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AFFAIRE UKRAINE C. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) (Requêtes Nos 20958/14 Et 38334/18)

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AFFAIRE UKRAINE C. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) (Requêtes Nos 20958/14 Et 38334/18) GRANDE CHAMBRE AFFAIRE UKRAINE c. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) (Requêtes nos 20958/14 et 38334/18) DÉCISION STRASBOURG 14 janvier 2021 DÉCISION UKRAINE c. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) TABLE DE MATIÈRES LISTE D’ABRÉVIATIONS .........................................................................9 PROCÉDURE..............................................................................................10 EN FAIT.......................................................................................................13 I. LE GOUVERNEMENT REQUÉRANT ..........................................14 A. Les éléments de preuve soumis par le gouvernement requérant...........14 1. Témoignages...................................................................................14 2. Documents officiels émanant des autorités nationales ukrainiennes.16 3. Divers autres documents.................................................................18 4. Images de vidéosurveillance et autres éléments vidéo ...................21 B. Les faits de la cause tels qu’exposés par le gouvernement requérant ...22 1. Les éléments démontrant l’exercice d’un contrôle effectif ............22 a) Contexte...................................................................................22 b) La prise de contrôle de la Crimée (26 et 27 février 2014).......24 c) Les lendemains immédiats de l’« invasion »...........................27 d) La consolidation du contrôle exercé sur la Crimée (du 1er au 16 mars 2014) ...............................................................................29 e) « L’annexion de la Crimée et le référendum » ........................30 f) Chronologie relative au mouvement de troupes et au déploiement d’équipement militaire en Crimée ......................31 2. Violations alléguées de la Convention ...........................................37 a) La première phase (17 février–21 mars 2014).........................37 b) La deuxième phase (après le 21 mars 2014)............................42 II. LE GOUVERNEMENT DÉFENDEUR...........................................49 A. Les éléments de preuve soumis par le gouvernement défendeur ..........49 1. Documents officiels émanant des autorités nationales russes ........50 2. Documents officiels émanant des autorités nationales ukrainiennes51 3. Documents internationaux..............................................................51 4. Documents criméens ......................................................................51 5. Divers articles et vidéos diffusés dans les médias..........................52 B. Les faits de la cause tels qu’exposés par le gouvernement défendeur ..53 1. Contexte..........................................................................................54 2. Le déroulement des faits ayant abouti au « référendum », le « référendum » et les suites de celui-ci ..........................................57 3. Les faits allégués par le gouvernement ukrainien ..........................61 2 DÉCISION UKRAINE c. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) LE CADRE JURIDIQUE PERTINENT...................................................64 I. LE DROIT INTERNE ......................................................................64 A. La Constitution ukrainienne ..................................................................64 B. La résolution no 48-SF relative à l’utilisation des forces armées de la Fédération de Russie sur le territoire de l’Ukraine, adoptée le 1er mars 2014 par le Conseil de la Fédération de l’Assemblée fédérale de la Fédération de Russie .............................................................................67 C. La loi fédérale no 38-FZ de la Fédération de Russie portant dénonciation des accords sur la présence de la flotte de la mer Noire de la Fédération de Russie sur le territoire de l’Ukraine..................................................68 II. ACCORDS BILATÉRAUX PERTINENTS CONCLUS ENTRE L’UKRAINE ET LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE .........................68 A. Traité d’amitié, de coopération et de partenariat entre l’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie, signé le 31 mai 1997 ..........................................68 B. Accords bilatéraux conclus entre l’Ukraine et la Fédération de Russie en 1997 et en 2010 relativement à la présence de la flotte de la mer Noire de la Fédération de Russie sur le territoire de l’Ukraine.......................69 1. L’Accord entre la Fédération de Russie et l’Ukraine sur le régime et les conditions de la présence de la flotte de la mer Noire de la Fédération de Russie sur le territoire de l’Ukraine.........................69 2. L’Accord entre la Fédération de Russie et l’Ukraine sur les paramètres du partage de la flotte de la mer Noire.........................71 3. L’Accord entre la Fédération de Russie et l’Ukraine sur la présence de la flotte de la mer Noire de la Fédération de Russie sur le territoire de l’Ukraine....................................................................................72 III. LE « TRAITÉ ENTRE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE ET LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE CRIMÉE RELATIF À L’INTÉGRATION DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE CRIMÉE À LA FÉDÉRATION DE LA RUSSIE, ET À LA CRÉATION DE DEUX NOUVEAUX SUJETS DE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE, SIGNÉ LE 18 MARS 2014 ET RATIFIÉ PAR LA DOUMA RUSSE LE 21 MARS 2014 » (« LE TRAITÉ D’INTÉGRATION »)........................................................72 IV. TEXTES MULTILATÉRAUX ET JURISPRUDENCE ET PRATIQUE INTERNATIONALES PERTINENTES .....................73 A. Mémorandum d’assurances de sécurité dans le cadre de l’adhésion de l’Ukraine au Traité sur la non-prolifération des armes nucléaires (Budapest, 5 décembre 1994)................................................................73 B. Résolutions de l’Assemblée générale de l’ONU...................................74 1. La Résolution no 68/262 du 27 mars 2014 sur l’intégrité territoriale de l’Ukraine (A/RES/68/262).........................................................74 2. La Résolution no 71/205 du 19 décembre 2016 sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans la République autonome de Crimée et la ville de Sébastopol (Ukraine) (A/RES/71/205) ......................................74 C. Instruments du Conseil de l’Europe ......................................................75 1. Résolutions de l’Assemblée parlementaire du Conseil de l’Europe 75 3 DÉCISION UKRAINE c. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) a) La Résolution 1988(2014) intitulée « Développements récents en Ukraine : menaces pour le fonctionnement des institutions démocratiques », adoptée le 9 avril 2014 ................................75 b) La Résolution 2133 (2016) sur les recours juridiques contre les violations des droits de l’homme commises dans les territoires ukrainiens se trouvant hors du contrôle des autorités ukrainiennes, adoptée le 12 octobre 2016................................76 2. Le Comité des Ministres du Conseil de l’Europe...........................76 La décision du 2 avril 2014 sur la situation en Ukraine (CM/Del/Dec(2014)1196/1.8) .................................................76 D. Le Conseil de l’Union européenne........................................................77 La Décision du 17 mars 2014 concernant des mesures restrictives eu égard aux actions compromettant ou menaçant l’intégrité territoriale, la souveraineté et l’indépendance de l’Ukraine, (2014/145/CFSP).77 E. Jurisprudence de la Cour internationale de justice................................77 1. Sur les implications/la motivation politiques .................................77 a) Affaire des activités militaires et paramilitaires au Nicaragua et contre celui-ci (Nicaragua c. États-Unis d’Amérique, compétence et recevabilité (arrêt, CIJ Recueil 1984, p. 392)..77 b) Avis consultatif sur la Licéité de la menace ou de l'emploi d'armes nucléaires (CIJ Recueil 1996, p. 234) ........................78 2. Sur la valeur probante de certains types d’éléments ......................78 3. Application de la convention internationale pour la répression du financement du terrorisme et de la convention internationale sur l’élimination de toutes les formes de discrimination raciale (Ukraine c. Fédération de Russie) (exceptions préliminaires, arrêt, CIJ, 8 novembre 2019, pp. 21 et 46)......................................................79 F. Bureau du procureur, Cour pénale internationale, rapport sur les activités menées en 2019 en matière d’examen préliminaire, 5 décembre 2019.80 V. AUTRES DOCUMENTS .................................................................81 A. Rapports pertinents d’organisations intergouvernementales (OIG)......81 1. Rapports d’organes des Nations unies (créés par des traités).........81 a) Le Comité des droits de l’homme des Nations unies (CDH) ..81 CDH, Observations finales concernant le septième rapport périodique de la Fédération de Russie (CCPR/C/RUS/CO/7, 28 avril 2015)....................................................................81 b) Le Comité des Nations unies contre la torture.........................83 Comité contre la torture, Observations finales concernant le sixième rapport périodique de la Fédération de Russie (CAT/C/RUS/CO/6, 28 août 2018) ..................................83 2. Rapport du Haut-Commissariat des Nations unies aux droits de l’homme..........................................................................................84 Rapport sur la situation des droits de l’homme dans le territoire temporairement occupé de la République autonome de Crimée et de la ville de Sébastopol (Ukraine), daté du 25 septembre 4 DÉCISION UKRAINE c. RUSSIE (CRIMÉE) 2017, qui couvre la période allant du 22 février 2014 au 12 septembre 2017 (« le rapport du HCDH
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