivit y ;Zambi a Contents CHAPTER 1. Generalintroduction . 1 1.1. Introduction. 3 1.2. Traditionallivestoc kkeepin gi nAfrica . 4 1.3. Livestockresearch . 7 1.4. Livestockdevelopmen tpolicies . 9 1.5. Cattlei nth eWester nProvinc eo fZambia . 15 1.6. Theai mo fth ethesis . 28 CHAPTER2 . Productivity study. 39 2.1. Herdmonitorin g intraditiona lcattl ehusbandr y ofWester nProvince ,Zambi aI :Organisationa l design,dat amanagement ,descriptiv easpects , andth eher dstructur eo ftria lherd si nfou r GrazingManagemen tSystems . 41 2.2. Herdmonitorin g intraditiona lcattl ehusbandr y ofWester nProvince ,Zambi aII :surviva lrate s ofcalves ,mortalit yan dslaughte rfigures ,an d salesfigures . 55 2.3. Herdmonitorin g intraditiona lcattl ehusbandr y ofWester nProvince ,Zambi aIII :reproductiv e performance,lactatio ninterval san dgrowth . 69 2.4. Herdmonitorin g intraditiona lcattl ehusbandr y ofWester nProvince ,Zambi aIV :ownershi po f animalsan dtransfer so fanimal sbetwee nherds . 87 CHAPTER3 . Internalparasit einfection san d productivity. 101 3.1. Introduction. 103 3.2. Epidemiologicbackgroun do fliverfluk e infectionsi nAfrica . 104 3.3. Epidemiologiebackgroun do fintestina lparasit e infectionsi nAfrica . 109 3.4. Researcho ninfluenc eo finfection so n productivity. 114 3.5. Discussion. 123 CHAPTER4 . Interventionstudy . 133 4.1. Theus eo fa her dmonitorin gprogramm efo rth e evaluationo fth einfluenc eo fantiparasiti c treatmentso nth eproductivit yo ftraditionall y managedcattl ei nth eWester nProvinc eo f ZambiaI :intervention swit hTriclabendazol e andRafoxanide . 135 4.2. Theus eo fa her dmonitorin gprogramm efo rth e evaluationo fth einfluenc eo fantiparasiti c treatmentso nth eproductivit yo ftraditionall y managedcattl ei nth eWester nProvinc eo f ZambiaII :intervention swit hAvermectin ean d Thiabendazolean da combinatio no fRafoxanid e andThiabendazole . 151 4.3. Reviewingth eresult so fth einterventio n trials;reflection so nth estatistica ldemand s oftria ldesign ,feasibilit yan deconomi c consequenceso ftreatment . 165 CHAPTER5 . Generaldiscussion . 183 5.1. Theai mo fth ethesis . 185 5.2. Herdmanagemen t inrelatio nt oproductivity . 185 5.3. Environmental factorsi nrelatio nt o productivity. 190 5.4. Parasitesi nrelatio nt oproductivity . 193 5.5. Economican dsocio-economi caspect so fcattl e keeping inrelatio nt oproductivity . 195 5.6. Theusefulnes so flongitudina lher dmonitoring . 202 n 5.7. Conclusionsi nrelatio nt oproductivit yan d livestockdevelopmen tan dperspectives . 202 Summary. 213 Samenvatting. 219 Acknowledgements/dankwoord. 225 CurriculumVitae . 227 in CHAPTER 1. Introduction. 1.1. Introduction. Inman yarea si nsub-Sahara nAfric ath ehuma npopulatio n growsconsiderabl y fastertha nth eagricultura lproduction . Thisresulte d ina ne tdecreas ei npe rcapit afoo dproductio n (Brumby,1986a ,Simpson ,1984) .Pritchar d (1988)reporte dtha t thedecreas ei sa shig ha son epercen tannually .A sa resul to f this,th eregio nbecome smor ean dmor edependen to nfoo d imports (Congresso fth eUS ,1984 ,ILCA ,1983 ,Worl dBank ,198 1 and 1984). Improvemento ffoo dsecurit yi stherefor ea primar y aimo fdevelopmen tactivitie s (Eicher,1982) .Eiche rals o stated,tha timprovemen to ffoo dsecurit yshoul dfocu so n agriculturalproductio na sa whole ,an dno to nth edevelopmen t ofcro phusbandr yalone . Theconsumptio no fprotei ni sconsiderabl y loweri n developingcountrie stha ni ndevelope dcountries .I ndevelope d countries3 4% o fth econsume denergy ,an d5 6% o fth eprotei n originatesfro mlivestock ;i ndevelopin gcountrie sthes e figuresar e8 an d2 1% respectivel y (Reidan dWhite ,1980) . Jasiorowski (1975)indicated ,tha tth econsumptio no fanima l proteinstand sa t7 5gram spe rda ype rperso ni ndevelope d countries,wherea si ndevelopin gcountrie sthi si s5 grams . McDowell (1972)argued ,that ,i fattempt sar ebein gmad et o improveth eprotei nconten to fth efood ,i nman y instances peoplear eunlikel yt oaccep tne wtype so ffood .Ofte nthe yar e alreadyuse dto ,o rar ealread yusin glivestoc kan dlivestoc k products.Th eproductio no fanima lprotei ni sfa rbelo wlevel s anywhereels ei nth eworl d (Dwinger,1988) .Antene h (1984) showed,tha tth egrowt hi nmea tproductio ni sslowe rtha nth e growtho fth ehuma npopulation .Whil eth ehuma npopulatio n increasedb y2. 8% annually ,th emea tproductio
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