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El León Y El Cazador. História De África Subsahariana Titulo Gentili, Anna Maria

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El León Y El Cazador. História De África Subsahariana Titulo Gentili, Anna Maria El león y el cazador. História de África Subsahariana Titulo Gentili, Anna Maria - Autor/a Autor(es) Buenos Aires Lugar CLACSO Editorial/Editor 2012 Fecha Colección Sur-Sur Colección Independencia; Descolonización; Colonialismo; Estado; Historia; Etnicidad; Mercado; Temas África; Libro Tipo de documento http://bibliotecavirtual.clacso.org.ar/clacso/sur-sur/20120425121712/ElLeonyElCazado URL r.pdf Reconocimiento-No comercial-Sin obras derivadas 2.0 Genérica Licencia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/deed.es Segui buscando en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales (CLACSO) Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais (CLACSO) Latin American Council of Social Sciences (CLACSO) www.clacso.edu.ar EL LEÓN Y EL CAZADOR A Giorgio Mizzau Gentili, Anna Maria El león y el cazador : historia del África Subsahariana . - 1a ed. - Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires : CLACSO, 2012. 576 p. ; 23x16 cm. - (Programa Sur-Sur) ISBN 978-987-1543-92-2 1. Historia de África. I. Título CDD 967 Otros descriptores asignados por la Biblioteca Virtual de CLACSO: Historia / Estado / Colonialismo / Descolonización / Independencia / Etnicidad / Mercado / Democracia / Tradición / África subsahariana Colección Sur-Sur EL LEÓN Y EL CAZADOR HISTORIA DEL ÁFRICA SUBSAHARIANA Anna Maria Gentili Editor Responsable Emir Sader - Secretario Ejecutivo de CLACSO Coordinador Académico Pablo Gentili - Secretario Ejecutivo Adjunto de CLACSO Área de Relaciones Internacionales Coordinadora Carolina Mera Asistentes del Programa María Victoria Mutti y María Dolores Acuña Área de Producción Editorial y Contenidos Web de CLACSO Responsable Editorial Lucas Sablich Director de Arte Marcelo Giardino Producción Fluxus Estudio Impresión Gráfica Laf SRL Primera edición El león y el cazador. Historia del África subsahariana (Buenos Aires: CLACSO, abril de 2012) Título original: Il leone e il cacciatore. Storia dell’Africa sub-sahariana Segunda edición, noviembre 2008. Carocci editore S.p.A., Roma. Traducción Carlos Catroppi ISBN 978-987-1543-92-2 © Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales Queda hecho el depósito que establece la Ley 11723. CLACSO Consejo Latinoamericano de Ciencias Sociales - Conselho Latino-americano de Ciências Sociais Estados Unidos 1168 | C1101AAX Ciudad de Buenos Aires | Argentina Tel [54 11] 4304 9145 | Fax [54 11] 4305 0875 | <[email protected]> | <www.clacso.org> Patrocinado por la Agencia Sueca de Desarrollo Internacional No se permite la reproducción total o parcial de este libro, ni su almacenamiento en un sistema informático, ni su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio electrónico, mecánico, fotocopia u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo del editor. Este libro está disponible en texto completo en la Red de Bibliotecas Virtuales de CLACSO <www.biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar> La responsabilidad por las opiniones expresadas en los libros, artículos, estudios y otras colaboraciones incumbe exclusivamente a los autores firmantes, y su publicación no necesariamente refleja los puntos de vista de la Secretaría Ejecutiva de CLACSO. AGRADECIMIENTOS Dedico este libro a Giorgio Mizzau, con quien lo habíamos planeado, y a Bernardo Bernardi. Con ambos compartíamos el amor por África, y de ambos siento la irreparable pérdida: en el caso de Giorgio, como amigo y compañero de estudios; en el de Bernardo como maestro generoso, siempre dispuesto a escuchar y a aconsejar. En estos años, los mayores estímulos me han venido de los muchos estudiantes italianos y de los muchos africanos, sobre todo mozambiqueños, que han podido leer el presente texto en la traducción portuguesa realizada por el Archivo Histórico de Mozambique. Agradezco en forma colectiva a todos aque- llos amigos, estudiantes y colegas de quienes he recibido apoyo para la redacción original, y estímulo por medio de críticas e ideas; dedico mi especial gratitud a Roberta Pellizzoli, quien releyó y organizó el texto con tanta maestría como paciencia. 9 ÍNDICE Prólogo a la segunda edición | 17 Introducción | 21 - El león y el cazador | 21 - Etnia, tribu, nación | 23 - La tradición | 33 - Autoridad y poder en las sociedades del África precolonial | 35 - Los sistemas económicos precoloniales | 41 - Problemas de historia y política | 52 Primera parte I - El siglo XIX: la época de las grandes transformaciones | 59 - De la trata atlántica al comercio lícito | 69 - Decadencia y formación de Estados | 89 - El Islam al poder en África occidental | 100 - Expansión, emigración, colonización de nuevas tierras: Azande y Fang | 114 - Egipto entre ambiciones expansionistas y crisis | 117 - La reconstrucción y expansión del Imperio etíope | 123 - Grandes transformaciones en el África austral | 134 - El África inviolada de los Grandes Lagos | 159 II - El reparto colonial | 167 - Papel del comercio en el reparto de África occidental | 176 - La expansión militar francesa | 181 - Las iniciativas alemanas | 183 - La cuestión del Congo y el Congreso de Berlín | 184 - El África oriental entre la conquista militar y la resistencia | 187 - La formación de Uganda | 190 - La resistencia en Kenia | 192 - Sometimiento del reino Matabele | 194 - Incorporación del reino de Lozi (Barotselandia), y formación de Rodesia del Norte (Zambia) y Niasalandia (Malaui) | 198 - Extensión de la frontera colonial en Sudáfrica | 202 - El África del Sudoeste (Namibia) y la colonización alemana | 219 Segunda parte I - El Estado colonial | 227 - Plano de la ocupación colonial | 227 - Ideología y práctica de las administraciones coloniales: assimilation, association, indirect rule | 237 - Las dependencias británicas: indirect rule, native administration | 261 - Native administration y control de la tierra. El caso de la Costa de Oro | 281 - Estados coloniales artificiales | 351 - La descolonización | 376 - Del Estado artificial al Estado asimétrico | 383 II - El África independiente | 387 - África independiente cumple cincuenta años | 387 - Territorio, Estado, nación | 391 - El peso de las herencias | 398 - ¿África empezó mal? | 400 - Estado, constitucionalismo y partido único | 405 - Socialismos africanos y marxistas | 411 - Descentralización y ciudadanía: el papel de las autoridades tradicionales | 413 - De los militares en política a la democratización con numerosos partidos | 418 - Las independencias revolucionarias | 464 - Del Estado al mercado | 495 - Estado y gobernanza | 502 - La paradoja de la democracia | 506 Bibliografía | 509 ADVERTENCIA DE LA AUTORA En líneas generales, los nombres de poblaciones, personajes históricos o entidades políticas de África aparecen en el original italiano de acuer- do con las versiones o transcripciones en uso en las principales publi- caciones científicas internacionales, las cuales se basan en la fonética del inglés. Han sido eliminados los signos diacríticos. NOTA SOBRE LA TRADUCCIÓN DE NOMBRES PROPIOS La amplia difusión en África de sistemas de escritura que utilizan caracteres diferentes de los latinos tiene como consecuencia que las grafías de los nombres fluctúen según el idioma al que se efectúa la transcripción fonética. En español no es posible adoptar a ojos cerra- dos las formas corrientes en inglés, porque el proceso de adecuación gráfica a la fonética de nuestra lengua se encuentra ya muy adelanta- do. Para la presente traducción hemos aplicado un doble criterio. Por un lado, utilizamos las formas consagradas por figurar en el DRAE (Diccionario de la Real Academia Española, 22ª edición) y sus apén- dices (en especial el apéndice 5, “Lista de países y capitales, y sus gentilicios”), y en diversos vocabularios multilingües preparados por organismos internacionales y de la Unión Europea. Por otro lado, para la transcripción de nombres geográficos o personales que no figuren expresamente en esas u otras fuentes consultadas pero cuya trans- cripción fonética es relativamente segura, nos hemos basado en cri- terios de transcripción generales y conocidos, ante todo las “Normas de transcripción del árabe al español”, del Manual de español urgente de la Agencia EFE (18ª ed., Cathedra, Madrid). A fin de evitar que la elección de una forma específica en español se erigiera en obstáculo para recibir toda la información contenida en el original italiano –en vista, sobre todo, de que el lector puede necesitar profundizar en la bibliografía internacional los temas que desarrolla este libro– hemos recurrido con frecuencia a la doble o triple denominación (por ejem- plo, en la página 50, nota al pie sobre el término “suajili”). Para esos casos debe considerarse que la denominación inicial es la más plausi- ble en castellano, y las que figuran a continuación, por lo general entre paréntesis, son variantes que han dejado de usarse, o que están influi- das por formas fonéticas de algunos de los otros idiomas coloniales: inglés, francés, holandés, alemán, portugués, italiano [T.]. 15 PRÓLOGO A LA SEGUNDA EDICIÓN Al iniciarse el proceso de independización de los países africanos, en los años sesenta del siglo XX, la investigación histórica sobre África comienza a afrontar la tarea de reconstruir el “pasado del presente” de los nuevos Estados-nación. Es ese vuelco de época política el que ha dado impulso a nuevas orientaciones de investigación, en las que el África, que había sido objeto de interés sobre todo como ámbito en el que se proyectaba la actuación de administraciones e intereses co- loniales extranjeros, pasa a ser sujeto de su propia historia. Comienza un período de gran innovación y creatividad metodológica,
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