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Tesis438.Pdf (1.218Mb) CULTURA POLÍTICA Y GRUPOS DE PRESIÓN: HINCHADAS ORGANIZADAS EN EL FÚTBOL EUROPEO. PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ 2011 CULTURA POLÍTICA Y GRUPOS DE PRESIÓN: HINCHADAS ORGANIZADAS EN EL FÚTBOL EUROPEO. GABRIEL EDUARDO MARTINEZ CORREA Trabajo de grado para optar al titulo de politólogo Director FERNANDO ROJAS PARRA Politólogo Magíster en Gestión Urbana PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD JAVERIANA FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS POLÍTICAS Y RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES CARRERA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA BOGOTÁ 2011 A mi papá, mamá y hermano gracias por su paciencia, apoyo y sabias palabras. Sin ustedes esto no hubiera sido posible. Gracias por haber creído en este trabajo. A Fernando, por su incansable ayuda e impecable dirección. Gracias por acompañarme en este reto. A los profesores durante mi carrera y a quienes me ayudaron de una u otra forma en este proyecto, muchísimas gracias, aquí está el resultado. Y a todas las personas que ayudaron para que este trabajo fuera posible, estaré agradecido siempre. Gracias. CONTENIDO Introducción …………………..……………………………………………………………1 Metodología ………………………………...………………………………………………5 1. MARCO TEÓRICO ………………………………………………..……………………7 1.1 Cultura Política ………………..……………………………………..……………..7 1.1.1 Capital Social, Participación Política y su diferencia con Cultura Política ……………………………………………………………………………..…….8 a) Capital Social ………………………………… …………………………....8 b) Participación Política ……………………………………………....………9 1.1.2 Dimensiones de la cultura política …………………………………………....10 1.1.3 Tipos de Cultura Política …………………………………………………….....10 1.2 Grupos de Presión ……………………………………………………………..…10 1.3 El futbol moderno y las hinchadas organizadas ……………………………….11 1.3.1 Historia del futbol y las hinchadas ………………………………………...…..12 1.3.2 Tipos de Hinchadas organizadas …………………………………………..…15 Hooligans ……………………………………………………………………...…15 Tifosis ………………………………………………………………………….....17 Ultras …………………………………………………………………………......18 La Barra Brava ……………………………………………………………..…...19 1.3.3 Manifestaciones de las Hinchadas organizadas ………………………...…..19 2. CARACTERIZACIÓN Y DESCRIPCIÓN HERRAMIENTAS …………..………..…...22 2.1 Hinchadas y su historia ……………….……………………………………...…22 a) UltrasSur ………………….………..……………………………………….....22 b) Bukaneros ……………..……………………………………………………....24 c) Irriducibili …………………………….………………………………...………25 d) Brigate Autonome Livornesi …………...……………………………………..26 e) Green Brigade ……...................................................................................27 f) The Blue Order ……………..……………………………………………….....29 2.2 Países y cultura política …………………………………………………….…...…...30 España …………………………………………………………………….…...………30 Italia ………………………………………………………………………….………....31 Escocia …………………………………………………………………………..…..…32 2.3 Manifestaciones políticas de las Hinchadas …………………………….……...….33 2.4 Matriz de cultura política …………………………………………………………......35 3. ANÁLISIS Y CONTRASTACIÓN ………………………………………………………...….41 a) UltrasSur ………………………………………..……………………………..………...41 b) Bukaneros ……………………………………..…………….…….…………….….…..42 c) Irriducibili……………………………………………………...………………….………42 d) Brigate Autonome Livornesi …………….……………………..…………….………..43 e) Green Brigade …………………………………………………………..………………44 f) The Blue Order …………………………………………………………………..………44 4. CONCLUSIONES ………………………………………………………………….……….…46 5. BIBLIOGRAFÍA ………………………………………...………………...………………...…50 6. ANEXOS ………………………………………………………………………………….........53 LISTADO DE TABLAS Tabla No. 1: Manifestaciones políticas de las hinchadas …………………………….34 Tabla no. 2: Matriz de cultura política de las hinchadas organizadas del fútbol europeo ……………………………………………………………………….39 1 INTRODUCCIÓN. Hoy en día la cultura política como herramienta de análisis juega un papel crucial en la medición y comparación de las manifestaciones de la democracia. A través de ésta, se pueden percibir y evaluar diferentes aspectos de la cultura y tradición de un país, o de sus ciudadanos, así como las reacciones de los mismos hacia su entorno y el sistema político. Pero para poder conocer de la cultura política de un país, sociedad, comunidad o grupo, se deben privilegiar ciertas organizaciones y categorías que den muestra de su cultura, política e historia; uno de estos son los grupos de presión, donde cada uno presenta diferentes posiciones de carácter político e ideológico y las diferentes posiciones frente al sistema político y relación con el Estado. En el marco del debilitamiento de las formas tradicionales de representación y ya que “tampoco hoy en día se hallan los partidos en los principales escenarios de la movilización social, habiendo perdido, desde hace tiempo, su capacidad movilizadora en beneficio de los llamados nuevos movimientos sociales o de formas de comunicación social individualizantes” (ALCÁNTARA, 1997, Pág. 49), la política deja de hacerse dentro de los canales y formas tradicionales de comunicación, para sumergirse en todas las capas de la sociedad, gracias a movimientos sociales que cumplen la función de puente; razón por la cual toma gran importancia desde la Ciencia Política como disciplina, analizar nuevos espacios de la socialización política1, en éste caso nacidos de las gradas del fútbol y el papel que juegan sus hinchadas como grupos de presión y agentes de socialización política, generadores de cultura política desde los ámbitos micropolíticos, en el entorno en que se desempeñan, la historia de estos clubes como de sus hinchadas y por su alto contenido político existente en las tribunas. La importancia del entendimiento y estudio del fútbol, como juego o deporte y en este caso especialmente como industria cultural, la cual genera diferentes dinámicas a niveles de cultura política, movilización y participación política de sus hinchas, toma un importante papel en la coyuntura mundial y en los nuevos estudios de la Ciencia Política. Estas dinámicas y los niveles en las que operan, responden a la moderna 1 “Como los individuos desde sus actitudes políticas y de esta manera, colectivamente, como individuos forman su cultura política” (Traducción no autorizada). (ALMOND & POWELL, Bingham, 2006.) 2 forma de ver el fútbol como una organización empresarial y muchas veces política, dentro de la cual y gracias al espacio de socialización que brindan las gradas, se generan estas manifestaciones de cultura, movilización y participación, que llaman la atención al no responder a canales tradicionales de la política y crecen desde lo pasional como el fútbol, lo que lo hace interesante a la Ciencia Política para comprender como estas gradas y nuevos espacios de socialización se prestan para la generación de cultura política y la participación de los ciudadanos que asisten a ellas. De otro lado, a lo largo de la historia del fútbol se ha visto como éste se ha relacionado con las masas en diferentes instancias y países, ya sea como juego (actividad recreativa y proporcionadora de entretenimiento), deporte (por su carácter de competencia o carácter profesional) industria cultural (aglutinador de individuos y creador de emociones y pasiones), o como las tres a la vez. Esta industria cultural se resaltará aquí, puesto que se expresa en tres categorías: el espectáculo, la estrategia y el negocio. El fútbol como deporte rey y por su calidad de aglutinador de masas, espacio de participación y socialización se ha utilizado con fines políticos numerosas veces, haciendo uso de su amplia cobertura en los medios, así como el lugar de congruencia de las diferentes clases sociales y el deporte con mayor seguimiento en el mundo. Entre los muchos usos políticos que ha tenido el fútbol y con diferentes fines, podemos resaltar: la Copa Mundial de Italia 1934, en la que bajo la dictadura de Benito Mussolini se organizó el certamen máximo del fútbol y con la intención de dar la mejor presentación de una idea integral del fascismo, es decir, presentando la excelencia del régimen en todos los niveles, como dijo Giorgio Vaccaro2, “una demostración de la idea fascista del deporte”. La selección nacional se consagro campeona junto con el masivo acompañamiento del pueblo italiano, que inspirado por la propaganda asistió para apoyar su selección; otro ejemplo plausible fue la Copa Mundial de Argentina 1978, que se utilizó como cortina de humo3 para ocultar los grandes abusos ejercidos por la Junta 2 Presidente de la Federación Italiana de Gioco Calcio (1933-1942) y del Comité Olímpico Italiano (1939- 1949). 3 Cortina de humo: Conjunto de hechos o circunstancias con los que se pretende ocultar las verdaderas intenciones o desviar la atención de los demás. Disponible en: http://es.thefreedictionary.com/cortina+de+humo. Recuperado: 18-11-2010 3 Militar durante el Proceso de Reorganización Nacional4, donde haciendo uso del fútbol como distractor de la sociedad argentina y de la comunidad internacional en el evento, se dejo de prestar atención a lo que ocurría internamente y la crisis del país; ó como la expresión de una demanda en el caso de las “Seleccions Catalanes” y su slogan “Una Nació una Selecció”5, quienes a través de la consolidación de una selección, quieren reafirmar sus intenciones de reivindicación en la búsqueda de independencia frente al Estado español como Comunidad Autónoma de Catalunya y así, de la conformación de los “Països Catalans”6 como un Estado (Ver ANEXO 1), estos entre otros casos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo general analizar las prácticas de cultura política de los grupos de presión, a partir de las dinámicas de los grupos de hinchas organizados. Para esto como objetivos específicos se definieron:
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