ௐ 3 ഇ! ࢱ 83-100! 2019 ѐ/ࡌ؞ཱི !ס έ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώ! ௐ 15 Taiwan International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 83-100 Autumn 2019

憲政本土化與憲政民主發展－ 加拿大憲法變遷的啟發

ቛخڒ ୶ѯ̂ጯ̳ВҖ߆ጯրࣘЇӄநି଱

ၡ ࢋ

෪ᇈ˘઼࣎छ۞౵੼ఢቑĂ࣐ࡶ઼छ۞౵੼ఢቑυืགྷϤ׎ڱጳ ΁઼छ۞ᄮΞᄃԲࣞ඀ԔĂ၁̙௑Ъϔ͹۞ૄώទᏭĂ1982 ѐͽ݈۞ ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞៍ᕇ΍൴Ăٺΐो̂ӈߏѩּĄώ͛ଂጳ߆ϔ͹ᑕϲૄ ώ˿̼۞តዏ࿅඀ĂͽڱĂଣ੅ጳژតዏү࣎९̶ڱͽΐो̂۞ጳ֭ តዏтңஎ̼ጳ߆ϔ͹Ąڱጳ̈́

តዏڱᙯᔣෟĈጳ߆ώ˿̼ăጳ߆ϔ͹ăጳ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 84

壹、前言

ڼထనᅳгĞdominionğฟؕĂΐो̂ѣ˞г͞ڱଂ 1867 ѐࡻᛳΔ࡚ д 1921 ѐع଀˘઼࣎छᑕѣ۞Ԇፋᝋ˧Ąညߏΐो̂߆פుՎޢநᝋĂ̝ ͵аԆፋ۞γϹᝋć˟ѨפĂଂࡻ઼ޢѨ͵ࠧ̂ጼ˘ٺ࿴ο˞້ཧ઼ᑔć Ăΐो̂ᄃ઼࡚۞߆གྷᙯܼ͟ᔌ૜̷Ă͍׎ߏдགྷᑻ̢೎ᄃ࢕ޢࠧ̂ጼͽ ณொϔ̂۞ޢЪүĂ࠹၆ᄃࡻ઼̝ม۞ᙯܼҋ൒ດֽດழᗓĂГΐ˯ጼְ ڱаጳפ߹ˢĂΐो̂۞઼ᅫᇆᜩ˧͟ৈᘆ̿ĂѩॡĂଂࡻ઼઼ົܛᄃྤ टቤְ̝Ą1982 ѐĂॡЇᓁநՆጆ྽ĞPierre Trudeauğ̙גҋ͹ᝋಶјࠎ ϒёШΐो઼̂ົᄃࡻ઼઼ົ೩΍࣒ጳኛՐĂјࠎΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞ᙯ តዏڱΐो̂۞ጳژᔣ˘ՎĄώ͛૟ଂጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹۞ෛ֎Ăଣ གྷរٙ૲ֽ̝ጯ௫ᄃୁ൴Ą

貳、憲政民主與憲政本土化的意涵

઼̂ڱጳ߆ᄃϔ͹࣎Ҿ࠰ߏᇃࠎˠۢ۞ෟᄬĂҭңᏜጳ߆ϔ͹׸ĉд ጳᝋ۞͹វĂ҃טາࣧ݋Ă઱ѣˠϔ଀ͽүࠎ۞ڼ߆ڱĂቁϲ΍ጳޢࢭ׻ Ăޜᄃጳ߆۞ˠϔ͹វĂಶజࠧؠࠎϔ୉ĞnationğĞᏂ੼ڱጳٺ఺ᇹА ,ᄃጳ߆৩ԔܼϤ඗၆кᇴ઼ϔֽՙؠĞMayoڱ2007ğĄ༊΃ϔ͹Ăࢋቁܲጳ ጳ߆৩۞˯ٺតዏͽ̈́ϲૄڱ1957ğĂ౅࿅পҾкᇴՙ۞ఢ݋ٙ྿ј۞ጳ ϲޙ҃ڱԔĂ݋૟Հ้ШВᙊϔ͹ĞStudlar & Christensen, 2006ğĄֶೈጳ Ăؕࠎጳ߆ϔ͹ĄЯѩĂጳ߆ϔ͹۞ຍஉĂநᑕஉᄏڼጳ߆৩Ԕ۞ϔ͹߆ ଂкᇴᄃ಴ࢦ͌ᇴĞmajority rule and minority rightğĂΪߏ఺჌ϔ͹ૄڇ ଂкᇴڇጳ࿅඀҃జᖎ̼јΪ౺טкᇴՙ۞פࠎ˞ਕૉ఼࿅ଳــώᆊࣃ నࢍĞRanney & Kendall, 1956ğĄڱጳ۞ ˘ጐგдጯநኢᙋ˯Ăѣጯ۰૟ጳ߆ϔ͹Ğconstitutional democracyğ Ձ̶̈́ϲĞrestrained andٲෟෛࠎҋ࠹Ϭ࠼۞௡ЪĂᄮࠎĶጳ߆ķᛃӣ ࢨĞunified andצˠϔ۞ᏴፄĂ҃Ķϔ͹ķ݋෪ᇈ˘࡭̙̈́טdividedğĂࢨ ڱĞself-ruleğćݒ˵ѣጯ۰ᄮࠎĂጳڼunconstrainedğĂֶೈˠϔҋԧ௚ តዏ۞ୁ൴ 85ڱጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹൴णůΐो̂ጳ

,Ğጳ߆ğߏჯ޺ϔ͹ྻү۞ྼᑚఢ݋Ă׌۰̙࠹࿁ࡦĞBellamy & Castiglione кᇴϔி҃֏Ă᝘੓ֽٺOlson, 2007; Tushnet, 2003ğĄҭጳ߆ϔ͹၆ ;1997 ϲ۞ጳ߆ϔ͹Ăಶᑕྍࢋஉޙ˯̝ڱϔ͹ጳٺҬͼ̪ߏநٙ༊൒Ą҃ϲૄ ͹ཌྷĞrule of lawğ̈́ˠϔ͹ᝋĞpopular sovereigntyğĞ Lutz, 2000ğĄڼڱᄏ Ă૟ؼҩ΍Ω˘࣎ጳ߆ϔ͹۞ᙯᔣĂ˵ಶߏጳ߆ޢ༊˯ࢗ۞ࠧؠቁϲ ؠ۞ጳטϤˠϔĞٕϔ୉ğܧώ˿̼Ğpatriation of the constitutionğĄߊ൒ జᄮࠎߏৌϒ۞ጳ߆ϔ͹Ăೱ֏̝Ăጳ߆ώ˿̼ӈࠎڱᄃጳ߆৩ԔĂ൑ڱ ੠Րጳ߆ϔ͹۞ᙯᔣјΑࢋ৵Ą ңᏜጳ߆ώ˿̼ĉѣೀ჌̙Т۞ྋ᝝ෛ֎ĂҭВТ۞ኢᕇౌૻአٺҌ ఢቑ۞ˠϔཏវĂВТՙؠٕԲ̝ࣞĂ఺ߏጳ߆ώ˿̼۞ૄώᅮڱጳצϤ ఢቑĂ˵Ξͽᄲጳ߆ڱՐĄϺӈϤώ઼ˠϔֶፂ઼̰඀ԔĂՙؠ઼छ౵੼ ώ˿̼ಶߏˠϔೠ೪઼छ͹ᝋ۞णனĞKnickerbocker & Nickel, 2016ğĄጳ ᄃΒटĂᕖ̂ྍొם߆ώ˿̼۞౉शĂΞͽ౅࿅࣒ጳ඀Ԕ۞አፋĂᆧΐԁ உᄏˠϔཏវ۞ࠧؠቑಛĞLesson, 2017ğĄٚѩĂ༊΃ϔ͹઼छĂ୬ڱጳ ᄃጳ߆υืώ˿̼۞ૄώ઄ڱϲϔ͹৩ԔĂಶᙱͽࡦᗓጳޙڱ੠Րͽጳ ϲ׍ѣϒ༊ؖૄޙֽ̼˿ώڱछ̏གྷ׍౯ϔ͹পᇈĂ̪ѣᏥጳ઼ܮؠĄӈ ᖂ۞ጳ߆ϔ͹Ą

參、加拿大憲政本土化的歷程

࿅඀Ăڼаğ͹ᝋ۞߆פߊ൒ጳ߆ώ˿̼޽ঘ۞ߏ˘઼઼̝ϔೠ೪Ğٕ ۞ڱа࣒ԼጳפЯѩͽΐो̂۞གྷរ҃֏Ăώ˿̼۞޽ᇾಶߏਕӎଂࡻ઼ ĂΞͽឰΐो̂ଂ߆ڱؠٕ࣒Լ۞ጳטᝋ˧Ą˘ొԆБϤΐो̂ˠϔҋҖ ன၁Ğlegal realityğĞ Scott, 1982ğĂޠڱன၁Ğpolitical realityğᖼតјࠎڼ ,͹ᝋ۞मҾĞWaltersޠڱ͹ᝋᄃڼϒтᑛౠĞDiceyğٙ֏Ă఺ߏ߆˵ ώڱ2012ğĄ൒҃Ăΐो̂۞ጳ߆ώ˿̼።඀׎၁෹࿅ѺѐĂ҃ͷੵ˞ጳ ࣧҝϔᝋӀ᜕ܲͽٺ၆ੰڱ९ͽ̈́౵੼ڱវ۞តજĂ1960 ѐ۞ΐो̂ˠᝋ តዏ۞જਕ̝˘ĂЯѩிٙ࠰ڱ࣒ጳ඀Ԕ۞ҿՙᄃྋᛖĂౌߏΐो̂ጳ̈́ БᄻĄܧĻĂߏࢦࢋ֧඀༫ݒڱĺ1982 ѐጳ۞ۢ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 86

ϲതϔгĂдޙଣ৶າ̂ౙ֭ثڌ׌઼ౙᜈдΔ࡚ڱỊ̏͵ࡔॡĂࡻ ଀кᇴ۞Δ࡚തϔгĄ1865 ѐĂࡻ઼઼ົͽĺതϔפĂࡻ઼ˠޢۋጼڱࡻ ޠڱ९ĻĞColonial Laws Validity Act, CLVAğֽᗃ୻തϔгڱ˧ड़ޠڱг ᅳгڼ९̚Ăኬ̟ҋڱม۞ड़˧ᙯܼĞBird, 2018ğĄдྍ̝ޠڱͽ̈́ࡻ઼ Ă1867 ѐ 7 ͡ 1 ͟Ăࡻ઼࿴ο۞ĺࡻޢᝋĞClokie, 1942ğĄ׌ѐڱѣࢨ۞ϲ ĻĞBritish North America Act, BNA ActğϠड़Ăజᄮࠎߏΐो̂ڱᛳΔ࡚ ĻĞConstitution Act, 1867ğĂڱĂϺజჍࠎĺ1867 ѐጳڱௐ˘ొϒёጳ۞ ڱٙᔑᅳાጾѣҌ੼൑˯۞ጳ઼ޓࡻ̂ٺҭ༊ॡ۞ࡻ઼઼ົ̪ᄮࠎ׎၆ நֶፂĂݒ֭Ϗኬ̟ΐो̂ಏڼߏΐो̂۞౵੼ڱᝋĂЯѩӈֹࡻᛳΔ࡚ ĞBird, 2018; Meekison, 1999; Sabetti, 1982ğĄט଀ͽซҖ࣒Լ۞፟͞ ࡭࠹ТĂ̰टౌஉᄏ̂ڱĻᄃ༊΃ጳڱಶఢቑඕၹ៍̝Ăĺ1867 ѐጳ ᝋ˧ᕩᛳڼᝋ˧̶ϲă̚δᄃг͞ᝋ˧ထ̶ăૄώᝋӀఢؠĂଘд઼छ௚˞ ׎ٺĂ̪Ϥࡻ઼Ӗͳጾѣ౵੼Җ߆ᝋĂ଱ᝋΐो̂ᓁ༛ҖֹĄ൒҃Ă࠹ྵ˯ ĻҬͼ֭ڱྍ઼۞ጳ߆৩ԔĂĺ1867 ѐጳٺϲ˘࣎ᛳޙֽڱ΁઼छ౅࿅ጳ ăݒڱ࡚Ӏિᓑ֣ጳٺҬ˘Њ̙ᙸТܕϲ˘࣎፾ϲ઼छ۞ຍဦĄՀޙϏពன ͛ІĞAckerman & Charney, 1984ğĄڼຐ૟Ч࠷ĞડાğᓑЪ੓ֽ۞߆˫ ࣒ϒڱߛၹ˭Ăࡻ઼઼ົഅ఼࿅˟Ȉ˘Ѩ۞ΐो̂ጳ۞ڱдࡻᛳΔ࡚ ˠ̀͹ૺĂࡻ઼̙Ξਕົӎ۞ڱ९ĞCameron, 2017ğĄ༊ॡᄮТࡻᛳΔ࡚ ĂڱĂ˵̙ΞਕૻҖ఼࿅˘࣎ΐो̂ˠϔ̙ࢋ۞ጳڱՙΐो̂ˠϔࢋ۞ጳ ,Ϥࡻ઼ͯࢬԼតĞRiddellົ̙ڱΐो̂ˠϔѣ࣒ጳВᙊĂӎ݋ጳܧੵ ఢቑ̰உߏڱĻ۰݋ૻአĂ̙ኢጳڱ1919ğĄጐგтѩĂͅ၆ĺ1867 ѐጳ ඀Ԕ۞ڱĂϤΐो̂ˠϔͽγ۞ˠֽՙؠΐो̂ጳצӎਕజΐो̂ˠϔତ ௑Ъጳ߆ϔ͹۞ࣧநĞChoate, 1916ğĄ̙֭ ९ڱĻ۞଱ᝋĂࡻ઼ᄃΐो̂Тᇹֳѣܲ঻ڱॲፂĺ1867 ѐጳ Ăΐो̂ᓁ༛ޢ९ޠڱĞreservationğ̝ᝋĂ༊ΐो઼̂ົ׌ੰౌ఼࿅ߙี ९Ăڱд׌ѐ̰Բࣞ఺ีعࡻ઼߆ޞΞͽᏴፄТຍăӎՙăٕߏܲ঻ྍ९ඈ ९ĞdisallowanceğڱĻĂࡻ઼ᔘጾѣᅺаڱӎ݋ԛТӎՙć҃ॲፂĺ1867 ѐጳ ९̏གྷϤΐो̂۞઼ົ׌ੰ఼࿅ă֭ͷᒔ଀ᓁ༛ᘪᛳڱᝋĂϺӈ༊ߙี̝ ٺ९ĞAlbert, 2014ğĄϤѩ៍̝Ăࡻ઼઼ົ၆ڱԲࣞĂࡻ઼̪଀ӎՙྍี តዏ۞ୁ൴ 87ڱጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹൴णůΐो̂ጳ

࣒ԼጾѣТຍٕӎՙ۞౵௣ՙؠᝋĂ̙ኢߏ͹જ࣒Լٕߏజ۞ڱΐो̂ጳ ѨϤࡻ઼ӎՙΐो̂۞࣒ጳ˘ޢજаᑕΐो̂۞ኛՐĞScott, 1982ğĂ҃౵ ѺѐϏഅҖֹܲ঻ᝋٕᅺаᝋĂܕ҂۞ߏĂࡻ઼૟ޥਨ९ߏд 1878 ѐĄࣃ଀ ̼˿ᝋĂࠎңݒ̪࡭˧੠Ր˘ొώڱ၁ኳֳѣ፾ϲҋ͹۞ϲٺΐो̂ඈТ ĉڱጳ ၆ѩĂΐो̂ଯજጳ߆ώ˿̼۞જٕ፟ధΞͽྋᛖࠎĈ੠ՐߊࢋѣЪ ĞlegalityğĂ˵ࢋѣϒ༊ّĞlegitimacyğ۞ጳ߆ϔ͹ĞCameron, 2017ğĄّڱ Ăݒّڱఢቑ˭ٙซҖ۞Їң࣒ጳ඀ԔĂᔵ൒׍ѣЪ۞ڱЯࠎдࡻᛳΔ࡚ Яࠎ̪ืΐो̂ˠϔͽγ۞Բࣞ඀Ԕ̙҃׍ѣϔ͹ϒ༊ّĄ Ăΐो̂۞઼ᅫгҜᄃࢦࢋّ͟ৈ೩੼Ă˵Β߁ޢд׌Ѩ۞͵ࠧ̂ጼ ΐˢΐो̂ᓑ֣јࠎௐȈ࣎࠷ЊĂΐो̂۞઼̰γ߆ٺѐ௣ 1949 ٺᜋ܆৸ ᄃጳ߆۞঎ሗ˵෸ֽ෸ૻڱώ˿̼ጳٺԊ๕ౌѣٙᖼតĂ੠Րᛳڼ ĞLederman, 1984ğĄࢵ А ߏ 1927 ѐ۞ᅳ͹ů࠷ЊົᛉĞDominion-Provincial дົᛉ̚٦΍Ϥ઼̰ซҖ࣒ጳ඀ԔܜొڱConferenceğĂΐो̂ᓑ֣Φ ࣒ጳ۞υࢋّזĂЧ࠷ດΐᄮۢޢĞdomestic amending procedureğ۞ᛉᗟ ĞHogg, 1992; Kilgour, 1985ğĂົ̚ϒёٚᄮΐो̂Ч࠷д࣒ጳ࿅඀̚υื થົᛉĞClose, 1985ğĄם۞˯ౙᜈฟ࿅ȈˬಞͽޢజᏙྙĞSabetti, 1982ğĂ̝ Әΐो̂д߆ކѐ۞ĺҘୂъ୧ּĻĞStatute of Westminsterğϒё 1931 ҃ ᝋᄃγϹᝋĞBreton, 1984; Feldstein, 2018ğĂڱ፾ϲĂ֭ͷጾѣҋ͹ϲ۞˯ڼ Ăΐो̂үࠎ˘઼࣎छ۞ᝋ˧͟ᔌԆፋĄдѩТॡĂጳ߆ώ˿̼ٙޢҋѩ̝ ఢቑّĞClokie, 1942ğĄڱٺՀ੼ّڼࢋࢬ၆۞߄ጼĂ߆ Т۞̙פĂ༊ॡ۞࣒ጳົֶፂ࣒Լ۞ቑಛ҃ଳޢЯࠎдҘୂъ୧ּ̝ ඀ԔĈĞ1ğࡶ࣒ጳ̰ट่ঘ̈́ᅳ͹ᝋৈĂ݋Ϥ઼ົซҖ࣒ጳ඀ԔćĞ2ğ ࡶঘ̈́ᅳ͹̈́ొ̶࠷ЊᝋৈĂ݋Ϥᙯܼˠણᄃ࣒ጳćĞ3ğࡶঘ̈́ૄώᝋӀ ˬតજĂυืϤ઼ົᄃЧ࠷ᛉົ˘࡭఼࿅ćĞ4ğ׎ዶ࣒ጳᛉᗟ݋υืགྷϤ ࠷ЊТຍĂТຍ̝࠷Њٙᔑˠ˾υื෹࿅Б઼ᓁˠ˾۞ 55%Ą఺۞˟̶̝ ᘲώ˿̼̳ёķ͈ڱд 1964 ѐజ൴णࠎĶಱႬ࿲ůڱ჌࣒ጳ඀Ԕ۞α̶ ĞFulton-Favreau Patriation FormulağĂݒЯࠎ௣տϏਕᒔ଀ᅾΔҹ࠷Тຍ ୢĄٸ҃ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 88

ѐࢉϠ΍ĶჯкӀֲ̳ёķ 1970 ٺГޢϤ఺჌ኑᗔ۞࣒ጳ̳ёనࢍĂ͟ ĞVictoria Charter FormulağĂдྍ̳ё̚Ăϒё࣒ጳ඀ԔࢋՐੵ˞઼ົ׌ ࡭఼࿅γĂ֭੫၆тңᒔ଀Ч࠷Тຍ҃ࢍზ΍˘इኑᗔ۞̶੨͞˘۞ੰ ˘ёĂᅮࢋТॡ႕֖˭Еˬีᇾ໤̖΃ܑ࣒ጳ९ᒔ଀࠷৺ТຍĈĞ1ğЇң ࣎࠷Њ۞ˠ˾ᇴ෹࿅Б઼ 25%ćĞ2ğҌ͌ࢋѣ׌࣎̂Ҙ߶࠷ЊćĞ3ğҌ ࢋѣ׌࣎Ҙొ࠷Њͷ΃ܑˠ˾ᇴ෹࿅ፋវҘొ࠷Њ۞ 50%Ą׎̚Ă఺ี͌ ё۞ௐ˘࣎ᇾ໤Ă΃ܑᅾΔҹ࠷ᄃщ̂ர࠷ಶ֖ͽ፾ҋӎՙΐो̂۞ጳ̳ ࣒ϒ९Ăтѩ۞ܲᅪ౵௣̪Ϗᒔ଀ᅾΔҹ࠷۞Тຍֹ҃ჯкӀֲ̳ёүڱ ቪĞHogg, 1992ğĄ តዏ۞੼पഇĄ1980 ѐĂᅾΔҹ࠷ڱѐĂߏΐो̂ጳ 1982 זѐ 1980 ԼࢭࢋՐĂឰΐोڱ೩΍۞Ķ͹ᝋඕЪķĞsovereignty-associationğጳع߆ ᄃۤົౝˢՀ̂۞П፟ᄃღૺĞWatts, 1996ğĄྍѐ 10 ͡ 2 ͟Ăΐڼ߆̂ ͛ІĞconstitutional textğĂୁڱШᓑ֣ிᛉੰᅍϹΐो̂ጳعो̂ᓑ֣߆ જ˘րЕ۞࣒ጳ඀ԔĂଯજΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼Ăੵ˞૟࣒ጳᝋଂࡻ઼઼ົ ΐो઼̂ົĂΩγ˵ࢵѨჟቁؠཌྷΐो̂Ч࠷д࣒ጳ඀Ԕ̚۞֎זொᖼа ఺ี࣒ጳ೩९Ăᙒјᄃͅ၆۰̶Ҿд઼ົ̈́ЧٺҒؠҜĞHogg, 1984ğĄ၆ дᓑ֣ણăி׌ੰΡฟ۞ᓑЪ؎ࣶົซҖಡӘॡĂع࠷णฟ၆ϲĂᓑ֣߆ ώ˿̼࣒̈́ԼࠎᗟĞThe Patriation and Amendment ofڱቁгͽΐो̂ጳځ ྍѨ࣒ጳ෦ՐĄځthe Constitution of CanadağĂᄲ ѐ 4 ͡ 8 ͟Ăΐो̂ᓑ֣ிᛉੰ̳ο˞ྭᛨࠁ۞Вᙊ͛Ğall-party 1981 ี˘agreementğĂ҃ 4 ͡ 16 ͟Ăͅ၆ᓁநՆጆ྽೩९۞ˣ࣎࠷ЊĂ˵೩΍ عᓑ֣߆צ९Ğinter-provincial agreementĂྭ࠷ЊВᙊ͛ğĂᙸຍତ͞םԁ ώ˿̼೩९Ăҭυื૟Ч࠷Њ۞ᝋ˧Еˢ࣒ጳ̳ёĂ౵௣ЯᓁநՆڱጳ۞ ൑়҃௣Ą҃צጆ྽̙ᙸତ ఺ี࣒ጳ೩९่ᒔ଀щ̂ர࠷ᄃ৸ο೻ჯҹ࠷۞͚޺Ă׎ዶˣ࠷ٺϤ Ч࠷д༊ॡ۞࣒ጳ඀Ԕ̚ٺ೩੓෦఩ĄϤੰڱĂѣˬ࣎࠷ЊШᓑ֣౵੼̚ Ϗ޺ᜈгд˵عቁĂ҃ͷдѝА۞ጳ߆९ּ̚Ăᓑ֣߆ځણᄃ඀Ԕ̙֭۞ ᕇۋ࡭֍ྋĞHogg, 1992ğĂЯѩྍѨ෦఩۞˘۞ع࣒ጳ࿅඀̚ᇈՐЧ࠷߆ ࣒ϒ೩९υืགྷϤЧ࠷Њ˘࡭఼ڱፂࢋՐጳֶޠڱѣ˟Ĉௐ˘ߏߏӎѣ តዏ۞ୁ൴ 89ڱጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹൴णůΐो̂ጳ

࣒ϒ೩९υืགྷϤЧ࠷Њ˘࡭఼࿅ڱ࿅ĉௐ˟Ăߏӎѣጳ߆ၚּࢋՐጳ ĞHogg, 1984ğĉ ˛Ҿͽ̶ءڱੰڱᕇд 1981 ѐ 9 ͡ 28 ͟ĂϤΐो̂ᓑ֣౵੼ۋ఺ֱ ۰ᄮТჯ᜕ጳ߆ၚޢĂڱă̱̈́ͧˬ఼࿅׌ีࢦࢋ֍ྋĂ݈۰͚޺ጳ˟ͧ ,Ăј ࠎĶώ˿̼Ꮩྙຍ֍ķĞPatriation Referenceğ ĞAlbert, 2015; Ledermanּ ĂӈֹΪѣᒔ଀˭ޘטࣇᄮࠎĂд༊ॡ۞ᓑ֣ءڱੰڱ1984ğĄᓑ֣౵੼ Җֹጳ߆ώ˿̼Ğpatriation ofڱѣЪ̪ع׌࣎࠷Њ۞ВᙊĂᓑ֣߆ ૲ѣҭ३Ă఺჌ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞ᝋ˧Ăυืᒔ଀ܢConstitutionğ۞ᝋ˧ćΪߏ ࠷Њ۞၁ኳТຍĞsubstantial degree of provincial consentğĂӎ݋૟Я࿁ࡦጳ ߆ၚּ҃൑ड़ĞAlbert, 2014; Hogg, 1984; Remillard, 1984; Scott, 1982ğĂ఺ ͘ڼኘҿॸ۞˘჌߆ܔࢦعᄃЧ࠷߆عҿՙజᄮࠎߏૻ࢝ᓑ֣߆ڱΦี ᜈ۞࣒ጳኘҿ̚Ăቁϲΐो̂۞࣒ጳ඀Ԕੵ˞Ϥ઼ົкᇴޢ߱Ă˵̖ਕд ఼࿅γĂᔘࢋགྷ࿅ˬ̶̝˟۞࠷Њ఼࿅Ăͷᙒј࠷̶ٙ΃ܑ۞ˠ˾υืΚ Б઼ˠ˾ᓁᇴ۞ 50%ͽ˯ĞCarins, 1985ğĄ ώ˿̼۞޽͔ĄֶፂĶώڱ֍ྋԛТග̟Նጆ྽ᓁநଯજጳ۞ੰڱ౵੼ ᛉĂੵ˞ᅾΔົڱᏙྙຍ֍ķ۞ࢋՐĂՆጆ྽ᓁநд 11 ͡ 2 ͟Ρฟጳ̼˿ ͡ ВᙊĞCompromise AgreementğĄ11םҹ࠷ͽγ۞˝࣎࠷ЊВТ྿јԁ ୧ഠĞlegislativeڱ଀׌̂ࢦࢋซणĂΐˢᖬᄏϲפĂࣧА۞ͅ၆ࠁ͟ 5 ώĄۍoverride ٕ override clauseğĂͽ࣒̈́ጳ̳ёĂ֭јࠎ౵௣࣒ጳ೩९ ڱጐგтѩĂ఺ีᓑ֣ů࠷ЊВᙊ͛Ğfederal-provincial agreementğᔘߏ൑ ᒔ଀ᅾΔҹ࠷۞ᘪཌĄଣտ׎ЯĂ༊ᅾΔҹˠᛨĞParti Quebecoisğᛏ଀ 1976 ͹ૺ૟عĂઙჯ೻ҹĞRene Levesqueğᅳጱ۞ᅾΔҹ߆ޢѐᅾΔҹ࠷Ᏼᓝ ᄬડ၆ඈ֭ࢦ۞Ķ͹ᝋඕЪķڱᅾΔҹᄃΐो̂ᓑ֣۞ᙯܼࠧؠࠎࡻᄬડᄃ ͡ Ğsovereignty-associationğĂࢬ၆఺ᇹ۞ᑅ˧ĂՆጆ྽ᓁநд 1980 ѐ 5 ၆ᅾΔҹˠϔ̳ฟٚᏚ૟ͽĶາᓑ֣͹ཌྷķĞrenewed federalismğֽ͟ 14 ᄃᅾΔҹ̝ม۞ᙯܼĄ൒҃д 1981 ѐ۞࣒ጳ࿅඀̚ĂᅾΔҹعࢬ၆ᓑ֣߆ ᓑ֣ᄃٺᄬડϔி۞ຍ֍Ăᙯڱ࣒ϒ९ߊϏ಴ࢦڱᄮࠎາ۞ΐो̂ጳع߆ Ч࠷̝ม۞ᝋ˧ထ̶Հ࿁ࡦ˞Նጆ྽ᓁநٚᏚ۞Ķາᓑ֣͹ཌྷķĂЯ҃١ ඗ᘪཌ࣒ጳ೩९ĞHogg, 1984; Meekison, 1999ğĄ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 90

࣒ϒ९Ă12 ͡ 8ڱѐ 12 ͡ 2 ͟Ăΐो̂ᓑ֣ிᛉੰ఼࿅ྍีጳ 1981 ГϤᓑ֣ણᛉੰ఼࿅Ă఺ีஉᄏᝋӀጳౢᄃٚᄮࣧҝϔᝋӀ۞ΐो̂ጳ͟ ѐ 3 ͡ 29 ͟Ϥࡻ઼઼ົ఼࿅Ą1982 ѐ 4 ͡ 17 ͟Ăࡻ઼̃ͳϿ 1982 ٺĂڱ Ăΐो̂ޢ९ĻĞConstitution Act, 1982ğڱڱఆ௻Ϩ˟͵ᘪཌĺ1982 ѐጳ ҋ͹ᝋĞMeekison, 1999ğĄڱࢵѨጾѣ̙ᅮࢋགྷ࿅ࡻ઼۞ጳ̖

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ΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞።඀ĂॡЇᓁநՆጆ྽Էႊᙯᔣ֎ҒĄ΁ٙଯજ ΐो̂ˠᄮТĞbroaderھᕖ̂ٺ˧ΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼Ăкѐֽజᄮࠎߏ࡭۞ and more inclusive pan-Canadian identityğĂ͍׎ߏᆧΐ۞ĺᝋӀᄃҋϤጳ ౢĻĞCharter of Rights and FreedomsğĞLesson, 2017ğĂТՎࢬ၆ࣧҝϔ ߊߏۤົཏវ۞౵੼ఢቑĂΐो̂۞ڱᝋӀ۞ٚᄮᄃ᜕ܲયᗟĄΪߏጳ ,ĞRemillardܜ޺ᜈតዏᄃјޞإĻ̪ѣధкϏౣ̝఍Ăڱĺ1982 ѐጳ Тॸ୏ኘ۞ᓁܜ1984ğĂЯѩౙౙᜈᜈгΡฟϤᓑ֣ᓁநᄃȈ࣎࠷Њ۞࠷ நᓑЪົᛉĞFirst Ministers’ Conferences, FMCsğĄ൒҃ొ̶ΐो̂ϔி၆ ĞCairns, 1988ğĂޘ޺ኳႷၗٱĻڱᄃ߆ᛨٙ͹ጱ۞ĺ1982 ѐጳعϤ߆ٺ ྋՙΐो઼̰̂хд̏˳۞ᄮТયڱĻ֭՟ѣᏱڱ׎ߏᄮࠎĺ1982 ѐጳ͍ ೩̿гҜ۞͹ૺĞStein, 1997ğĄ1986-87˭ޘטᓑ֣ٺᗟĂͽ̈́Ч࠷ࢋՐ થĂ͍׎ߏтң૟ᅾםШซҖ֕ޘטѐ۞ᓁநᓑЪົᛉĂ੫၆ΐो̂ᓑ֣ 1987 ٺϲ۞ጳ߆৩Ԕ̝˭ĂົᛉඕኢޙĻٙڱΔҹ࠷͔ጱаĺ1982 ѐጳ ,ؠĻĞMeech Lake AccordğĞAlcantaraםѐ 6 ͡ 3 ͟ᘪཌјࠎĺѼݵസ 2013ğĄ ,ᛉĞelite-drivenົܝයࡻ͹ጱ۞ౕڼؠĻజᄮࠎߏ߆םĺѼݵസ closed-doorğĞAlbert, 2015; Stein, 1997ğĂጐგဘྏ̼ྋᅾΔҹ࠷૲΍۞ ᛉ౵௣֭Ϗᒔ଀Бវ࠷Њ˘࡭ТຍĄ၆ѩĂĺѼݵസםયᗟĂҭ఺ีڱጳ నࢍᄃតዏĂ۞ޘטڼШĂ่̙ߏ˘჌߆֕ޘטؠĻᛈ̈́ΐो̂۞ᓑ֣ם Հࢦࢋ۞ߏͅߍ༊ॡᅾΔҹ۞̶ᗓયᗟ֭ར၁Ч࠷πඈࣧ݋Ă̳҃ϔᄃ߆ តዏ࿅඀̚Ă̶Ҿ΃ܑγొĞoutsidersğᄃ̰ొĞinsidersğ׌჌ڱдጳع តዏ۞ୁ൴ 91ڱጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹൴णůΐो̂ጳ

;ຍ֍Ă׌۰̝ม۞རम઱ѣ౅࿅ᕖ̳̂ிણᄃ̖ਕ̼ྋĞCairns, 1988 Swinton, 1992ğĄ ؠĻЯࠎͣ৿Шϔி໛఼҃ጱ࡭εୀ۞ି੊ĂΐोםĺѼݵസ˞פ੃ ֭ޢតዏ඀ԔĂ౵ڱд 1992 ѐͽՀк̮Βट۞̳ฟ੅ኢฟୁາ˘዇۞ጳ̂ ؠĻĞCharlottetown AccordğĄ൒҃Ăࢋར၁к̮ᄃםᘪཌ˞ĺआࠃপݱ ҋ൒೩੼ĂΒӣણᄃ۰Հкăޘથົᛉ۞඀Ԕኑᗔ඀םΒट۞̳ฟ੅ኢĂ ăᏙྙ૞छˠᇴՀкඈĞStein, 1997ğĄھछᛉᗟՀᇃ઼۞ڦᙯ ၆̂ிᇃᇈຍ֍ă̳ฟ੅ኢפથ࿅඀ĂଳםؠĻ۞םጐგĺआࠃপݱ Бវΐो̂ٺĞpublic input, transparent deliberationğ۞͞ёĂ੠Ր˘࣎ᛳ Ըኑՙ̚Ăͽ 54.3%ͅ၆ă45.7%͚޺۞Ըை̳ٺ͛ІĂҭ౵௣̪ڱˠ۞ጳ к̮੅ኢĂ˵Яࠎ۞ܝଳϡ˞ᇃฟ̂ܮజӎՙĞAlbert, 2015ğĄ҃ӈڍඕ ᅾΔҹ࠷ᄃщ̂ர࠷۞ღૺᙯޛથົᛉ҃ϏਕঐםᅾΔҹ࠷৿य˞кᇴ۞ ĺआזؠĻםĞGagnon & Laplante-Lévesque, 2013ğĄЯѩĂଂĺѼݵസܼ តዏ۞඀ԔٕధΞͽଂᇃᇈຍ֍ᄃ̳ฟ੅ڱᜈጳޢؠĻ۞εୀĂםࠃপݱ થͽѣड़гፋם࣒ጳ۞ВᙊĂГ౅࿅යࡻٺኢฟؕĂుՎ጖ჸۤົ̂ி၆ ᕣĂͽ೩੼јΑ۞፟ົĞStein, 1997ğĄܝЪ߆ᛨ˧ณĂ఼࿅࣒ጳԲࣞ ΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞Ϗֽ߄ጼĂࢵАࢋࢬ၆തϔ።Ϋᄃᓑ֣͹ཌྷĄΐ ो̂۞ጳ߆ώ˿̼ߏΒӣᗕ̮ᆸѨĂௐ˘ᆸߏΐो̂۞ጳ߆ώ˿̼ĂтТ ᝋ˧Ăௐ˟ᆸ݋ߏ࠷Њ۞ڼШࡻ઼৶а෪ᇈ౵੼௚عࢗϤΐो̂ᓑ֣߆݈ ጳ߆ώ˿̼ĞScott, 1982ğĂּтᅾΔҹĂ1970 ѐ΃ߏᅾΔҹ࠷Шΐो۞ ᝋ˧۞੼पĂ͍׎ߏ 1976 ѐ 11 ͡ĂᅾΔҹˠᛨڼ౵੼௚פۋعᓑ֣߆̂ ,ពĞGagnon & Laplante-LévesqueځՀΐޢĞParti Québécoisğᛏ଀ᅾΔҹ̂Ᏼ 2013ğĄ ѐ۞ĶಱႬ 1964 זಶ።Ϋ៍̝ĂᄃᅾΔҹѣᙯ۞ጳ߆ώ˿̼Ξͽ੠໖ ᘲώ˿̼̳ёķă1970 ѐĶჯкӀֲ̳ёķă1980 ѐĺՆጆ྽ՙ͈ڱ࿲ů ᛉĻĞTrudeau resolutionğĂౌኬ̟ᅾΔҹ࠷ᖬᛉᝋĞveto rightğĞRemillard, ĻĞRegional Veto Lawğڱ1984ğĂ1996 ѐΐो઼̂ົՀ఼࿅ĺડાᖬᛉ ۞ޢ࣒ϒ९Ą҃ڱĞAlbert, 2015ğĂኬ̟Ч࠷Հкᝋ˧ĂΒӣӎՙࢦ̂ጳ ,ᝋ̼ĞdecentralizationğĞWatts̶۞ޘטᓑ֣ٺ˧࣒ϒ९Ăӈ࡭ڱΐो̂ጳ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 92

1996ğĄᖣϤ఺჌ᅮࢋགྷ࿅ᗕᙝԲࣞ۞࣒ጳ඀ԔĞbilateral constitutional amendment processğֽቤ׶ᅾΔҹ̶ᗓྻજĞCameron & Jacqueline, 2008ğĄ ΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞Ω˘ี߄ጼಶߏк̮ۤົĄΐो̂۞തϔ።Ϋ૲ થ̚Ăᗕ̮ΐो̂ˠ֗ЊᄮТĞCanadianםڱк̮ϔ୉ۤົĂд።Ѩ۞ጳֽ Dualityğăͽ࠷ࠎಏҜ۞ડા͹ཌྷĞregionalismğăᓑ֣ᄃЧ࠷۞ᝋ˧̶੨ થ࿅඀̚۞ˬ̂҂រםតዏߏӎᅮࢋᗕᙝ۞˘࡭఼࿅ğĂߏڱĞΒӣጳ ĞSabetti, 1982ğĄ˘ਠ҃֏Ăкᇴˠົͽۤົጯ˯۞ϔ୉Ğsociological ϔ୉݋ߏͽЧ࣎ཏវ̝มᝋ۞˯ڼᄮۢк̮ϔ୉ۤົĂ߆ֽهnationsğໄ ͽཏវˠᇴкဿࠎࠧቢĞMcRoberts, 2001ğĄܧ੨۞̙Ӯඈֽડ̶Ă̶҃˧ Էႊឰ͌ᇴϔ୉˵ਕڱĂጳ˭هдк̮ϔ୉઼छĞmultinational stateğ۞ໄ ᄮТ۞ಫ̬Ąдΐो̂ጳ߆ώ˿̼۞࿅඀̚Ăଂͽࡻ઼ࠎ͹វ۞ಏ˘ϔ୉ ९۞ڱࢦ۞ᗕ̮ϔ୉ĞbinationğኢࢗߛၹГགྷϤˠᝋ֭ڱĂ٤ण΍ࡻڱጳ ࣧҝϔૄώᝋӀܲᅪ۞ҿՙĞт Attorney General ofٺ၆ੰڱͽ̈́౵੼ڱϲ ٕ Canada v. Lavell, [1974] S.C.R. 1349ğĂ͔ጱ΍˞ˬϔ୉Ğthree nations ϲк̮ϔ୉ޙតዏĂڱtrinationğ۞ΐो̂ĞMcRoberts, 2001ğĂГ౅࿅ጳ ᄃк̮̼͛۞ጳ߆৩ԔĄ តዏĂజᄮࠎߏڱĻߛၹ˭Ă༊΃ΐो̂۞ጳڱ൒҃Ăдĺ1982 ѐጳ ˬ۞˾࠹༊ኑᗔ෱˧۞඀ԔĂࢵАĂ࣒ጳᅮࢋ઼ົ׌ੰ఼࿅̈́΃ܑΗᇴˠ ࠷Њ͚޺Ă఺ᇹ۞඀Ԕܲᅪ˞ᓑ֣۞˘࡭ّăгડ۞ҋ͹ّćГགྷ˟̶̝ ֍ྋĞAlbert, 2015ğĂГ۞ੰڱϤˠϔ̳Ըኑՙć֭ͷ̙ਕ࿁ࡦᓑ֣౵੼ јΑĄٽĂឰࢦ࣒̂ጳдΐो̂ດֽດ̙टޢĻ఼࿅ڱΐ˯ĺડાᖬᛉ ᓑ֣۞̚ޘט՟ѣ༰࣒ͤԼΐो̂ᓑ֣˯טڱ૲˘೩۞ߏĂጐგдܢ ᄃЧ࠷۞ᝋ˧ᙯܼĞfederal-provincial relationsğĂҭ఺ีᛉᗟ၁ᅫ˯ݒߏ నّ۞̙Ξ࣒ԼķĞconstructiveޙன၁ĂజჍ̝ࠎĶڼ჌ᙱͽតዏ۞߆˘ ķĞformallyڱunamendabilityğĞ Albert, 2016ğĂ఺ᄃĶϒё̙Ξ࣒Լ۞ጳ నّ۞̙Ξ࣒ޙĂĶٺunamendable constitutionğຍཌྷ̙ТĂ׌۰۞मҾд ၁ᅫ྿ј࣒Լ۞ڱπᏊ҃൑ڼ߆ٺϲдᘦ׽۞ϔ͹ૄᖂ˯ĂૄޙԼķυื జ༰࣒ͤԼĄܧĂ҃ڍඕ តዏࢬᓜ۞Ω˘ี߄ጼߏĂጐგˠϔጾѣኑՙጳڱѩγĂΐो̂۞ጳ តዏ۞ୁ൴ 93ڱጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹൴णůΐो̂ጳ

Լࢭ۞͞Шᄃఢቑ̰ڱԼࢭ۞ᝋ˧ĂጳڱԸᝋĂҭݒ̙׍ѣ൴જጳ̳۞ڱ ᎡᏴĂ۞ّڼ߆ޘՙؠĂ࣒ጳ۞ᛉᗟགྷ࿅੼عटĂ࠰Ϥᓑ֣̰ᅦᄃЧ࠷߆ ,តዏ۞જ˧ĞCareless & StevensonڱயϠ͚޺ጳٽˠϔ̙टٺͽҌ кѨ੫၆͌ᇴ୉ཏੰڱតዏ۞࿅඀Ăᓑ֣౵੼ڱ1982ğĄጐგдΐो̂ጳ តዏ۞ࢦࢋј̶ĂҭགྷϤкᇴˠϔԲࣞТڱᝋӀܲᅪઇ΍෗ҿĂၹјጳ۞ ĂӔڼԆ౯ጳ߆ϔ͹Ą͍׎ΐो̂۞߆ܮԼࢭ̪ѣ׎ࢦࢋّĂͽڱຍ۞ጳ ᛉᗟĂтңਕڦனк̮୉ཏăк̮̼͛ăк჌ᄬ֏۞পᇈĂ͌ᇴ୉ཏ۞ᙯ ώ˿̼۞࿅඀̚జ࠻֍ĞYasmeen & Nieguth, 2000ğĂឰΐो̂۞ጳڱдጳ ,͹ཌྷᄃۤົπඈĞsocial equalityğĞGreeneڼڱតዏĂ၁னጳ߆ϔ͹Ă྿јڱ ķĞaccountable, visible and credibleğࠎܫ1990ğĂ֭ͽĶΞయăΞ֍ăΞ ĞCareless & Stevenson, 1982ğĄڼ߆ڱᅈϫᇾ۞ጳܜ

伍、加拿大憲法變遷的啟發

ᖃᄻّפఢቑ̰टĂ่ଳ۞ڱΐो̂ጳٺధѣˠົયĂࡻ઼઼ົ၆ٕ ͵ᝋĂ።Ϋ˯Ăࡻ઼ѣ˘࣎ڱᝋٕϲڱ၁ኳҖֹΐो̂۞ጳܧԲࣞĂ֭۞ ώ˿̼۞ᆊࣃңڱࡔϏഅ̒࿰ΐो̂۞ҋ͹ᝋĂтѩĂΐो̂ેຍ੠Րጳ Ăڱдĉ࣐ࡶͽ͹ᝋᕩᛳ۞ෛ֎៍̝ĂυืགྷϤࡻ઼઼ົԲࣞ۞ΐो̂ጳ Ă઱ѣኬ̟ΐो̂ˠϔጾѣ౵ވࡻ઼̃ͳᄃ࠱ٺ΃ܑΐो̂۞઼छ͹ᝋᛳ ,БវˠϔĞRussellٺᝋ˧Ă̖ৌϒ΃ܑΐो̂۞઼छ͹ᝋᛳ۞ڱ௣Բࣞጳ 1991ğĂ఺˵ߏ˘࣎ϒ૱઼छ۞णனĄ ౉शĂໄரડ̶јႊ̼ĞevolutionğᄃԼࢭ۞פតዏΞͽଳڱጳٺҌ តڱጳזԼࢭপҾૻአ౅࿅ఢቑ͛ф۞ۡତ࣒Լֽ྿ڱĞreformğ׌ᙷĄጳ ႊ̼݋Βӣ˞ྵк̮۞ڱዏ۞ϫ۞Ă఼૱ᅮࢋགྷ࿅ϒё۞Բࣞ඀Ԕć҃ጳ តዏ͞ڱĄ׌჌ጳܜྵ˵ྋᛖğ҃ͷٙᅮ۞តዏॡมڱតዏ߱͘ĞּтΦ តዏ۞ϫ۞ĄڱԆБ၆ϲĂΞͽТॡхдࠤҌ࠹ᅃ࠹јͽ྿јጳܧё֭ Լࢭ۞јڱႊ̼۞តዏ͞ёĂጳڱጳٺࡶಶΐो̂۞གྷរ҃֏Ă࠹၆ Լࢭ۞јୀᙯڱΑ፟ົಶ૲ѣ̙ቁؠّĞBehnke & Benz, 2009ğĄЯࠎጳ ؠĻᄃםĂ׌ีЯ৵৿˘̙ΞĂּтĺѼݵസޘטથਕ˧ᄃᄮΞםٺᔣд ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 94

ޘטથВᙊăҭ౵௣ݒЯࠎᄮΞםؠĻӈߏણᄃ۰଀ͽ྿јםĺआࠃপݱ થ۰ᄃѣᝋᄮםણᄃܧᕣనࢍ̪Ϗਕ఼࿅Բࣞ۞ጳԼ९ּĄЯѩĂੵܝ۞ ಶԛТ఼࿅ԲࣞĂтѩ۞ޢથםˠְࢦᝑâόԆј۞ޘΞ۰̝ม׍ѣ੼ ؠĻ۞ּ̄Ăΐो̂ᓑםјΑĄӎ݋тĺआࠃপݱٽԼࢭ̖ົͧྵटڱጳ ி۞໛఼Ăጱ̂ົۤٺགྷ྿јВᙊĂҭݒЯࠎͣ৿၆̏عᄃЧ࠷߆ع߆֣ ,Լࢭ۞ႷᇋĞBehnke & Benzڱጳٺ࡭ˠϔд̳Ը̚ͽӎՙைֽܑ྿၆ 2009ğĄ މ℟යࡻăڼ࿅඀ߏϤҖ߆ᝋă߆ڼдΐो̂۞ּ̄̚Ă༊΃ϔ͹߆ кΗଳϡ̳˯ڱԼࢭ˫ᅮࢋᕖ̳̂ϔણᄃĂүڱ߆ᛨ۞̢જֽྻҖĂ҃ጳ ,೩੼ĞMendelsohnޘԼࢭ۞ӧᙱڱౄјጳົــϔԸைĂ׌۰̝ม۞Ϭ࠼ јٽតዏĂநኢ˯ͧྵटڱ2000ğĄЯѩĂࡶਕଳҖԼࢭᄃႊ̼۞ᗕ࢖ጳ ĂѩॡĂޘᕣĂົᆧΐјΑ۞ӧᙱܝΑĂ༊࣒ጳ඀ԔఢؠপҾкᇴ۞ᄮΞ ႊ̼۞јΑதಶͧྵ੼Ąڱଳϡጳ ୧͛ត̼ٕ͛ф۞ᆧഴăͽڦᙯٺԼࢭᄃតዏĂ௫ၚ۞ڱጳٺγࠧ၆ តዏ۞८͕ĂڱᄲĂጳֽޘĂҭଂጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹۞֎ڍఢቑඕ̈́ ڱϲᄃ጖ჸՀԆፋ۞ҋԧᄮТĄтТΐो̂ጳޙߏдតዏ۞࿅඀̚Ăтң ϲ΍Հޙጳ߆ຍஉߏ۞ޢఢቑ̰टតዏ۞ТॡĂࡦڱώ˿̼۞࿅඀Ăдጳ ཏវᄃᄮТĞcommunity and identityğĞCairns, 1988ğĄ۞ھᇃ ۞ڡ༊൒Ă఺ᇹ۞࿅඀ᅮࢋ౅࿅ᕖ̂ણᄃ̈́޺ᜈ၆ྖĄጯந˯Ăд̶ ۞ڼ߆ڱߏ˘࣎ΞͽаᑕᄮТП፟۞౉शĂ౅࿅׌჌̙ТጳڱĂጳ̚ົۤ ྏဦ౅ڱనࢍĂᏉЪĞintegrationğٕአዋĞaccommodationğĂᏉЪݭ۞ጳ ϲՀ̂ቑಛ۞઼छᄮТĂᔙШጳ߆ຑ઼͹ޙֽه࿅ᆵᇃ҃ሀቘ۞̶֗ໄ ົۤڡඕ̶ాֽڼ݋ߏචϡᝋ˧̶ֳᄃг͞ҋڱཌྷć҃አዋݭ۞ጳ ט׍౯౵੼ఢቑड़˧۞ֽ໚ૄᖂĂߏι۞ڱĞSchwartz, 2011ğĄЯࠎឰጳ ኡٺՙפĞconstituent authorityğĂރᝋڱఢቑЩჍĂࢋኬ̟ጳܧؠ࿅඀҃ ࣒Լᄃតዏ۞࿅඀ĞKay, 2011ğĄڱĂͽ̈́ጳރᝋڼਕ΃ܑˠϔֽՙؠ௚ តዏ۞ࢦࢋ౉शĂдΐोڱᆶߤ˵ߏጳڱд༊΃ᝋ˧̶ϲ۞វր˭ĂΦ҃ ˭ޘט΃ᛉٺಶԷႊᙯᔣ֎ҒĄ༊ˠϔ۞Бొٕ˘ొ၆ڱ९ּ̚ĂΦ۞̂ តዏ۞Ξయّᄃڱᆶߤֽኬ̟ጳڱॡĂ౅࿅Φ͕ܫតዏ̙׍ѣᄮТᄃڱጳ តዏ۞ୁ൴ 95ڱጳ߆ώ˿̼ᄃጳ߆ϔ͹൴णůΐो̂ጳ

ड़தĞBernal, 2012ğĄ ఢቑ۰Ğˠϔཏវğצߏჯ᜕ϔ͹ྻҖ۞ఢ݋ĂЯѩυืϤڱĂጳޢ౵ ጳᝋ۞Җטυืགྷ࿅઼ϔڱఢ݋Ąጳ߆ώ˿̼ૻአጳڼВТү͹Ăՙؠ߆ តዏ۞࿅ڱϲጳ߆ϔ͹Ăдጳޙኬ̟ጳ߆৩Ԕϒ༊̼۞ૄᖂĂϫ۞ߏֹ҃ ඀̚ԯˠϔဥඕ੓ֽă጖ჸᆊࣃВᙊĂ౹ౄ౵̳̂ࡗᇴ۞ᄮТĂૻ̼ะវ តዏڱጳٺώ˿̼۞࿅඀Հ౼ڱᄦౄ၆ϲĄೱ֏̝ĂጳܧĂ҃ྕمڱጳ۞ Ăдᕖ̂ણᄃ۞࿅඀̚๬ౄ၆ྖ፟ົĂԱ΍ΒटБϔ۞̰உĄڍඕ۞ ăௐ 3 ഇĞ2019/ࡌ؞ཱིğס Įέ៉઼ᅫࡁտ؞Ώįௐ 15 96

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The Patriation of Constitution and Constitutional Democracy: Experience in Canadian Constitution Change

Tai-Wei Lin Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Public Administration Tamkang University, Tamsui, New Taipei, TAIWAN

Abstract

As the supreme regulation, it does not conform to the value of democracy that constitution must be approved by other countries, such as Canada before 1982. This article considers that constitutional democracy should be base on the patriation of constitution and looks into the experience of constitution change in Canada.

Keywords: patriation of constitution, constitutional democracy, constitution change