“Grab the Signatures and Run”: Federal Unity Strategy in Canada from the Referendum to Patriation
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The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867-1908)
The Emergence of Parties in the Canadian House of Commons (1867-1908). Jean-Fran¸coisGodbouty and Bjørn Høylandz y D´epartement de science polititque, Universit´ede Montr´eal zDepartment of Political Science, University of Oslo Conference on the Westminster Model of Democracy in Crisis? Comparative Perspectives on Origins, Development and Responses, May 13-14, 2013. Abstract This study analyzes legislative voting in the first ten Canadian Parliaments (1867-1908). The results demonstrate that party voting unity in the House of Commons dramati- cally increases over time. From the comparative literature on legislative organization, we identify three factors to explain this trend: partisan sorting; electoral incentives; and negative agenda control. Several different empirical analyses confirm that intra-party conflict is generally explained by the opposition between Anglo-Celtic/Protestants and French/Catholic Members of Parliament. Once members begin to sort into parties according to their religious affiliation, we observe a sharp increase in voting cohesion within the Liberal and Conservative parties. Ultimately, these finding highlight the importance of territorial and socio-cultural conflicts, as well as agenda control, in ex- plaining the emergence of parties as cohesive voting groups in the Canadian Parliament. This study explains the development of party unity in the Canadian House of Commons. We take advantage of the historical evolution of this legislature to analyze a complete set of recorded votes covering the first ten parliaments (1867-1908). This early period is of interest because it was during these years that the first national party system was established, the electoral franchise was limited, and the rules and procedures of the House were kept to a minimum. -
Expropriation in the Energy Industry: Canada's Crown Share Provision As a Violation of International Law Cecil J. Olmstead,*
Expropriation in the Energy Industry: Canada's Crown Share Provision as a Violation of International Law Cecil J. Olmstead,* Edward J. Krauland** and Diane F. Orentlicher*** This article considers several aspects of Cet article examine divers aspects du Pro- Canada's recent National Energy Program and gramme energ~tique national en vigueur au examines their legality under international Canada A la lumi~re du droit international. law. The authors focus on the controversial En particulier, les auteurs insistent sur ]a dis- position ayant trait A la (Part de la Cou- "Crown Share" or "back-in" provision which ronne o qui octroie r6troactivement A la gives to the Canadian Crown the right to take Couronne fed~rale une part de vingt-cinq pour retroactively a twenty-five percent share of cent des intrets petrolier actuellement d6- existing exploration and production inter- tenus dans les secteurs de la production et ests. The authors contend that this new l'exploration. Les auteurs soutiennent que cette measure constitutes expropriation under in- mesure 6quivaut A une expropriation sur le ternational law and is therefore subject to the plan international, et serait donc soumis au principle of customary international law re- principe de droit coutumier international qui exige une compensation prompte, adequate quiring prompt, adequate and effective com- et efficace. Comme la Loi sur le ptrole et le pensation for aliens affected. Since the Canada gaz ne pr~voit aucune indemnit6 r~elle pour Oil and Gas Act provides virtually no recom- les investisseurs 6trangers, il faut conclure que pense to foreign investors, the Crown Share la disposition sur ]a < Part de la Couronne >> provision stands in violation of international constitue une expropriation contraire au droit law. -
Canada's National Energy Program: an Analysis
CANADA'S NATIONAL ENERGY PROGRAM: AN ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION Two hundred years ago, during the American Revolution, the United States and Canada were at war with each other. In the suc- ceeding eighty years, there were several American efforts to take physi- cal control of Canada through force of arms. These efforts failed, but in the one hundred years after the American Civil War, the United States was successful in gaining a large degree of control-not through military might and imperialism, but through economic and industrial expansion. However, in the last ten years, Canada has begun to fight back. This comment explores this reassertion of Canadian control through governmental regulation with particular emphasis on the new Canadian energy policy, the National Energy Program (N.E.P.). I. HISTORY Canada has vast natural resources, but because of its mostly in- temperate climate, it has a small population that lives principally along the Canada-United States border. Historically, because of the small population, Canada has never had a sufficiently large capital invest- ment base to fully exploit its resources.' During the 1870's, in order to protect the relatively small Canadian industries from the competition of the relatively large and more efficient British and American compa- nies, the Canadian Conservative, Sir John A. MacDonald, urged the adoption in Canada of a plan known as the National Policy. That Pol- icy's basic premise was the institution of a high protective tariff so as to restrict the importation of British and American goods, thereby ensur- ing the local market to native companies. With MacDonald's election as Prime Minister in 1878, the tariff policy was put into effect, but it had an unbargained-for result. -
Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880
University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2019-04 Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880 Taylor, Graham D. University of Calgary Press Taylor, G. D. (2019). Imperial Standard: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880. "University of Calgary Press". http://hdl.handle.net/1880/110195 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca IMPERIAL STANDARD: Imperial Oil, Exxon, and the Canadian Oil Industry from 1880 Graham D. Taylor ISBN 978-1-77385-036-8 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. -
CP's North American Rail
2020_CP_NetworkMap_Large_Front_1.6_Final_LowRes.pdf 1 6/5/2020 8:24:47 AM 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Lake CP Railway Mileage Between Cities Rail Industry Index Legend Athabasca AGR Alabama & Gulf Coast Railway ETR Essex Terminal Railway MNRR Minnesota Commercial Railway TCWR Twin Cities & Western Railroad CP Average scale y y y a AMTK Amtrak EXO EXO MRL Montana Rail Link Inc TPLC Toronto Port Lands Company t t y i i er e C on C r v APD Albany Port Railroad FEC Florida East Coast Railway NBR Northern & Bergen Railroad TPW Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway t oon y o ork éal t y t r 0 100 200 300 km r er Y a n t APM Montreal Port Authority FLR Fife Lake Railway NBSR New Brunswick Southern Railway TRR Torch River Rail CP trackage, haulage and commercial rights oit ago r k tland c ding on xico w r r r uébec innipeg Fort Nelson é APNC Appanoose County Community Railroad FMR Forty Mile Railroad NCR Nipissing Central Railway UP Union Pacic e ansas hi alga ancou egina as o dmon hunder B o o Q Det E F K M Minneapolis Mon Mont N Alba Buffalo C C P R Saint John S T T V W APR Alberta Prairie Railway Excursions GEXR Goderich-Exeter Railway NECR New England Central Railroad VAEX Vale Railway CP principal shortline connections Albany 689 2622 1092 792 2636 2702 1574 3518 1517 2965 234 147 3528 412 2150 691 2272 1373 552 3253 1792 BCR The British Columbia Railway Company GFR Grand Forks Railway NJT New Jersey Transit Rail Operations VIA Via Rail A BCRY Barrie-Collingwood Railway GJR Guelph Junction Railway NLR Northern Light Rail VTR -
The Case of the Canadian Province of Alberta's Oil Sands
Project Document A sub-national public-private strategic alliance for innovation and export development: the case of the Canadian province of Alberta’s oil sands Annette Hester Leah Lawrence Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) This background document was prepared by Annette Hester and Leah Lawrence, Consultants of the Division of International Trade and Integration, Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), within the activities of the study “Public-private alliances for innovation and export upgrading“, coordinated by Robert Devlin and Graciela Moguillansky with the financial support of SEGIB, through the project “Alianzas público-privadas para la Innovación y el Desarrollo Exportador: Casos Exitosos Extraregionales y la Experiencia Latinoamericana”. Some of their preliminary findings were formerly presented at ECLAC, in Structural Change and Productivity Growth 20 Years later: Old Problems, New Opportunities, (LC/G.2367 (SES.32/3)), Santiago de Chile, 2008, chapter VI, pages 231 to 299.. The paper benefited from the support and comments of Inés Bustillo, Clement Bowman, and Eddy Isaacs, as well as the research assistance of Timmy Stuparyk and Michael Bagan. Annette Hester and Leah Lawrence are Calgary-based economists and writers. Ms. Hester is a research fellow with the Centre for International Governance Innovation in Waterloo, Canada and a Senior Associate with the Centre for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC. The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. LC/W.292 Copyright © United Nations, April 2010. All rights reserved Printed in Santiago, Chile – United Nations ECLAC – Project Documents collection A sub-national public-private strategic alliance for innovation and export… Contents Abstract…………………….............................................................................................................. -
Victor‐Lévy Beaulieu and Québec's Linguistic and Cultural Identity Struggle
PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal Volume 3 Issue 1 Identity, Communities, and Technology: Article 14 On the Cusp of Change 2009 Victor‐Lévy Beaulieu and Québec's Linguistic and Cultural Identity Struggle Anna Marie Brown Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/mcnair Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brown, Anna Marie (2009) "Victor‐Lévy Beaulieu and Québec's Linguistic and Cultural Identity Struggle," PSU McNair Scholars Online Journal: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 14. https://doi.org/10.15760/mcnair.2009.25 This open access Article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). All documents in PDXScholar should meet accessibility standards. If we can make this document more accessible to you, contact our team. Portland State University McNair Research Journal 2009 Victor‐Lévy Beaulieu and Québec's Linguistic and Cultural Identity Struggle by Anna Marie Brown Faculty Mentor: Jennifer Perlmutter Citation: Brown, Anna Marie. Victor‐Lévy Beaulieu and Québec's Linguistic and Cultural Identity Struggle. Portland State University McNair Scholars Online Journal, Vol. 3, 2009: pages [25‐55] McNair Online Journal Page 1 of 31 Victor-Lévy Beaulieu and Québec's Linguistic and Cultural Identity Struggle Anna Marie Brown Jennifer Perlmutter, Faculty Mentor Six months ago, the latest literary work from Québécois author Victor-Lévy Beaulieu came off the presses. Known by his fans as simply VLB, Beaulieu is considered to be among the greatest contemporary Québec writers,1 and this most recent work, La Grande tribu, marks his seventieth. -
1 Separatism in Quebec
1 Separatism in Quebec: Off the Agenda but Not Off the Minds of Francophones An Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of Politics in Partial Fulfillment of the Honors Program By Sarah Weber 5/6/15 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction 3 Chapter 2. 4 Chapter 3. 17 Chapter 4. 36 Chapter 5. 41 Chapter 6. 50 Chapter 7. Conclusion 65 3 Chapter 1: Introduction-The Future of Quebec The Quebec separatist movement has been debated for decades and yet no one can seem to come to a conclusion regarding what the future of the province holds for the Quebecers. This thesis aims to look at the reasons for the Quebec separatist movement occurring in the past as well as its steady level of support. Ultimately, there is a split within the recent literature in Quebec, regarding those who believe that independence is off the political agenda and those who think it is back on the agenda. This thesis looks at public opinion polls, and electoral returns, to find that the independence movement is ultimately off the political agenda as of the April 2014 election, but continues to be supported in Quebec public opinion. I will first be analyzing the history of Quebec as well as the theories other social scientists have put forward regarding separatist and nationalist movements in general. Next I will be analyzing the history of Quebec in order to understand why the Quebec separatist movement came about. I will then look at election data from 1995-2012 in order to identify the level of electoral support for separatism as indicated by the vote for the Parti Quebecois (PQ). -
What Has He Really Done Wrong?
The Chrétien legacy Canada was in such a state that it WHAT HAS HE REALLY elected Brian Mulroney. By this stan- dard, William Lyon Mackenzie King DONE WRONG? easily turned out to be our best prime minister. In 1921, he inherited a Desmond Morton deeply divided country, a treasury near ruin because of over-expansion of rail- ways, and an economy gripped by a brutal depression. By 1948, Canada had emerged unscathed, enriched and almost undivided from the war into spent last summer’s dismal August Canadian Pension Commission. In a the durable prosperity that bred our revising a book called A Short few days of nimble invention, Bennett Baby Boom generation. Who cared if I History of Canada and staring rescued veterans’ benefits from 15 King had halitosis and a professorial across Lake Memphrémagog at the years of political logrolling and talent for boring audiences? astonishing architecture of the Abbaye launched a half century of relatively St-Benoît. Brief as it is, the Short History just and generous dealing. Did anyone ll of which is a lengthy prelude to tries to cover the whole 12,000 years of notice? Do similar achievements lie to A passing premature and imperfect Canadian history but, since most buy- the credit of Jean Chrétien or, for that judgement on Jean Chrétien. Using ers prefer their own life’s history to a matter, Brian Mulroney or Pierre Elliott the same criteria that put King first more extensive past, Jean Chrétien’s Trudeau? Dependent on the media, and Trudeau deep in the pack, where last seven years will get about as much the Opposition and government prop- does Chrétien stand? In 1993, most space as the First Nations’ first dozen aganda, what do I know? Do I refuse to Canadians were still caught in the millennia. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents STOCKWELL DAY’S MISALLIANCE Introduction .......................................................................................................... 5 An Image Problem ................................................................................................ 7 The Best Laid Plans................................................................................................8 Four Points of View..............................................................................................12 Discussion, Research, and Essay Questions ..........................................................16 STOCKWELL DAY’S MISALLIANCE Introduction Just over a year after his dramatic entrance The months following the election pre- into federal politics, Canadian Alliance sented Day with one headache after another. leader Stockwell Day was facing an uncer- An embarrassing character-defamation tain political future in the summer of 2001. lawsuit brought against him by an Alberta The former Alberta provincial Cabinet lawyer, questions about the responsibility for minister had been the focus of great hopes the province’s taxpayers for paying his legal and expectations among many on Canada’s bills arising from it, allegations that the party political right as the dynamic new leader who had hired a spy to investigate the Liberals, might be able to wrest power from Jean and intemperate attacks on the actions of a Chrétien’s governing Liberals. Day had Quebec judge all focused considerable easily won the Alliance leadership race over negative attention on Day and cast further former Reform Party chief Preston Manning doubts on his leadership. But all of these in July 2000 and took his seat in the House of problems paled in comparison to the full- Commons following a by-election win in scale party revolt that erupted in April 2001, British Columbia two months later. But when some of his most senior MPs an- within weeks of his arrival in Ottawa, nounced that they had lost confidence in his Chrétien had called a federal election, and ability to lead the Alliance. -
A Note on Quebec Attitudes Toward Constitutional Options
A NOTE ON QUEBEC ATTITUDES TOWARD CONSTITUTIONAL OPTIONS ALLAN KORNBERG* AND KEITH ARCHERt I INTRODUCTION In a recent essay, Alan Cairns observed that the making of a new Canadian constitution has been an elite activity characterized by the assertion of blatant self- interest on the part of key political actors and by strenuous attempts to manipulate public opinion in support of their respective interests.' For example, the sugges- tion that popular referenda be used in constitutional amending procedures appears to have been motivated by self-interest and the tactical advantage this device might provide political elites, rather than by genuine concern over pro- viding the public with an opportunity to express its policy preferences. Paradoxi- cally, the electoral imperative-the need to harvest votes-appears to have led elected public officials at both levels of the federal system to curry favor with their constituents by representing themselves as their true "champions" despite an increasing contempt for their opinions. However, rather than focusing on their rhetoric or on their attempts to secure tactical advantages in the struggle over the new constitution, this paper examines public opinion on five possible constitu- tional arrangements: the status quo, renewed federalism, special status for Quebec, sovereignty association, and Quebec independence. Since the last three options have more than a modicum of support only in Quebec, the analysis is restricted to opinions in that province. An examination of those opinions will indicate that the parameters structuring the debate over Quebec's future constitutional status have changed. The status quo no longer is a viable option. Instead, the choice is between moderate and radical change. -
Analyzing the Parallelism Between the Rise and Fall of Baseball in Quebec and the Quebec Secession Movement Daniel S
Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2011 Analyzing the Parallelism between the Rise and Fall of Baseball in Quebec and the Quebec Secession Movement Daniel S. Greene Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Canadian History Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation Greene, Daniel S., "Analyzing the Parallelism between the Rise and Fall of Baseball in Quebec and the Quebec Secession Movement" (2011). Honors Theses. 988. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/988 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Analyzing the Parallelism between the Rise and Fall of Baseball in Quebec and the Quebec Secession Movement By Daniel Greene Senior Project Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation Department of History Union College June, 2011 i Greene, Daniel Analyzing the Parallelism between the Rise and Fall of Baseball in Quebec and the Quebec Secession Movement My Senior Project examines the parallelism between the movement to bring baseball to Quebec and the Quebec secession movement in Canada. Through my research I have found that both entities follow a very similar timeline with highs and lows coming around the same time in the same province; although, I have not found any direct linkage between the two. My analysis begins around 1837 and continues through present day, and by analyzing the histories of each movement demonstrates clearly that both movements followed a unique and similar timeline.