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Appl. Entomol. Zool. 43 (2): 271-280 (2008)

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Appl. Entomol. Zool. 43 (2): 271-280 (2008) Appl. Entomol. Zool. 43 (2): 271–280 (2008) http://odokon.org/ Effects of moxidectin on coprophagous insects in cattle dung pats in Japan Mitsuhiro IWASA,* Natsuki SUZUKI and Mikiko MARUYAMA Laboratory of Entomology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan (Received 26 October 2007; Accepted 4 January 2008) Abstract Effects of the antiparasitic drug moxidectin were studied in laboratory and field experiments in Hokkaido, Japan by pour-on administrations (500 mg/kg) on a target pest Haematobia irritans Linnaeus, nontarget coprophagous flies rep- resented by Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius), and the dung beetle Caccobius jessoensis Harold. The concentration of moxidectin excreted into cattle dung was maximum at 3 days post-treatment both in the first and second trials, and then it diminished. No moxidectin was detected on or after day 21 post-treatment in the first trial, and on or after day 28 post-treatment in the second trial. Larval development of H. irritans was hampered from 1 to 7 days post-treat- ment. No N. cornicina pupated in dung at days 1 and 3 post-treatment, and pupation and emergence rates were re- duced in the dung until 7 days post-treatment. There were no significant differences in numbers and weight of brood balls constructed by Caccobius jessoensis in dung from treated and control cattle. Adult emergence rates of C. jes- soensis on days 1, 3, 7, 14 post-treatments were not significantly different between control and treated groups, and more than 90% of adult emergence rates were demonstrated in both groups. In the field study using emergence traps, 3,433 (18 families) flies emerged from dung from untreated control cattle and 1,667 (16 families) flies emerged from dung from treated cattle. Notably, the number of Sciaridae spp. (first Experiment) and Sepsis latiforceps Duda and Sphaeroceridae spp. (second Experiment) significantly decreased in dung pats of treated cattle. From 48 dung pats in the field experiments, total dry weight of major coprophagous flies that emerged was 1,741.8 mg in dung from control cattle and 1,170.0 mg in dung from treated cattle, showing 32.8% reduction in treated dung. Emergence rates of C. jessoensis from brood balls recovered from soil beneath dung pats in the field experiments were not significantly dif- ferent between dung from control and treated cattle on each sampling day (1, 7, 14, and 21 days) post-treatment. Key words: Moxidectin; Haematobia irritans; Neomyia cornicina; Caccobius jessoensis; Japan the fouled grassland with reduction of available INTRODUCTION forage and reduce incorporation back into the soil Currently available endectocides include aver- by dung degrading insects, and consequently could mectins (ivermectin, doramectin, and eprinomec- lead to an adverse effect on the pasture ecosystem. tin) and milbemycins (moxidectin). It is well- On the other hand, moxidectin has been reported known that these parasiticides are effective against as having a less significant effect on dung beetles ectoparasitic pests as well as endoparasites. In par- and other dung-inhabiting insects (Fincher and ticular, ivermectin and moxidectin have been Wang, 1992; Strong and Wall, 1994; Wardhaugh et widely used in the world because of a convenient al., 1996; Floate et al., 2001, 2002). However, the “pour-on” application method. It has been reported, effects of moxidectin on nontarget dung-degrading however, that ivermectin persists in dung of cattle insects have been studied in limited countries and and inhibits the growth of coprophagous dung de- areas. grading insects, involving delays in dung degrada- In Japan, ivermectin is now widely used to con- tion (Wall and Strong, 1987; Madsen et al., 1990; trol parasites in cattle, and its effects on non-target Fincher, 1992; Sommer et al., 1992; Strong, 1992, coprophagous insects have been investigated 1993; Strong and Wall, 1994; Floate, 1998; Floate (Iwasa et al., 2005a, b, 2007). Although the con- et al., 2002, 2005). This phenomenon will increase sumption of moxidectin also has increased, no *To whom correspondence should be addressed at: E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1303/aez.2008.271 271 272 M. IWASA et al. study has been performed to assess the effect of phy (HPLC) following the method of Payne et al. moxidectin on Japanese dung-degrading insects. (1995) with some modifications: 5 g of dung on The purpose of the present study was to estimate each date after treatment were analyzed, and the the effects of pour-on application of moxidectin on extraction was carried out with a homogenizer a target ectoparasitic pest, Hematobia irritans Lin- (PHYSCOTRON, Microtec Co., Ltd.) at 10,000 naeus, and nontarget coprophagous flies repre- rpm for one min instead of sonication, and the con- sented by Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius), and on centration was calculated from a calibration curve the reproduction and survival of the dung beetle of standard solutions. Caccobius jessoensis Harold, which is an impor- Laboratory bioassays. tant dung-decomposing species in Hokkaido, Effects of moxidectin on pupation and adult Japan. emergence of Haematobia irritans Linnaeus and Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius). Haematobia irri- tans is a target species which is a blood-sucking MATERIALS AND METHODS pest fly of cattle, and its larvae inhabit dung pats in Cattle used and dung collection. The experi- pastures in Hokkaido. Adult flies collected from ments were conducted at the pasture of Obihiro cattle bodies or freshly voided dung in pastureland University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine were allowed to lay eggs inside an aspirator or in Hokkaido, Japan. A 10% moxidectin preparation plastic tube (1.2 cm diameterϫ7.5 cm length) and (Cydectin® Pour-on: Fort Dodge Animal Health, then eggs obtained were placed on 10 g feces in Overland Park, Kansas, USA) was applied to cattle plastic cups (8 cm diameterϫ4 cm depth) for hatch- at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight by pour-on for- ing. Using the hair tip of a writing brush, we inocu- mulation. Treatments were made twice using a spe- lated 30 hatched larvae of H. irritans onto 40 g of cialized container to two separate cattle groups. thawed dung in a plastic cup (5 cm diameterϫ3cm First treatment. Treatment group: Five Japanese depth), which was placed inside a larger plastic cup black cattle of 30 to 50 months of age weighing an (8 cm diameterϫ4 cm depth) containing sawdust average of 642Ϯ109.9 kg (moxidectin treatment on for pupation. These cups were maintained at 25°C 28 May 2005). Control group: Five Japanese black (16L : 8D) and rates of pupation and adult emer- cattle of 30 to 50 months of age weighing an aver- gence were recorded. Inoculations were replicated age of 558Ϯ97.5 kg (no treatment). Both groups 4 times for each collection date of dung from con- were raised in paddocks and fed with hay made of trol and treated cattle in the second treatment. orchard grass, meadow fescue, and white clover. Neomyia cornicina (Fabricius) was chosen as a Second treatment. Treatment group: Four Hol- nontarget beneficial coprophagous species which is stein cattle of 30 to 50 months of age and one also commonly found in dung pats in Hokkaido. Japanese black cow weighing an average of Eggs of N. cornicina were collected from the sur- 638Ϯ94.0 kg (moxidectin treatment on 2 July face of fresh dung pats voided within 1 or 2 days in 2005). Control group: Four Holstein-Friesian pastures, and they were placed on 10 g feces in a heifers/dry cattle and one Japanese black cow of plastic cup (8 cm diameterϫ4 cm depth) for hatch- 30 to 50 month of age weighing an average of ing. Using the hair tip of a writing brush, we inocu- 618Ϯ24.5 kg (no treatment). Both groups were lated 30 hatched onto 60 g of thawed dung in a raised on grazing land mostly with orchard grass, plastic cup (5 cm diameterϫ4 cm depth), which meadow fescue, and white clover. was placed in a larger plastic cup (10 cm Fresh dung samples were collected from treated diameterϫ5.5 cm depth) containing sawdust for and control groups on the preceding day of treat- pupation. These cups were maintained at 25°C ment and at 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days after (16L : 8D), and the number of pupae were counted. treatments. In each collection, dung pats from 5 The pupae obtained were transferred to another cows in each group were mixed and frozen at plastic cup (8 cm diameterϫ4 cm depth) for adult Ϫ20°C until used. emergence. Inoculations were replicated 5 times Determination of moxidectin concentrations. for each collection date after treatment in Experi- Determination of moxidectin in feces was per- ment 2. formed by high-performance liquid chromatogra- Effects of moxidectin on reproduction and emer- Effect of Moxidectin on Coprophagous Insects 273 gence of the dung beetle Caccobius jessoensis Harold. Adults of C. jessoensis were collected in a pasture at Obihiro University and were brought to the laboratory. A 30 g fecal sample from treatment or control was placed on volcanic ash-soil (15 cm depth) in a glass container (12 cm diameterϫ18 cm depth). Three male and female pairs were placed on feces in each container which was covered with gauze, and maintained at 22°C, 16L : 8D. Fresh feces was replaced once a week for 4 (2nd Exp.) to 5 weeks (1st Exp.), and at that time volcanic ash- soil from each container was sieved to collect brood balls produced, and the number and weight of brood balls were recorded. Then these brood balls were placed in a plastic cup (5 cm diameterϫ3 cm depth) containing andosol, and Fig. 1. Moxidectin concentration in dung (ppm of wet weight) after treatments (500 mg/kg).
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