- Voices For The Rivers The Great Riverway Voices for the Rivers The Great Florida Riverway Florida Great The

OCKLAWAHA SILVER SPRINGS ST. JOHNS

The Great Florida Riverway Voices for the Rivers

There’s a river somewhere that flows through the lives of everyone. – Roberta Flack

Written by Margaret Hankinson Spontak Designed by Reinier Munguía

Silver Springs. Photo by Alan Youngblood Alan by Photo Springs. Silver Cover photo credits: Ocklawaha – Doug Engle, Silver Springs – Alan Youngblood, St. Johns – Will Dickey Photo by Julie O'Brien 4 The Ocklawaha River TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword...... 2

Introducing The Great Florida Riverway...... 4

A Tale of Four Systems...... 6

Historic Voices...... 17

Coalition of United Voices...... 19

22,464 Voices for the River...... 22

Letter to Governor Ron DeSantis...... 23

For Fish and Wildlife...... 24

What the Anglers Say...... 28

What the Scientists Say...... 30

Economic Voices of the River...... 32

The Visions and Voices of Students...... 34

Media Stories...... 48

Coalition Key Contacts...... 52

Dedication...... 54

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 1 VOICES FOR THE RIVER

On the 50th Anniversary of the halting of the Cross Florida Barge Canal, the voices for restoration of the Ocklawaha River, heart of The Great Florida Riverway, are increasing and diversifying. Gone is the idea that those supporting the river belong to a particular political party, socio-economic class, or city. People of all ages, colors, walks of life, and geographic regions have joined in the chorus. Many are working together to identify common solutions that can create a Great Florida Riverway for everyone.

From businesspeople to user groups to visitors to well-respected scientists, people are puzzled why this magnificent system of three rivers and 50-plus springs continues to be damaged by a devastating project of the 60s. Other tragic environmental mistakes, like the Evrglades and the Kissimmee River, have and are being repaired and restored, while this 217-mile Great Florida Riverway is not yet on the priority list of most federal, state, and local leaders. Voices from up and down The Great Florida Riverway are asking for this restoration project of national significance to be moved up on the list now.

Where else can you restore 15,000 acres of wetland forests, generate 156-276 mgd of natural water flow, uncover 20 drowned springs, reclaim a wildlife corridor and migratory route for fish and shellfish, and help restore three river systems and Silver Springs?

With the dam past its life expectancy and use of the Rodman Reservoir going down, it is time to create new opportunities for anglers rather than put millions into a dam and reservoir that are not environmentally or economically sustainable.

This must be done with careful consideration of the river's communities and its users, because there are many that have been raised only knowing this artificial reservoir and not the “sweetest water lane in the world” that once awed residents and visitors alike with its stunning beauty and plentiful fish and wildlife.

Through this book, we share thousands of voices representing those who want to see a free-flowing Ocklawaha River by breaching the Rodman Dam.

The voices for the river are calling you.

Photos by Alan Youngblood, Doug Engle, John Moran, Reinier Munguia & Will Dickey, 2 The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 3 INTRODUCING THE GREAT FLORIDA RIVERWAY

For more than 14,000 years, Florida natives and newcomers set out on the St. Johns, Silver and Ocklawaha Rivers in search of connection with nature, healing springs and adventure. This vast S I K L R network of waterways and springs linked the state’s wild roots to its V A E P R R E growing river communities. S E P T V RIN ST A I GS R

The Great Florida Riverway, a 217-mile aquatic wonderland, was OCALA R E a refuge for Native Americans, Florida’s first tourist attraction, V

L a magnet for travel writers and explorers and a transportation I S corridor for people and products.

Just over 50 years ago, all of that changed. The construction of the

Rodman Dam, part of the failed Cross Florida Barge Canal, severed R E V the Ocklawaha River, damaging the ecology of the magnificent I

T R R Ocklawaha River, cherished Silver Springs, and the highly H A E H E productive St. Johns River estuary. V A

U I W R A P L P A K Like the to the south, restoring the Great Florida E R H C O W A O Riverway is vital to improving the overall ecological and economic C K L A health of north and central Florida. A necessary component to this restoration is breaching the Rodman/Kirkpatrick dam to restore the natural flow of the impounded Ocklawaha River.

The continued decline of water quality, spring flow, wetland forests, LEESBURG fish, wildlife, and recreation caused by the dam led American Rivers to designate the Ocklawaha River as one of America’s Most HARRIS CHAIN OF LAKES Endangered Rivers® of 2020. Restoring this river is the key to unlocking economic, ecological, and social benefits for all Floridians and visitors from around the world.

LAKE APOPKA 4 JACKSONVILLE

R GREEN COVE SPRINGS O M D A M D B U K A K C K O C N/ IC M AN L KIRKPAT R

RODMAN R E RESERVOIR V PALATKA I S Y R T R S . J A N OH U H NS EST O . J ST

WELAKA

ATLANTIC OCEAN

LAKE GEORGE The Atlantic Ocean is home to many diadromous T H A species that depend on the Ocklawaha River to E H L A complete their reproductive cycle.

O W

T W E L A R R C K H O

E E V

M I R I D A American Eel American Shad Striped Bass D H L E A O C K L A W

Atlantic Sturgeon

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 5 A TALE OF FOUR SYSTEMS Ocklawaha River, Silver Springs, St. Johns River And The Atlantic Ocean

THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER Three miles south of the Sharpes Ferry Bridge, the 25-mile Ocklawaha Aquatic Preserve starts and ends at Eureka. This Upper Ocklawaha River longest stretch of the natural river is surrounded by dense wetlands and provides habitat for many state and federally listed The Great Florida Riverway flows plant and animal species. The Preserve also includes portions of north from the Green Swamp Daisy Creek, Eaton Creek and five miles of the Silver River. and Lake Apopka through the Harris Chain of Lakes or the upper At Eureka, the impounded River begins where one can more Ocklawaha River. The Green easily see the impacts of the Rodman Dam. From Eureka north, Swamp is the water source for the varieties of trees diminishes. From here to the Dam, you the Ocklawaha, Hillsborough, primarily see cypress, tupelo, ash and stunted cabbage palms. Withlacoochee, and Peace rivers The natural river section, contains a more diverse tree canopy and a critical recharge area for the including elms, red maples, native hollies, and other trees. Green Swamp Floridan Aquifer. The Eureka Lock and Dam, 16 miles south of the Rodman/ Lake Apopka, the state’s fourth- Kirkpatrick Dam, are part of the halted and unfinished Cross largest lake, is considered the headwaters of the Ocklawaha Florida Barge Canal. Unlike the Buckman Locks near the Chain of Lakes. It is located in northwest Orange and Rodman, these structures were never made fully operational southeast Lake counties. Water from Lake Apopka flows and the River was not destroyed by an impoundment like the through the Apopka-Beauclair Canal and into Lakes Beauclair Rodman Reservoir. and Dora. From Lake Dora, water flows into Lake Eustis, then into Lake Griffin and northward into the next segment of the Along the Ocklawaha, twenty springs are submerged under Ocklawaha River. the weight of the water held back by Rodman Dam. Two of the largest are Cannon Springs and Marion Blue Springs, Middle Ocklawaha River both third-magnitude springs. With partial restoration of the Ocklawaha, Cannon Springs and 19 other springs Once in Marion County, the Ocklawaha flows into the of the Ocklawaha would be uncovered permanently. Ocklawaha Prairie, a St. Johns River Water Management Many would become havens for manatees, and all would District restoration project. The river channel flows through attract fish and provide thermal cooling of the river and the prairie as well as the C-212 canal on the eastern boundary recreation opportunities for all. Freeing the springs and of the original floodplain. reducing evapotranspiration off the reservoir would provide 6 approximately 156-276 million gallons a day of additional natural water flow for the lower Ocklawaha and St. Johns Rivers.

Many creeks merge with the Ocklawaha from Cannon Springs Eureka to the Rodman/ Kirkpatrick Dam. Those include Orange Creek and then Deep Creek, Alligator Creek and Poley Branch. Deep Creek is part of an ancient creek system that may still contain rare and endemic species. With restoration of the Ocklawaha would also come restoration of Deep Creek and Camp Branch.

The Lower Ocklawaha

The Lower Ocklawaha River is an approximately 13 mile stretch of the Ocklawaha below the Kirkpatrick Dam cut off from the upper reaches of the Ocklawaha River. Paddlers often navigate this stretch of the river in two sections: 1) Kirkpatrick Dam to SR19 (8 miles) and 2) SR19 Bridge at the Johnson Field Boat Ramp to the St. Johns River (5 miles). The SR19 to the St. Johns trip is winding with many side streams. It is surrounded on either side by public lands. The historic confluence of the Ocklawaha and the St. Johns River is approximately a mile south of the town of Welaka. Photo by Doug Engle Doug by Photo The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 7 Photo by Alan Youngblood 8 Silver Springs- Headwaters oftheSilver River SILVER SPRINGS AND THE SILVER RIVER

More than thirty springs comprise the upper section of the Silver River which provides approximately 66 percent of the Ocklawaha River’s flow. The main boil is one of the largest artesian springs in the world.

By the late 1870s and 1880s, Silver Springs was world famous due to its unusual beauty. Travel writers came from far and wide to make the 22-hour steamboat trip from Palatka to Silver Springs. The steamboat was replaced with glass-bottomed boats. Then came Silver Springs heyday with over seven attractions including famous Ross Allen’s Reptile Institute. From 1949 to 1969, the park had segregated swimming areas, a beach for people of color called Paradise Park, and one for white visitors in the main park. Paradise Park was closed in 1969 after integration. In 2013, the State of Florida took over operations of Silver Springs and combined it with the adjacent Silver River State Park to form the Silver Springs State Park.

The building of the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam blocked natural fish migration from the St. Johns River and Atlantic Ocean, negatively impacting the fish and aquatic species that made the glass bottom boat rides so famous. Gone are the magnificent channel and white catfish, the striped bass, American eel, and large schools of mullet that helped clean the eel grass.

Although some manatees make the precarious journey to Silver Springs through the metal and concrete structures at the Buckman Lock, scientists predict that 500-plus manatees would make Silver Springs and the springs of the Ocklawaha their home if they could follow the natural flow of spring water in the reconnected system.

The Silver Springs Basin Plan identified restoration of the Ocklawaha, reconnecting and restoring the Silver and Ocklawaha Rivers, as one of three critical goals to improving the health of Silver Springs. Photo by Reinier Munguía Reinier by Photo Photo by Reinier Munguía Reinier by Photo Emery Mark by Photo A free-flowing river would bring back historic fish. Hundreds of manatees at Silver Springs will benefit The health of Silver Springs would improve with a the species and the economy. restored Ocklawaha. The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 9 Buckman Lock

Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam Photos by Reinier Munguia Reinier by Photos 10 RODMAN DAM AND RESERVOIR, THE FORMER CROSS FLORIDA BARGE CANAL , AND BUCKMAN LOCK

The Rodman Reservoir located 15 miles southwest of Palatka, Florida, is an artificial pool created by the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam. The Rodman/Kirkpatrick dam was part of the halted Cross Florida Barge Canal. The pool must be actively maintained by the application of herbicides to suppress the growth of vegetation, the removal of logs and debris at the spillway, and the periodic drawdown of the reservoir.

The former Cross Florida Barge Canal and Buckman Lock serves as a navigational connection between the St. Johns River and Rodman Reservoir for boats. Paddlers and motorboats go through the locks and then navigate the treacherous stumps of the drowned forest of the Ocklawaha.

The Buckman Lock is the only current gateway for the West Indian Manatees. Approximately 100 unique manatees have made the trek through the metal and concrete structures during recent years into the Rodman Reservoir and the Ocklawaha. Scientists expect hundreds of manatees would make the Ocklawaha and Silver Springs their home, particularly during the cold weather months, if the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam were breached.

Although the lock allows some aquatic species to enter from the St. Johns to the Ocklawaha, it does not provide a productive migratory connection for fish and shellfish from the Atlantic and St. Johns River to the Ocklawaha River and Silver Springs. Many of the historic migratory fish are absent or are rarely seen in the upper reaches of the Ocklawaha and Silver Springs. Photo by Reinier Munguía Reinier by Photo Photo by Will Dickey Will by Photo Photo by Reinier Munguía Reinier by Photo Repairing this dam past its life expectancy would Frequent invasive aquatic weed blockages clog 7,500 acres of restored wetland forest would cost millions. boat ramps and navigation. strengthen the Florida Wildlife Corridor.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 11 St. Johns River Photo by Will Dickey / www.willdickey.com / Dickey Will by Photo 12 THE ST. JOHNS RIVER

The St. Johns River is the longest river in Florida, flowing 310 miles north from its headwaters at Blue Cypress Lake in Indian River County to its mouth where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean east of Jacksonville. The St. Johns flows north because its headwaters are a mere 27 feet higher in elevation than where it ends – dropping approximately 1 inch per mile over the course of 310 miles. This slow drop in elevation makes it one of the “laziest” rivers in the world.

The St. Johns River Watershed Basin covers an area of nearly 9,000 square miles or nearly 16% of the state. The Timucuan Indians named the St. Johns River “Wekiva,” or river of lakes, because there are so many lakes (nearly 3,500) found in the watershed. Photo by Reinier Munguía Reinier by Photo The St. Johns Estuary

The last 100 miles of the St. Johns is an estuary ecosystem. The Ocklawaha River, the St Johns’ largest tributary, intersects the St. Johns just south of Welaka. Flow from the Ocklawaha historically helped maintain the salt and freshwater balance of the estuary needed for healthy habitat. This estuary ecosystem performs many critical functions: supporting healthy and economically important fisheries, maintaining good water quality, and providing resilience for future sea level rise. Estuaries are essential nursery grounds for 90 percent of the commercially important species we like to eat, such as crabs, shrimp, and oysters, as well as many species of fish. With reduced freshwater flows from the Ocklawaha River due to the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam combined with increasing saltwater intrusion, the submerged aquatic vegetation is disappearing, the cypress forests are stressed, and species are declining.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 13 Photo by Will Dickey / www.willdickey.com 14 Little TalbotIsland -Atlantic Ocean ATLANTIC OCEAN By Ed Lowe PhD, Former Director of Environmental Sciences & Chief Scientist, SJRWMD

Once the river meets Jacksonville, it turns east and empties into one of the most productive regions of the Atlantic Ocean, the South Atlantic Bight. The gradual westward bend of the south Atlantic coastline forms a large open bay that constitutes the Bight. The Bight supports a rich diversity of species that have regionally-significant commercial, recreational, and environmental value. Many species of the Bight depend upon estuarine habitats maintained by the freshwater flow of the St. Johns River. White shrimp, blue crabs, and many species of sport and commercial fish use the estuary for reproduction, maturation, and feeding. Damming the Ocklawaha reduced and altered the timing of freshwater flows to the estuary. As such, estuarine habitat supporting populations of commercial

and recreational fisheries was damaged. The freshwater flows of the river Munguía Reinier by Photo are becoming ever more critical as sea level continues to rise. Boneyard Beach at Little Talbot Island.

Damming of the Ocklawaha did more than alter freshwater flows. It also severed a biological flow, a migratory pathway used by many species of the Bight that migrated between the Ocklawaha River and the Bight. This unseen biological flow that had persisted for millennia supported populations of fish and invertebrates with commercial and recreational value. Many of these species historically migrated far up the St. Johns to find suitable habitat for foraging, spawning, and maturation of juveniles and some entered the Ocklawaha River to feed and reproduce. Notable among these species is American shad, Striped Bass, American eel, and mullet. Freshwater fish also used the Ocklawaha, including bass and various species of sunfish. Fish populations in Silver Springs sharply declined in response to severing of this biological flow.

When contemplating dam removal it is important to appreciate that such action will enhance both water and biological flows that span an area from Silver Springs to the South Atlantic Bight. As such, it will improve the ecological health of four ecosystems: Silver Springs, the Ocklawaha River, the St. Johns River and estuary, and the South Atlantic Bight. Few efforts to restore Florida’s biological wealth hold the prospect for such far reaching benefits.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 15 Photos courtesy of Florida Memories 16 Construction oftheCrossFloridaBargeCanal 50TH ANNIVERSARY: HISTORIC VOICES

The Cross Florida Barge Canal would have moved forward without the work of environmental leader Marjorie Harris Carr, her Florida Defenders of the Environment, and the Environmental Defense Fund. They pressured President Richard Nixon to halt construction of the canal in 1971, fifty years ago. The project would have totally devastated the St. Johns, Ocklawaha, Silver and Withlacoochee Rivers, Silver Springs, and the Floridan Aquifer.

Unfortunately, parts of the Canal were completed before it was halted, including the building of the Rodman Dam - devastating 7,500 acres of forested wetlands, drowning of twenty springs, cutting off fish and wildlife migration from the Atlantic to Silver Springs, and altering miles of the Ocklawaha.

Carr dedicated forty years of her life to saving the Ocklawaha River; first to stopping the tragic building of the Cross Florida Barge Canal and then to trying to restore the Ocklawaha Memories Florida of courtesy Photo River by breaching the Rodman Dam. Some of the other prominent political voices Governor Claude Kirk presents award to Marjorie Harris Carr. supporting restoration of the Ocklawaha River have included Florida Governors Martinez, Bush, Graham, Chiles, and MacKay. The late Nathaniel Reed, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife, and Parks at the US Department of the Interior under Richard Nixon and founder of 1,000 Friends of Florida, was a staunch supporter of restoration. Reed and then- Congressman Buddy MacKay worked closely with Marjorie Carr to deauthorize the Cross Florida Barge Canal. After her death, many of the lands purchased for the canal were named the Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Photo courtesy of Florida Memories Florida of courtesy Photo Florida Greenway. A restored Ocklawaha Stone Mac by Photo River would complete her legacy. Nathaniel Reed, Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, US Dept. of Interior, and then Congressman Buddy MacKay helped Marjorie Harris Carr get the Cross Florida Barge Canal deauthorized.

Source: Ditch of Dreams by Steven Noll and David Tegeder

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 17 Advocates see how many people it takes to circle the "big cypress" tree at drawdown.

Hosts prepare to start filming for the Great Florida Riverway documentary.

Lisa Rinaman, St. Johns Riverkeeper, speaking at Benny Blanco's Captains Collective Pod Cast.

Utilizing art to communicate the Guy Marwick, Felburn Foundation, importance of the Ocklawaha River is on tour during river drawdown. inspiring. UF student presenting recreation concepts during local leader focus group.

18 COALITION OF UNITED VOICES

Founded in fall 2019, the Free the Ocklawaha River Coalition for Everyone (FORCE) is made up of over 50 local, state, and national organizations and businesses dedicated to restoring the Ocklawaha River, reconnecting the Great Florida Riverway, and unlocking numerous benefits for the region. The organization’s mission is toRestore the Ocklawaha as a free-flowing River, reconnecting the Silver and St. Johns Rivers, and elevating the regional benefits for all.

Together, the coalition represents millions of supporters in Florida and beyond. The Coalition is highlighting the state and national significance of this river system, conducting briefings with leaders, executing media and social media campaigns, and deploying new ways to engage a broad base of supporters. The Coalition is championing restoration, as well as recreation amenities that integrate conservation and user group priorities.

Through this renewed effort, FORCE members aim to undo the tragedy that occurred over 50 years ago by finally restoring the Ocklawaha River and breaching the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam. It had been almost fifty years since the halting of the Cross Florida Barge Canal and a bolder, more diverse, and unified approach was needed to move the issue forward.

Kelly Thompson, St. Johns Riverkeeper, sharing our The 2019-2020 drawdown drew 81% more visitors to story on a media tour. reservoir sites. Advocates showcased what the natural river might look like. Marjorie Harris Carr's great-granddaughter celebrates World Fish Migration Day.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 19 FREE THE FREE THE OCKLAWAHA RIVER COALITION FOR OCKLAWAHA EVERYONE SUPPORTING ORGANIZATIONS

National, State, & Regional Organizational Members

AmericanFREE Rivers THE Friends of the Everglades Alachua ConservationOCKLAWAHA Trust Friends of Lake Apopka Audubon Florida Ichetucknee Alliance BullSugar.org 1000 Friends of Florida Center for Biological Diversity Our Santa Fe River, Inc. Defenders of Wildlife Paddle Florida Earth Ethics, Inc. Public Trust Law Earth Justice Florida Rainbow River Conservation Florida Conservation Voters Save the Manatee Club Florida Defenders of the Environment St. Johns Riverkeeper Florida Native Plant Society Sea Turtle Conservancy Florida Springs Council Sierra Club Florida Chapter Florida Springs Institute Silver Springs Alliance Florida Wildlife Federation

20 Local Organizations Chase Properties Freshwater Journeys LLC Alachua County Audubon Society Geo Trippin' Adventure Company Calusa Waterkeeper Hell’s Bay Marine Duval County Audubon Society North Star Charters Marion County Aquaholics Olsen Associates Marion County Audubon Society Rebah Farm Matanzas Riverkeeper Saturiba, Co. Ocklawaha Valley Audubon Society Whitey’s Fish Camp One Revolution Jacksonville Orange County Audubon Other Organizations Putnam County Land Conservancy Santa Fe Audubon Society Aquiferous St. Johns County Audubon Society Dommelvisrecht- Netherlands Environmental Discussions Group Manatee County Business Organizations NAACP Environmental Justice Committee Alachua County Springs Eternal Project A Cruising Down the River Riverside Presbyterian Church Sustainability Committee Adventure Outpost Gainesville Friends Meeting of Friends Religious Society Blazing Paddles

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 21 22,464 VOICES FOR THE RIVERS

“The reasons to restore the Great Florida Riverway are as diverse as the people urging its restoration. From improved No. of Responses per Zipcode habitat for native species to a healthier economy, reconnecting the Great Florida Riverway will benefit Floridians and our visitors from around the world.”

Elizabeth Neville Senior Gulf Coast Representative at Defenders of Wildlife

Collection Period: Dec. 3, 2020 – Feb. 2, 2021 Participating

Number of Collecting Organizations: 7 zipcode areas

Total Number Collected: 22,464 Non-participating zipcode areas The 22,464 action alerts were collected by seven member organizations of the Free the Ocklawaha River Coalition for The graduated symbols depicted on the Everyone including Defenders of Wildlife, Sierra Club, Center map indicate the relative magnitude and for Biological Diversity, Save the Manatee Club, 1000 Friends distribution of action alerts across the state. of Florida, St. Johns Riverkeeper and American Rivers. Many In addition to Florida surveys, thousands of others help promote the action alerts including Florida Wildlife surveys were received from throughout the US. Federation, Florida Defenders of the Environment and Florida Springs Council. These supporters expressed a variety of The statewide and national results confirm that restoration of the Ocklawaha, heart of The reasons behind their support for restoring the Riverway, Great Florida Riverway is a significant state and including economic benefits, improving waer quality, return national issue. of migratory fish species and providing essential warm water winter habitat for hundreds of manatees.

22 ACTION ALERT TO GOVERNOR RON DESANTIS

Florida’s Governor Ron DeSantis has prioritized protecting and Springs, Florida’s largest artesian spring, cannot be restored without improving the state’s waterways, creating a historic opportunity to a free-flowing Ocklawaha. As Florida’s Governor, you can restore this save the Great Florida Riverway. historic Riverway and radically improve the health of these important ecosystems. Please join us in urging Governor DeSantis to restore the Great Florida Riverway. It is time to save the Ocklawaha, Silver, and St. Johns Rivers, The Florida Department of Environmental Protection’s (FDEP) Marjorie Harris Carr Cross Florida Greenway Unit Management Plan (Greenway as well as historic Silver Springs. Plan), approved in 2018, states: “The Governor and Cabinet, sitting as the Board of Trustees of the Internal Improvement Trust Fund, have Subject: Restore the Great Florida Riverway an established policy that the Ocklawaha River should be ‘partially restored’ with FDEP as the lead agency.” This policy has been in place Dear Governor DeSantis: since 1995.

As Florida’s governor, your commitment to Florida’s waterways, By restoring the Great Florida Riverway by breaching the Rodman/ particularly the Everglades, has driven many of your environmental Kirkpatrick Dam, you can provide access to essential habitat for priorities. Like the Everglades to the South, restoring the Great Florida manatees, bring back migratory fish, connect three river ecosystems, Riverway is vital to improving overall ecosystem and economic health restore a lost riverway for anglers, boaters, and paddlers from the for North and Central Florida. Atlantic Ocean to the Harris Chain of Lakes, and boost the northeast Florida economy. The Great Florida Riverway is a vast, 217-mile system of rivers and springs that flows north from the Green Swamp near Lake Apopka, is This restoration will help Florida to attract more federal funding, fed by Silver Springs, and continues past Palatka to the Lower St. Johns create new jobs, and strengthen our river economy. During these River estuary on the Atlantic Ocean. The Riverway is home to fity challenging times, outdoor recreation is growing, and enhancing this springs: 25 at historic Silver Springs, 20 on the Ocklawaha River, and riverway will benefit our communities, all Floridians, and out-of-area five in the Harris Chain of Lakes. The continued decline of water quality, visitors. spring flow, wetland forests, fish, and wildlife has led American Rivers to designate the Ocklawaha River — the heart of the Great Florida We urge you to restore the Great Florida Riverway in accordance Riverway — as one of America’s Most Endangered Rivers® of 2020. with FDEP’s Greenway Plan. Your leadership can provide a legacy of The environmental toll has reduced recreational use and negatively improving the health and resiliency of three river systems and the impacted the economy of Putnam and Marion Counties. These declines economic vitality of northeast Florida. have also threatened the environmental and economic resiliency of downstream counties, including Duval County. Thank you for your engagement on so many environmental challenges. We know we can count on you to save the Great Florida Riverway, Over 50 years ago, the Great Florida Riverway was harmed when the which in turn will revitalize the Ocklawaha, Silver and St. Johns Rivers, Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam was built as part of the misguided Cross as well as historic Silver Springs. Florida Barge Canal project, severing the Ocklawaha’s connection to the rest of the Riverway. The dam flooded over 7,500 acres of thriving Sincerely, forested wetlands, 20 springs, and 16 miles of the Ocklawaha River. Every day the dam is in place, it causes harm to this special place and all the fish and wildlife that depend on these waterways. Silver 22,464 Voices for the Rivers

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 23 VOICES FOR FISH AND WILDLIFE historic, meandering river channel with overhanging trees and a wetland forest. According to the Forest Service Fish and wildlife are not able to share their voices like all the (USFS) Environmental Impact Statement, 2001, the lake or organizations and citizens have done to support Ocklawaha reservoir bottom would be revegetated with 35 native species restoration. Others must voice the benefits of a free-flowing from the existing seedbank. Currently 8,000 acres of forested Ocklawaha for fish and wildlife. However, wildlife benefits wetlands are stressed below the dam due to restricted flow, also touch people who enjoy being out in nature appreciating 7,500 acres of forested wetlands currently submerged above Florida’s unique and diverse wildlife and their habitats. Here the dam, and thousands of acres are stressed upstream by are just a few of those critical benefits for fish, wildlife, and the water levels that have been kept too high and without natural people that value them. fluctuation. Filling these gaps in the O2O critical linkage corridor by restoring the Ocklawaha River would result in forest Strengthening Corridors for Black Bears, Florida regeneration, increased habitat availability, connectivity for Panthers and Other Wildlife wildlife passage, and thermal cooling.

The Ocklawaha River is Avian wildlife will be abundant, as it has been during periodic located within a critical drawdowns. Twelve threatened and endangered bird species, link of the Florida Wildlife species of special concern, and candidate species were identified Corridor, known as the as possible species occurring within the restored Ocklawaha O2O Corridor, running restoration area. An increased floodplain-riverine edge opens from the Ocala National more bird foraging areas and the conversion back to a floodplain Forest north to the forest would provide greater roosting and nesting habitat for Osceola National Forest. wood storks (EIS, 2001). According to the North Florida Land Trust, the Photo by Reinier Munguía The over 7,500 acres of floodplain forest above the dam will O2O corridor is home to increase recreation opportunities such as camping, hiking, 34 federally threatened and endangered species. Restoration of birding and other wildlife watching, and expanded hunting, this vast floodplain forest is expected to provide increased wild where suitable. turkey, deer, black bear, and Florida panther habitat and provide a more direct north-south corridor through the Ocala National Providing Winter Habitat for Florida’s Manatee Forest. It also strengthens an east-west wildlife corridor from Population Palatka to Alachua County. In addition to benefits for land-based wildlife, breaching The Rodman Reservoir is a barrier to animal movement the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam restores an important fish and throughout this vital corridor. Under partial restoration, shellfish migratory path from the Atlantic to Silver Springs and the reservoir and associated marsh would be restored to the will open a manatee access corridor via the lower Ocklawaha River to the rest of the Ocklawaha system. 24 Photo by Cora Berchem/Save the Manatee

Because of development impacts to natural historic habitat, approximately 60% of Florida’s manatee population currently relies on artificial warm water sources, many of which will be retired in the coming decades in favor of newer technologies. “With the phasing out of existing power plants with warm water discharges, the best hope for maintaining today’s increasingly healthy manatee population in Florida is to facilitate access to springs including the removal of dams obstructing manatee access to major springs and river segments, particularly those along the Ocklawaha and Priority 1 Withlacoochee Rivers.”(Marine Mammal Commission and the Priority 2 Sea-to-Shore Alliance) Priority 3 Priority 4 “Second and third magnitude springs, connected to the Priority 5 Ocklawaha River in areas exposed due to a draw-down, but Major Rivers generally submerged under dammed water of the Rodman Major Highways Reservoir, were assessed as possible thermal refuges for Country Boundaries manatees. If the Ocklawaha River was restored allowing uninterrupted access to this system by manatees, Silver Springs and the Silver River could provide warm water habitat for many hundreds of manatees.” (Jennings, Adimey, Know and Smith; FWC, USFWS) The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 25 Channel Catfish

White Catfish

American Shad

Striped Mullet

Striped Bass Blue-nosed Shiner

Tesellated Darter

American Eel

Atlantic Sturgeon Illustrations by Reinier Munguía Reinier by Illustrations 26 RE-ESTABLISHING HISTORIC MIGRATION FOR FISH, SHELLFISH AND OTHER SPECIES

Dams all over the world have negatively impacted fish populations by preventing adults from reaching their optimal spawning grounds. This eliminates or reduces migratory fish populations as well as the species that feed on those fish. Studies conducted before and after the construction of the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam show a sharp decline in fish diversity in the Ocklawaha River (upstream of the Dam) and Silver Springs. Recent studies show that the iconic native species are being replaced by exotic fish like tilapia and armored catfish.

The Ocklawaha River was a magnificent fishing area prior to Rodman/Kirkpatrick dam construction. Many of the species caught before the river was dammed are no longer present or rarely seen in the upper reaches of the Ocklawaha River and Silver Springs. The Dam has not only impacted the natural section of the Ocklawaha and Silver Springs, but it has also reduced fish and shellfish populations in the St. Johns River, and the Atlantic Ocean. Many species depend on migration upstream or downstream from Silver Springs to the Atlantic.

Some of the fish that have disappeared or been greatly reduced include the striped bass, white and channel catfish, striped mullet, and American shad. Mullet and catfish helped keep the ecosystem in balance by consuming algae and cleaning the river bottom and Silver Springs. Brown algae has coated the once beautiful eel grass of Silver Springs.

American eel populations, a significant source of food for mammals, turtles, and birds, as well as an economically important species, have been decimated. Shellfish populations have been impacted.

In addition to loss of fish species, the Dam creates a sluggish, slow- moving warmer river creating more invasive aquatic plant blockages needing repeated spraying with herbicides. Prior to the Dam, the thousands of acres of healthy forested wetlands provided water filtration resulting in a cleaner, healthier lower Ocklawaha and St. Johns Rivers.

Bigclaw River Shrimp

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 27 WHAT ANGLERS SAY

An Investment in a Healthy Fishing Habitat It is Time to Leverage Our Recreational Opportunities

“In the St. Johns River Estuary, the sea “We have lost opportunities to create a sustainable fishery of seemingly endless and leverage recreational opportunities. The number using the spartina flats and oyster beds exist Rodman Reservoir has gone down. Boat ramps are frequently only as a result of a fine balance of clogged, requiring repeated herbicide spraying. Bait shops and fresh water from the St. Johns and campgrounds have closed. We no longer have the striped bass, saltwater from the Atlantic Ocean. catfish, and large schools of mullet. What has happened to Without that balance, these beautiful the economic benefit of the Rodman Dam? It is time to have a flats and the multimillion dollar dialogue about how we can leverage our recreational assets for sportfishing industry that depends on Putnam County’s economic benefit.” them are in jeopardy. Captain Benny Blanco Sam Carr, Chair of the Putnam County Waterways and Trails With one restoration project, one Committee and Fisherman investment you can restore healthy freshwater fishing habitat and healthy estuarine fishing habitat by reconnecting the Ocklawaha River to the St. Johns River Estuary.” Competitive Bass Fisherman Supports Restoring the Ocklawaha River Captain Benny Blanco Florida Sportsman Watermen “As a long-time competitive tournament bass fisherman, I’ve loved fishing Rodman and was a supporter of Save Rodman. But now that I’ve learned about the collateral damage to our natural springs in the Ocklawaha, I find that I’ve changed my mind. As great a bass fishery as Rodman is - I don’t think it’s worth killing the natural springs.”

Bill Rossi, Bass Fisherman and Retired UF Professor, FL.

Redfish feeding in an estuary. Stock Photo 28 Thinking About the Long-Term Benefits to the Fishery The Rodman Dam has Impacted the Silver River and Silver Springs “As a fishing guide, my mission is simple, to preserve old “I have been on the Silver River Florida’s heritage. Anytime since I was a kid. And although it is in Florida we can restore still a beautiful river, there is a lot a waterway such as the going wrong here. We are missing Ocklawaha, that is a good thing. striped bass, channel catfish, large I want anglers to realize that schools of mullet and other species there are long-term benefits to that once inhabited the Ocklawaha doing things the right way…that and Silver Rivers, partly because of we may not always see in the Rami Ashouri with redfish. the Rodman Dam. short term.” We all once loved the Rodman Rami Ashouri, Saturiba Fishing Charters Reservoir. The who’s who of bass fishermen once regularly fished it. Bring Our Fish Back Unfortunately, the Rodman fishery has gone down. Muck is building Mark Emery with largemouth bass catch. “The fish have dwindled. We have lost migratory species. How up, herbicide treatments are used regularly, a cypress forest is can you continue to turn your back on this River? We need to get dying there, and the long-term outcome is not good. It is time our wild scenic river and fish - back.” for us to make this river system whole again by reconnecting the St. Johns, Ocklawaha, and Silver Rivers.” Erika Ritter, Angler and Owner and Operator, A Cruising Down the River, Eureka, FL Mark Emery-National Geographic Cinematographer, multiple Emmy Award-winner, Angler, Outdoorsman and Wildlife Photographer

Photo by Mark Emery Mark by Photo The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 29 WHAT THE SCIENTISTS SAY

Improving Rivers, Springs and the Atlantic Fishery Added Flow Essential to the Resiliency of the St. Johns River Estuary “Breaching the Rodman Dam near Palatka would reunite and “As we shut off and slowed help restore four ecosystems: the down the freshwater flow into Ocklawaha River, Silver Springs, the St. Johns River from the the Lower St. Johns River and Ocklawaha River, we have lost the coastal Atlantic Ocean of the submerged aquatic vegetation, southeastern United States.” decreasing habitat for fish and © Reinier Munguía other aquatic species, and salinity Ed Lowe PhD, Former Director of Environmental has increased. The impacts to © Will Dickey Sciences & Chief Scientist, SJRWMD economically important fish and shellfish are significant.”

Silver Springs Health Depends on a Free-Flowing Quinton White PhD, Director, Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University Ocklawaha

“Silver Springs will never be fully restored without the breaching of Water Resource Benefits of a Free-Flowing River the Rodman/Kirkpatrick Dam on the Ocklawaha River. Migratory "In an updated analysis of the fish from the Atlantic Ocean and downstream water quality St. Johns River, including striped effects of Ocklawaha restoration, bass, channel catfish, striped SJRWMD concluded that mullet, American shad, American © Alan Youngblood restoration of a free-flowing eels and Atlantic sturgeon, are river enhances water quality critical to a productive Silver Springs ecosystem.” of the Lower St. Johns River by © Will Dickey augmenting low flow, increasing Robert Knight PhD, Executive Director, dissolved oxygen, and providing a more balanced nutrient Florida Springs Institute supply."

John Hendrickson, Former Supervising Environmental Scientist, SJRWMD 30 The Rodman Reservoir is not a Cost-effective or An Essential Link for the Florida Wildlife Corridor Reliable Water Supply Source “It is my opinion that restoring of “Using Rodman Reservoir the Ocklawaha River would have as a source of water supply a significant habitat connectivity is simply impractical. The benefit for wide-ranging and production, treatment, and landscape-dependent focal transmission costs for drinking species inFlorida including the water from Rodman would Florida panther and Florida likely be two to four times more black bear.” Stock photo expensive than the traditional © Reinier Munguía source - the Floridan aquifer. Thomas Hoctor, PhD, Director, Center for Landscape Conservation Planning Furthermore,since the Rodman pool is very broad and shallow, there is very limited water storage capacity.” Ocklawaha Ranks 2nd in Florida for Restoration Value Jim Gross, Hydrogeologist and Executive Director, Florida Defenders of the Environment “Reestablishing a free-flowing Ocklawaha River to its historic channel will result in 377 miles of Ocklawaha Restoration to Increase Flows additional network connectivity upstream of the dam ….and one “Ocklawaha River restoration of the largest artesian springs will increase downstream flows in America. More than 20 by 156 to 276 million gallons additional springs and spring © John Moran per day by reducing lake surface runs submerged by the dam’s evapotranspiration and by impoundment will be uncovered.” uncovering more than 20 springs flooded by the Rodman Pool.” Southeastern Aquatic Resources Partnership and Conservation: A © Joe Cruz collaboration of natural resource and science agencies, conservation organizations and private interests in 14 states. Wycoff, R.L., Lower Ocklawaha River Basin Hydrologic Data Review and Discharge Analysis, SJRWMD SJ2010-SP10

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 31 ECONOMIC VOICES OF THE RIVER New and Diverse Recreation is Projected to Increase New Manatee Viewing Locations can Increase Visitation After Restoration Visitation and Tourism Dollars

“The Ocklawaha River has seen increasing use of nature-based “When the river is restored to its natural level, there are about recreation other than fishing. During the drawdown, the state 20 known currently ‘drowned’ springs that will be restored to of the Ocklawaha River and recreational opportunities along the greater visibility. If two Ocklawaha river springs (say Marion river are expected to closely resemble the situation after dam Blue springs and Cannon springs) were to be opened to the breaching.” During the peak of the reservoir drawdown from public with some recreational facilities (signage, parking, November 2019 through February 2020, visitation at Rodman bathrooms, picnic tables, boardwalks, etc.) it appears that about reservoir access points increased by 81 percent compared to the 30 thousand visitors and $3 million in economic impact due to same four-month period in 2017-18 and 2018-19. expenditures by those visitors would be a reasonable estimate for the early years of their existence.” Overall, use of the natural sections of the Ocklawaha River is Steven Holland PhD, Professor Emeritus, going up and use of the impounded portions of the river is going Dept. of Tourism, Recreation and Sport Management down. Annual use of the reservoir recreation sites has been on a downward trend since 2010, declining by an average of 3,627 visitor parties per year. Annual use of the river sites has Good Arguments for Breaching the Dam increased overall by an average of 508 visitor parties per year from 2010 to 2017. “There are good arguments for breaching the dam in 2021.

Xiang Bi, Tatiana Borisova, and Alan W. Hodges, Food and Resource Economics For one, the reservoir is filling up with muck. To maintain the Department, University of Florida, USA status quo, the state will have to start paying to dredge it out at Data: FDEP Office of Greenways and Trails some point, along with paying increasing maintenance costs for the dam, which is already past its life expectancy. As it is, the Lodge Owner Supports Rodman Dam Breaching state has to draw down the reservoir every few years as part of measures to control the growth of invasive aquatic plants that “Our lodge is across from the mouth of the Ocklawaha River. flourish in the reservoir environment.” Welaka in the past was known for its many fish camps that lined the river. We are now one of the few, and I am proud to say Mark Howard, Florida Trend, June 2020 doing very well. I welcome new development, and I am a firm believer that more business brings more business. Removing the dam would be a big boost to the St. Johns River economy

especially in Welaka.”

Kevin Finch, Owner, Welaka Lodge & Resort 32 Commercial Crab and Finfish in the Lower St. Johns is Big Business

“The Lower St. Johns River Basin or St. Johns River Estuary, Maintaining the right salinity and good water quality Clay, Duval, Flagler, Putnam, and St. Johns Counties, support a by restoring fresh water flows from the Ocklawaha River is diverse finfish and invertebrate community that has significant essential to the health of this important industry. commercial and recreational value. Blue crabs account for most landings. In 2018, commercial crab harvest was 978,288 lbs. State of the River Report for the Lower St. Johns River Basin, written by a team of with finfish harvesting weighing in at 630,696 lbs.” academic researchers from Jacksonville University (JU), University of North Florida (UNF), and Florida Southern College

Gold Scorecard: Economic Benefits of Ocklawaha Restoration

+28% $4+ Million 7.6% Change in Regional Repair and $8.1 Million Economic Output Annual Return on Visitation Maintenance Savings Investment

Tourism expected to increase Avoids spending an average of Increased business revenues Generates benefit-Cost Ratio over 5 years as restoration $363,741 per year in taxpayer in the local area of Putnam, of 1.76 on estimated partial proceeds funds (based on 2001-2019 Marion, Alachua Counties due restoration costs of $25.8 million over ten years Restores a blueway for boaters expenditures) to maintain a to increased tourism, including from the Atlantic Ocean to the dam that is past its 50-year life indirect multiplier effects in expectancy and never served its supporting service industries and Realizes positive return in year Harris Chain of Lakes, attracting five of restoration project more overnight visitors intended purpose re-spending of household income Generates average annual rate Increases local and nonresident Eliminates need to fund visitor revenues and multi-use of return on investment of 7.6%. recreational opportunities across current backlog of $4 million in Public works projects generally the river system necessary repairs for Rodman For references go to: average less than 5 % Dam to meet safety standards https://www.freetheocklawaha.com/wp- Expands manatee viewing, content/uploads/2020/09/Green-Gold- Cumulative net benefit of $47.2 increasing visitor revenues Avoids potential of $50 million Report-1.pdf million over 10 years under in property loss with unplanned restoration; cumulative loss Uncovers 20 springs attracting dam failure of $5.3 million for status quo additional visitor revenues alternative of no restoration The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 33 UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE STUDENTS

EIGHT PROJECT CONCEPTS LEVERAGING THE OUTDOOR ECONOMY & SUSTAINING NATURAL RESOURCES ALONG THE GREAT FLORIDA RIVERWAY

University of Florida students from the UF Environmental The landscape design studio successfully introduced students Planning and Design Studio in the Department of Landscape to decision-making on a regional scale, emphasizing green Architecture created eight conceptual recreation projects conservation and recreation infrastructure planning and design. focused on a partially restored Ocklawaha River. The students The student design experience was created and led by Tom received input from a distinguished faculty team, subject Hoctor, director of the UF Center for Landscape Conservation matter experts and focus groups with anglers, paddlers, and Planning along with David Barth, president of Barth Associates community leaders. The projects provided a way for people of LLC, a developer of parks and recreation master plans for over very differing views to share thoughts about partial restoration 80 US communities. Dan Farrah provided GIS instruction and and desired recreational amenities. The complex restoration doctoral students Sarah Lockhart and Widyastri Atsary Rahmy project now has vivid maps, graphics and renderings that show provided technical assistance to students. citizens and leaders a variety of conceptual possibilities for the Ocklawaha River.

34 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ Partial Restoration Plan Our vision is to pair the partial restoration plan below with innovative recreation amenities to create a future for the Great Florida Riverway that is environmentally and economically sustainable.

1. A phased drawdown of the reservoir over three years to restore the natural 7. Restoration of 7,500 acres of floodplain forest upstream of the dam connecting a Ocklawaha river channel and floodplain. significant wildlife corridor. Revitalization of 8,000-plus other acres upstream and 2. Removal of a portion of the Rodman/Kirkpatrick earthen dam to create a free- downstream. flowing river allowing for natural movement of fish, wildlife, and boats from Silver 8. Recovery of 20 freshwater springs and respective runs currently drowned by the Springs to the Atlantic Ocean while improving water flow and quality. waters of the dam. 3. Restoration of Deep Creek. 9. Limited planting of native trees. 4. Restoration of Camp Branch channel and floodplain. 10. Limited removal of structures. Facilities and boat ramp at the dam will remain or be 5. Closure and securing of Buckman Lock, filling west side of the canal and leaving upgraded. eastside open to the St. Johns River. Adapted from FDEP’s 2018 Marjorie Harris Carr Greenway Plan 6. Partial filing of the spillway tailrace to natural grade to prevent future algae blooms or fish kills.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 35 THE KIRKPATRICK CENTER & BARTRAM OUTPOST AT BUCKMAN LOCK Christian Brewer, Anthony Paparella, Juan Garcia The Kirkpatrick Center celebrates the outdoor spirit of Florida by transforming the former Buckman Lock site into a renowned recreation destination where visitors and residents can satisfy their quest for outdoor adventure. The 2.5-mile-long site will become the epicenter for fishing, hunting and outdoor recreation in the region and provide more direct access to the St. Johns River.

Community Fishing Ponds & Seasonal Duck Hunting

• With partial restoration, a portion of the Rodman Dam will be removed, and reservoir will be drained back to the natural Ocklawaha River channel. • With the reservoir drained, the Buckman Locks will no longer be of service. • The west end of the canal will be filled, and the east end will remain an open canal to the St. Johns River. • The Buckman Lock site provides an opportunity to create an angler, hunter and family outdoor recreation center through public-private partnerships. • This tournament hub for fishing and hunting can build Putnam County’s fame as the Bass Capital of the World while restoring the river to support new sports fishing opportunities for striped bass and American shad.

36 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ St. Johns River

Outdoor Center Cross Florida Barge Canal

Dock & Boat Ramps

Fishing and Wildlife Viewing Boardwalk

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 37 RODMAN RECREATION CENTER Clayton Ford

Revitalized Rodman Recreation Area with an iconic bridge, playground, restaurant, upgraded boat ramps, and fishing dock.

RESTAURANT RECREATION AREA

FISHING AREA AFTER 38 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ GATEWAY BRIDGE AND UNDERPASS PARK Kristen Curington

Removing the Rodman Dam is not only vital in restoring the Ocklawaha River, but it will also promote economic development by providing jobs and attracting tourism. There is an opportunity here to design a bridge and pocket park that acts as an iconic landmark, draws attention to the river's history and future, protects & restores wildlife and provides access to recreational activities.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 39 FLORIDA ECOLOGICAL GREENWAYS NETWORK (O2O WILDLIFE CORRIDOR) Andrew S. Davidson

Osceola National Forest

Camp Blanding

Ocklawaha River

Priority 1 Priority 2 Ockala National Forest Priority 3 Priority 4 Priority 5 Major Rivers Major Highways Country Boundaries

40 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ The intent of this project is to express the importance of the O2O corridor and how restoration of the Ocklawaha River could increase the overall productivity of the wildlife corridor. BEFORE

AFTER

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 41 OCKLAWAHA RIVER MANATEES AND FISH HABITATS CONSERVATION AND ENHANCEMENT Uma Blandon, Angelina Cabrera, Kate Noel, and Xiaoyu Zheng

Our vision of a restored Ocklawaha River with migratory fish and wildlife returning and manatee refuges with viewing areas.

A free-flowing Ocklawaha River would provide much needed winter habitat for manatees.

Seven suitable manatee refuges were identified, not counting Silver Springs State Park.

42 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ RARE AND IMPERILED FISH SPECIES

Reconnecting the fish migration highway from the Atlantic Ocean to Silver Springs would return many species of fish.

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 43 THE RESTORED OCKLAWAHA RIVER TRAIL EXPERIENCE Frank Kravchuk

A restored Ocklawaha River opens 20 drowned springs, a continuous natural paddling trail, banks for camping and stopovers, magnificent cypress forests and bountiful fish and wildlife.

44 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ THE HISTORIC STEAMBOAT TRAIL SCENIC DRIVING AND RIVER EXPERIENCES Corey Reinchenberg

This project intends to utilize the history of steamboats in the region as an anchor for compelling and unique driving and boat experiences. Beginning in Palatka, the driving and boat tours will increase tourism and economic development to put the city at the forefront.

Accompanying the environmental benefits and improved fishing from partial restoration is the reestablishment of boat connectivity in the region. Coupled with highlighting historical landings and other cultural, recreational, and environmentally significant sites, these driving, and boat experiences stand to revitalize the entire region and gain international acclaim.

Three tour types:

• Recreational, • Historic • Environmental

St. Johns River Center

Recreation A Lens Through Time Restored Ecology The Silver River Museum

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 45 LAKE RODMAN FISH MANAGEMENT AREA & WILLAM BARTRAM TRAIL SITE By Thomas Maingot The intent of my project was to explore the possibility of a standalone Lake Management Area that would be managed in a way that would not infringe on the natural ecosystem and does not infringe on the angler’s tradition.

CR310 Bridge

• The Rodman/Kirkpatrick Reservoir has been appreciated by anglers for generations as a prized location to catch trophy bass.

• Lake Rodman WMA would promote the growth of trophy fish by imposing catch and release regulations for large mouth bass. It would provide opportunities for both boat and bank fishing.

• I explored two options: one with total restoration of Deep Creek and the addition of a Bartram Recreation Site and the other with the addition of Lake Rodman and the Bartram Recreation Site connected to Deep Creek.

Note: The lake option did not undergo hydrological or engineering review. It would require a large berm around its perimeter which would be costly.

46 https://greatfloridariverway.com/student-showcase/ DEEP CREEK (CR310 BRIDGE) WILLIAM BARTRAM TRAIL SITE

Highlighting the travels of William to present-day Micanopy in Paynes Prairie twice from the Bartram, famous American Lower Store to Midway Pond (now Cowpen Lake). He would botanist, historian and explorer, have crossed present-day Deep Creek on his way. The roadway in and around Putnam County and crossing at Deep Creek is believed to follow the old trading trail along the St. Johns River has been from Spalding’s Lower Store to points west. a highly successful education and visitor program. The Deep Creek Incorporating a small recreation site at the Deep Creek Bartram 310 Bartram Trail Site is one of the Trail Site, mile marker 31, would expand the current Putnam known locations where Bartram’s County interest in this famous naturalist and author. This site travels touched the Ocklawaha River. is most easily accessed by land, however, but can be reached by water as well.

William Bartram travelled by Option 1 below shows one of the possibilities. horseback from Putnam County

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 47 MEDIA STORIES

Ocklawaha Advocates Envision Major Recreation Hubs At Rodman Dam Honored for Ocklawaha Restoration Work 02.3.21 | The Gainesville Sun: 01.08.2021 | Orlando Sentinel https://www.gainesville.com/story/news/local/2021/02/02/ocklawaha-river-advocates-envision-major- https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/environment/os-ne-bob-graham-honored-ocklawaha-20210108- recreation-hubs-rodman-dam/4352071001/ l7r5b5scevggxppo23mmij6i54-story.html

Ocklawaha Advocates want Recreation Hubs on Free-flowing River Weed-Choked Reservoir Blocks Free Flow from Silver Springs to St Johns River 02.03.2021 | Ocala Star Banner 01.02.2021 | WUSF Public Media https://www.newsbreak.com/florida/ocklawaha/news/2156702045914/ocklawaha-advocates-want- https://wusfnews.wusf.usf.edu/environment/2021-01-02/ocklawaha-river-weed-choked-reservoir- recreation-hubs-on-free-flowing-river?web=1&wdLOR=cA0F502BC-AC78-467B-BCC7-971509D22B12 blocks-free-flow-from-silver-springs-to-st-johns-river

It’s Finally Time to Free the Ocklawaha Uncertain Future for Apalachicola, Ocklawaha, Shark River Slough 02.03.2021 | Daytona News Journal 01.01.2021 | Tampa Bay Times https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/opinion/editorials/2021/02/03/editorial-its-time-finally-free- Uncertain future for Apalachicola, Ocklawaha, Shark River Slough (tampabay.com) ocklawaha/4373289001/ Weeds Block Free Flow of Ocklawaha River from Silver Springs to St. Johns River 12.30.2020 | Tampa Bay Times Mark Lane: It's been 50 years since an environmental victory, but that darn https://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/2020/12/30/weeds-block-free-flow-of-ocklawaha-river- dam remains from-silver-springs-to-st-johns-river/ 01.21.2021 | Daytona News Journal https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/opinion/columns/2021/01/21/cross-florida-barge-canal- Race to Save the Ocklawaha River rodman-reservoir/4209569001/ 12.28.2020 | Tampa Bay Times Race to save 3 Florida treasures: Time running out for Apalachicola River, Ocklawaha River and Shark River Uncertain Future for Apalachicola, Ocklawaha, Shark River Slough Slough | Part 1 (tampabay.com) 01.01.2021 | Tampa Bay Times https://www.tampabay.com/news/environment/2021/01/01/uncertain-future-for-apalachicola- Get Rid of the Rodman Reservoir and Save the Ocklawaha RIver ocklawaha-shark-river-slough/ 12.23.2020 | Orlando Sentinel https://www.orlandosentinel.com/opinion/editorials/os-op-drain-rodman-reservoir-restore-ocklawaha- It’s Finally Time to Free the Ocklawaha river-20201223-vtq535iccvbhbg4f45ddi2g3de-story.html 01.29.2021 | Gainesville Sun https://www.gainesville.com/story/opinion/2021/01/29/editorial-its-time-finally-free- Green Groups Start Drive To Remove Dam At Rodman Reservoir, Opening ocklawaha/4275200001/ Ocklawaha River 12.20.20 | The Florida Times Union: Killing Florida Barge Canal 50 Years Ago Offers Lessons for Stopping ollT Roads https://www.jacksonville.com/story/news/environment/2020/12/10/take-down-rodman-dam- 01.21.2021 | Florida Phoenix environmental-groups-say-ocklawaha-video/6466482002/ https://www.floridaphoenix.com/2021/01/21/killing-fl-barge-canal-50-years-ago-offers-lessons-for- stopping-toll-roads/ Uncertain Future for Apalachicola, Ocklawaha, Shark River Slough: Part 5 of Special Series Then End of the Canal that would have Cleaved Florida in Two 12.16.2020 | Orlando Sentinel 1.15.2021 | Tampa Bay Times https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/environment/os-prem-ne-florida-rivers-outlook-20201216- The end of the canal that would have cleaved Florida in two | Column (tampabay.com) https://www. hmixen3gareu7hy3ix2kwoin7q-htmlstory.html tampabay.com/opinion/2021/01/15/the-end-of-the-canal-that-would-have-cleaved-florida-in-two- column/

48 Ocklawaha River: Weed Choked Reservoir Blocks Free Flow from Silver Springs to Reel, Remove, Release St. Johns: Part 3 Coastal Angler: September Edition, page 62 12.11.2020 | Orlando Sentinel https://coastalanglermag.com/e-magazine/northeast-florida/ https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/environment/os-prem-ne-florida-rivers-ocklawaha-20201211- 3esd66c4rrf6rfea7cibx6iinm-htmlstory.html Ocklawaha Restoration Ranks High In Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership Assessment Race To Save 3 Florida Treasures: Time Running Out For Apalachicola River, August 2020 | Florida Specifier Ocklawaha River And Shark River Slough | Part 1 Of Special Series https://www.enviro-net.com/full-access/file/fs202008.pdf 12.09.20 | Orlando Sentinel http://greatfloridariverway.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/RaceToSave3FloridaTreasures.pdf Jack Stanley Wanted the Ocklawaha River to Flow Free by Gaby Eseverri 07.24.2020 | Florida Wildlife Federation Newsletter A Fractured Fairy Tale Jack Stanley Wanted the Ocklawaha River to Flow Free • Florida Wildlife Federation 10.30.20 | Gainesville Sun: https://www.gainesville.com/story/opinion/2020/10/30/jim-gross-fractured-federal-fairy- Endangered Designation Could Reignite Old Debate About The Future Of tale/3744825001/ Ocklawaha River 07.20.20 | Ocala Gazette: Breaching the Rodman Dam would benefit Ocklawaha and St. Johns Rivers https://www.ocalagazette.com/endangered-designation-could-reignite-old-debate-about-the-future-of- 09.17.2020 | The Daytona Beach - News-Journal ocklawaha-river/ https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/opinion/editorials/2020/09/17/breaching-rodman-dam- would-benefit-icklawaha-and-st-johns-rivers/5816442002/ Killing the Kirkpatrick Dam? 07.02.202 | Florida Phoenix Breaching Dam Would Bring Ecotourism Benefits https://www.floridaphoenix.com/2020/07/02/killing-the-kirkpatrick-dam-the-tale-of--longest- 09.12.20 | Ocala Star-Banner running-environmental-wrangle/ https://ocalastarbanner-fl-app.newsmemory.com/?publink=29e3625ea Earth Island Journal: Summer 2020 Breaching Rodman Dam Would Benefit Water Quality, Ecotourism https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/magazine/entry/floridas-lost-springs-ocklawaha-river- 09.12.20 | Daytona Beach News-Journal freshwater-wildlife/ https://www.news-journalonline.com/story/opinion/editorials/2020/09/17/breaching-rodman- dam-would-benefit-icklawaha-and-st-johns-rivers/5816442002/?fbclid=IwAR2r9Ok488vTXw_ Dam(n) Wi1h3HIfZjq0TeggYzCnYjD_R3wMISDn_C65RO7q3Gds 05.27.20 | Florida Trend https://www.floridatrend.com/article/29312/damn Seeking common ground on the ocklawaha river 09.09.20 | Ocala Gazette What to do About the Cross Florida Barge Canal https://issuu.com/ocalastyle/docs/091120og/16 04.30.2020 | Panama City News Herald https://www.newsherald.com/zz/news/20200430/florida-history- Free The Ocklawaha And We’ll All Benefit what-to-do-about-cross-florida-barge-canal 09.4.20 | Ocala Gazette: https://www.ocalagazette.com/free-the-ocklawaha-and-well-all-benefit/ Passions Run Hot Over Rodman Dam Future 04.19.20 | Ocala Star-Banner and Gainesville Sun: Editorial: A Win-Win Plan For The Ocklawaha River https://www.ocala.com/news/20200418/passions-run-hot-over- 09.03.20 | Florida Times-Union rodman-dam-future https://www.jacksonville.com/story/opinion/editorials/2020/09/03/editorial-environment-and-economy- can-improved-ocklawaha-river/3401743001/

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 49 Ocklawaha River Named Among America’s Most Endangered Rivers Of 2020 Ghost Forest: A Battle Between Environmentalists And Bass Anglers Locks The 04.14.20 | American Rivers: Ocklawaha In Purgatory https://www.americanrivers.org/conservation-resource/ocklawaha-river-named-among-americas-most- 02.26.20 | West Volusia Beacon endangered-rivers-of-2020/ https://www.beacononlinenews.com/news/ghost-forest-a-battle-between-environmentalists-and-bass- anglers-locks/article_1d2e0a38-58e7-11ea-8a82-676c2395b6f5.html Ocklawaha River Of Central Florida Named Among Nation’s 10 Most Endangered A Growing Rallying Cry : ‘Defenders’ Advocate Breaching Controversial Dam 04.14.2020 | Orlando Sentinel: 02.20.20 | Palatka Daily News https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/environment/os-ne-ocklawaha-river-endangered-20200414- https://www.palatkadailynews.com/local-news/growing-rallying-cry/ 4nv7cdqa5ja5noobouqdpl7xaa-story.html Environmentalists fight to save the Ocklawaha River Waters Close To Duval On Most Endangered List For Country 02.19.20 | WCJB Gainesville: 04.04.2020 | Florida Times-Union https://www.wcjb.com/content/news/Environmentalists-fight-to-savethe-Ocklawaha-River-568020621.html https://www.jacksonville.com/news/20200414/waters-close-to-duval-on-most-endangered-list-for- country?fbclid=IwAR1P-ycrnkzc2raBl4Vtt5xe-GERzsjpr2JdkzcZnTM8UOF9C-TuAvGn9kA Dam’s Removal Would Reveal Ocklawaha River’s Lost Treasures 02.15.20 | Orlando Sentinel Op-ed: by Elizabeth Neville: Group: Ocklawaha River Is Among Nation’s Most Endangered https://www.orlandosentinel.com/opinion/guest-commentary/os-op-ocklawaha-drawdown-20200215- 04.04.20 | Ocala Star Banner: f2xdjiaiwff35mauk4xuke4zpe-story.html https://www.ocala.com/news/20200414/group-ocklawaha-river-is-among-nationrsquos-most- endangered?fbclid=IwAR2z8F0jcSAH-Io-LEBFDDmXDUV0RG_T_Tv7_bXWn7kaOxn1lrC7FO5au00 These represent selected stories and does not include all print, electronic and social media stories. Nobody knows how to wean manatees off coal plants 04.02.20 | Bloomberg: - Article confirming why natural habitat is needed in Silver Springs and the Ocklawaha River for Florida’s manatees. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-04-02/nobody-knows-how-to-wean-manatees-off- coal-plants

Active Fights For Free-Flowing Rivers In The Gulf And South Atlantic 03.31.20 | Waterkeeper Alliance https://waterkeeper.org/news/active-fights-for-free-flowing-rivers-in-the-gulf-and-south-atlantic/

Ocklawaha River Restoration Group To Screen ‘Lost Springs’ Documentary 03.05.2020 | Ocala Star Banner: https://www.ocala.com/entertainment/20200305/ocklawaha-river-restoration-group-to-screen- lsquolost-springsrsquo-documentary

On Both Sides Of The Dam 03.02.20 | WUFT Gainesville: https://www.wuft.org/news/on-both-sides-of-the-dam/

River Life Impacts On Our Estuary 03.02.20 | Florida Times Union https://www.jacksonville.com/news/20200302/river-life-impacts-on-our-estuary

50 Manatees on the Silver River Photo by Reinier Munguia / wildstockphotos.com / Munguia Reinier by Photo The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 51 CONTACTS

Free the Ocklawaha River Coalition for Everyone Contact: Margaret Spontak, Chair [email protected] FREE THE (352) 229-2887 https://FreetheOcklawaha.com OCKLAWAHA https://GreatFloridaRiverway.com Steering Committee:

Margaret Hankinson Spontak, Chair, Free the Ocklawaha River Coalition for Everyone (FORCE) Jenny Carr, President, Florida Defenders of the Environment FREE THE Karen Chadwick, Owner, North Star Charters Chris Farrell, Northeast Policy Associate, Audubon Florida OCKLAWAHA Casey Fitzgerald, Former Assistant Director of Water Resources Department, SJRWMD Jim Gross, Executive Director, Florida Defenders of the Environment Gail Hankinson, Chair, Community Carbon Fund, Sustainable Tallahassee Elizabeth Neville, Senior Gulf Coast Associate, Defenders of Wildlife Lisa Rinaman, St. Johns Riverkeeper Robert Virnstein, President, St. Johns River Institute & Owner, Seagrass Ecosystems Analysts

Advocacy Committee:

Co-chairs: Elizabeth Neville, Senior Gulf Coast Associate, Defenders of Wildlife Lisa Rinaman, St. Johns Riverkeeper

Members: Cora Berchem, Director of Multimedia a nd Manatee Research Associate, Save the Manatee Cris Costello, Organizing Manager, Sierra Club Chris Farrell, Northeast Florida Policy Associate, Audubon Florida Travis Moore, Owner, Travis Moore Relations Mary Jane Angelo, UF Professor of Law, Director of the Environmental and Land Use Law Program Casey Fitzgerald, Former Assistant Director of Water Resources Department, SJRWMD Elizabeth Fleming, Senior Florida Representative, Defenders of Wildlife Sarah Gledhill, Senior Florida Field Campaigner, Center for Biological Diversity Gail Hankinson, Chair, Community Carbon Fund, Sustainable Tallahassee Jim Gross, Executive Director, Florida Defenders of the Environment Jacki Lopez, Florida Director and Staff Attorney, Center for Biological Diversity Joe Little, UF Professor Emeritus, Levin College of Law Preston Robertson, Executive Director, Florida Wildlife Federation Pat Rose, Executive Director, Save the Manatee Club Ryan Smart, Executive Director, Florida Springs Council

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 52 Margaret Spontak, Chair, Free the Ocklawaha Coalition Jane West, Policy and Planning Director, 1000 Friends of Florida Kent Wimmer, Senior Representative, Defenders of Wildlife Herman Younger, Organizing Representative, Sierra Club

Science Committee:

Co-chairs Casey Fitzgerald, Former Assistant Director of Water Resources Department, SJRWMD - Environmental policy Ed Lowe, PhD, Former Director of Environmental Sciences & Chief Scientist, SJRWMD - Aquatic and wetland ecology

Members Chris Farrell, Northeast Florida Policy Associate, Audubon Florida - Community ecology Jim Gross, Executive Director, Florida Defenders of the Environment - Hydrogeology John Hendrickson - Former Supervising Environmental Scientist, SJRWMD - Water Quality Bob Knight, PhD, Executive Director, Florida Springs Institute - Springs and wetlands ecology Jack Putz, PhD - Distinguished Professor, Department of Biology, University of Florida, Botany Pat Rose, Executive Director, Save the Manatee Club - Aquatic biology Pete Sucsy, PhD, Former Technical Program Manager, SJRWMD - Hydrodynamics Ken Sulak, PhD, Scientist Emeritus, USGS Wetland and Aquatic Research Center - Fish biology Bob Virnstein, PhD, President, St. Johns River Institute & Owner, Seagrass Ecosystems Analysts - Estuarine ecology Quinton White, PhD, Director, Marine Science Research Institute, Jacksonville University - Marine biology

Communications Committee Co-chairs: Margaret Spontak, Committee Co-chair, Free the Ocklawaha Coalition Kelly Thompson, Committee Co-chair, St. Johns Riverkeeper

Members Cora Berchem, Director of Multimedia and Manatee Research Associate, Save the Manatee Cris Costello, Organizing Manager, Sierra Club Elizabeth Neville, Senior Gulf Coast Associate, Defenders of Wildlife Erika Ritter, Owner, A Cruising Down the River Herman Younger, Organizing Representative, Sierra Club Brenda Wells, Florida Springs Council

Marketing and Communications Consultants: Reinier Munguía, President, Munguia Photography and Advertising Natalie Shulte, Director of Communications and Public Relations, Wingard Marketing and Public Relations

The Great Florida Riverway — Voices for the Rivers 53 A Special Dedication to the Voices of the Great Florida Riverway

For over fifty years, people throughout Florida have longed for the undoing of the great devastation that happened along the Ocklawaha River and the proposed path of the Cross Florida Barge Canal. It was so devastating that Reader’s Digest published an article, Rape on the Ocklawaha. Landowners, anglers, small businesses and even whole communities like Santos, a Black community near Ocala, were harmed. Some say that the damage was done; let us move on. Fortunately, thousands of citizens have come together to reverse the ongoing harm that the Rodman/ Kirkpatrick Dam continues to cause to people and wildlife from Silver Springs to the Atlantic Ocean.

Marjorie Harris Carr dedicated over 40 years of her life to halting the Cross Florida Barge Canal and trying to remove the Rodman Dam. There are others that joined her that are still with us today. Our gift to her and those before us Illustration from project by Uma Blandon, Angelina Cabrera, Kate Noel, and Xiaoyu Zheng. is to finish this critical work to restore the Ocklawaha by breaching the dam to create a free-flowing river. In fall of 2019, many of you came together to finish her work. The idea of forming a stronger and broader based coalition has seen positive results in the media, social media, and communities. We have begun to understand that the outcomes of a restored river need to leave the people and communities along the riverway better than they were before. That is a major focus for the year ahead.

Thanks so much to you who led river tours, wrote postcards and letters, held fundraising activities, produced art, met with leaders, funded grants, worked with the media and social media, and persevered when other voices were not always pleasant. Out of the woodwork came a scientific team, second-to-none, economists, land acquisition assistance, a UF student design team with stellar faculty, policy leaders, GIS mappers, and hands to carry the weight of this moment. When we achieve Marjorie’s dream and that of my brother, John H. Hankinson, Jr., it will be because of you. The Voices for the Rivers is dedicated to you!

With deepest gratitude,

Margaret Hankinson Spontak

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