The Scottish State and the Criminalisation of Football Fans

of clubs which are identiﬁed as The Scottish state and representing a tradition, and a connection with fans and players from the past which is resistant to the criminalisation of the drives of commercialism and globalisation (Lavalette, 2013). COMMENT football fans Arguably the best known ultras group in Britain today are the Green Brigade (GB) at Celtic. The AND Michael Lavalette and Gerry Mooney problematic relationship they have consider football fandom and the ‘ultras’ with Celtic Football Club is reﬂective of the broader contradictions of

SUES phenomenon fandom. The Club have acquiesced

IS in the creation of a distinct Green Brigade area in the stadium that has

AL Football crowds have been viewed contradictory. In many respects effectively been handed over to the as a problematic presence from the ultras represent a challenge to GB, and they regulate the fans and the start of the modern game. those who run football clubs. They activities within that section to a ‘Uncontrolled’ working class fans contest the meaning and ‘ownership’ degree. The Club beneﬁts from new TOPIC have a contradictory position of the clubs, often summed up in songs and the colourful displays the within football. They help create the slogan ‘FC not PLC’. Owners section initiates, but are also the atmosphere at matches, pay to are viewed, at best, as custodians regularly at loggerheads with the enter the grounds and are a source of commercial exploitation but also potentially threaten to disrupt matches or clash with rivals both in and around grounds. For the state,

and for the clubs, fans represent a Brigade problem of ‘law and order’. How

can and should fans be moved Green e

about? How can the (particularly) Th

young fans be controlled? of

At different points in time various courtesy groups have been viewed as particularly problematic: hooligans, Photo casuals and today, increasingly, ‘ultras’. There is some confusion amongst many people when they hear the term ‘football ultras’. Many assume it is a synonym for ‘hooligan’ – but whilst some ultras do engage in violence most ultras are not looking for trouble or violent clashes with fans from other teams. Another common misconception is that ultras is a short–hand to refer to football fans with connections to the far- right. But there is nothing inevitable about ultras groups being right-wing and there are explicitly left-wing ultras groups in clubs across Europe – notably the Commando Ultras 84 (at Olympic de Marseille), Brigate Autonome Livorno 99 (Livorno) and Original 21 (AEK Athens).

‘Ultras’ and the contradictions of fandom The relationship between football clubs and the ultras is often A Green Brigade protest against the Scottish Government at Celtic Park

rCJM No 93.indd 22 13/08/2013 10:46:31 group. Throughout the 2011/2012 season there were announcements and leaﬂets from the club threatening fans who stood up and made ‘lateral movements’ during games. This was a reference to the movements of the COMMENT GB as they sang. Football stadia regulations were quoted to back the Club’s case and the local authorities AND issued a threat that they may ‘close the ground’ because of the fans’ behaviour. Yet every time an

announcement about the ‘lateral SUES

movements’ was made it was met IS with resounding ‘boos’ from the

crowd as a whole. AL Over the course of the 2012/2013 season the GB were vociferous in their complaints about their treatment from the Club and, more TOPIC importantly, by Strathclyde police. Several members of the group were arrested at home. Others were Celtic supporters gather in Glasgow’s George Square in April 2013 to protest against the picked up en route to matches. criminalisation of football fans Photo courtesy of The Green Brigade Banners were removed. Members were served with match bans (often without prior knowledge) or travelling bans. In the ground, police under such pressure from the state anti-racist, anti-sectarian, anti- officers with cameras swarmed all we need to look at their history and fascist and left-wing and proud of over the section. The GB’s case is activities. the fact. that this level of police surveillance (celtictalk.org, 2010) and harassment would not be Celtic’s Ultras: the green possible without the cooperation of brigade Since their inception, the GB have the Club. On the weekend of 16 Formed over the summer of 2006, tried to bring colour and song to February 2013, as many of them the GB was a reaction to the home and away games through entered the ground, they were met direction the corporate owners were their chants, banners and in their with officers with lists of names of taking the club. Like most big clubs displays which also define the those they wanted to ‘monitor’. In in Britain, Celtic bought into the group’s stance on a particular issue. response the ultras refused to take attempt to rebrand top class football. Perhaps the most ‘notorious’ of their their seats. In effect this was the third All seater stadia; a more ‘family banner displays came in November boycott against harassment the group orientated’ atmosphere; an emphasis 2010. On the nearest Saturday to had participated on ‘corporate Remembrance Sunday teams in the in during the The GB was a reaction hospitality’: all Scottish Premier League were to 2012/2013 with the intention wear a red poppy on their shirts. season. to the direction the of altering the Complaining about the role of British This ‘match day troops in the murder of civilians from harassment corporate owners were experience’. The Ireland to Iraq the GB section of the reached a new taking the club result at most top ground was covered with a banner level on Saturday clubs was to kill proclaiming: ‘Your deeds would 16 March 2013, the atmosphere. shame all the devils in Hell. Ireland, when about 200 supporters of the Singing was often reduced to an Iraq, Afghanistan. No Blood Stained group were ‘kettled’ in Glasgow’s occasional tune at matches with Poppies on Our Hoops’ (‘Hoops’ Gallowgate area. The policing was close rivals. While keen to improve being a popular name for Celtic’s considered so extreme (horses, dogs the atmosphere at Celtic Park, the GB shirt). Such banner protests are only and a helicopter were all deployed) was also clear from the beginning one part of the group’s campaigning it led to a number of well publicised that they were a political grouping. work. The GB is involved with the critical comments from lawyers, The originators were clear about Alerta Network of anti-fascist fans politicians and sections of the media, their aims: groups. As part of their anti-racist with some claiming it was work they hold an annual ‘anti- tantamount to ‘police state’ (Spiers, What makes the Green Brigade discrimination’ football tournament 2013). To understand why the GB is different is our politics. We are which involves teams made up of

cjm no. 93 September 2013 23

rCJM No 93.indd 23 13/08/2013 10:46:31 against Hearts. several demonstrations against the Subsequently a range of Act, including on Saturday 6 April people with connections to 2013, when around 3,000 to 4,000 Celtic including Lennon, mainly Celtic football fans Celtic players Paddy demonstrated in Central Glasgow. McCourt and Niall McGinn COMMENT (all three of Catholic origin The Scottish state and policing from the North of Ireland), the working class were sent bullets though the The GB has been targeted by the AND post. police because they represent a The problem seemed politically orientated approach obvious to some, to football fandom. The policing

SUES sectarianism and anti-Irish of working class football fans in

IS racism. But the Scottish Scotland before the new legislation Government (2012), was generally unacceptable – but

AL decided to act against the new legislation has made matters ‘offensive behaviour’ at worse. There is a wider political football grounds (and on the context here. The SNP Government web). The Offensive are advancing a model of a ‘new’, TOPIC Behaviour at Football and ‘modern’ Scotland in which aspects Threatening of working class culture are seen as Courtesy of Fans Against Criminalisation Communications (Scotland) highly problematic. The legislation Act, 2012 came into force we have highlighted here together on 1 March 2012. with other legislation around the local asylum seekers. The slogan of ‘Offensive behaviour was ill-defined. minimum pricing of alcohol reflects the event reflects Celtic’s own roots It is identified as ‘sectarian singing’ a more general concern to reshape in the Irish migrant community: and offensive acts and language Scottish society. In this the Scottish ‘Made by Immigrants, Refugees (McConville, 2013). The Act attempts state has been deployed with force to Welcome’. to criminalise ‘offensive’ chanting implement this. That we refer here to However, what has undoubtedly and behaviour’ at matches but for a Scottish state is a direct challenge provoked the ire of the Scottish supporters of the GB their chanting is to claims that Scotland is, this side of police and the Scottish Government primarily political. How is that to be independence, a ‘stateless nation’. is the GB’s self-defined socialist- judged? In the policing of football fans in republicanism. Despite Scottish The legislation was widely seen a Scotland today, the power of the media reports to the contrary, the GB panic reaction from the Scottish Scottish state betrays such claims. n rarely sing pro-IRA songs. However, Government and has led to the in their repertoire police targeting Michael Lavalette is Professor of Social are a number of fan groups at Work, Liverpool Hope University. Gerry songs What has undoubtedly many clubs, Mooney is Senior Lecturer in Social Policy and Criminology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The commemorating including at Open University in Scotland the Irish Hunger provoked the ire of the Rangers. There is Strikers and Scottish police and the no doubt that it is For more information visit: civilian victims of Celtic’s GB who fansagainstcriminalisation.blogspot. the British Scottish Government the police have co.uk and alerta-network.org. presence in is the GB’s self-defined focussed on. They Ireland. It is these have targeted References songs that have socialist-republicanism their ‘offensive Lavalette, M. (2013), Capitalism and been used as an banners’, singing Sport: People, Politics, Protest and Play, excuse to target songs that are London: Bookmarks. the group under the ‘Offensive ‘sectarian’ (loosely defined to McConville, P. (2012), ‘Be Careful at the Behaviour at Football’ legislation. capture any songs broadly supportive Football – the New Offensive Behaviour This Bill was developed by the of republican issues) or behaviour etc Act is in Force’, www. SNP-led Scottish Government at the that is likely to cause offense – which scotslawthoughts.wordpress.com end of season 2010-2011. That seems to mean any involvement in Scottish Government (2012), The season saw a match between Celtic the GB. While there have been many Offensive Behaviour at Football and and Rangers which concluded with a arrests, so far the police have failed Threatening Communications (Scotland) confrontation between the managers to get a significant conviction. Act 2012, Edinburgh: Scottish of both clubs. In the weeks following In response several Celtic Government. this Celtic manager Neil Lennon was supporters groups have come Speirs, G. (2013), ‘How the SNP have physically assaulted whilst on the together to form Fans Against made Policing Fans a Minefield’, The touch-line at a match in Edinburgh Criminalisation which has organised Herald, March 19.

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