U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S

Home , Brian Duffy (astronaut), David Wolf (astronaut), Gennady Strekalov, Leonid Popov, Michael Foale, Thomas David Jones

79 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities astronaut safe. 10 min. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX A Konstantin P. Feoktistov Konstantin P. Boris G. Yegorov Aleksey A. Leonov YoungJohn W. Edward H. White, II Charles Conrad, Jr. James A. Lovell, Jr. Stafford Thomas P. David R. Scott maneuvers in orbit. Eugene A. Cernan Michael Collins Gordon, Jr.Richard F. Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr. Eisele Donn F. (Gemini 8 with Agena target rocket). Cunningham R. Walter highest Earth-orbit altitude (1,372 km.). James A. Lovell, Jr. Agena 10, then Agena 8). A. AndersWilliam Aleksey A. Yeliseyev Khrunov V. Yevgeniy David R. ScottRussell L. Schweickart sphere of influence; departure from Earth’s highest speed attained in human flight to date. lunar surface and rejoining with command of lunar module to landing and takeoff from 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. Vostok 2Vostok Mercury-Atlas 6Mercury-Atlas 7 3Vostok 4Vostok Feb. 20, 1962Mercury-Atlas 8 May 24, 1962 Aug. 6, 1961Mercury-Atlas 9 John H. Glenn, Jr. 5Vostok M. Scott Carpenter 6Vostok German S. Titov Oct. 3, 19621962 Aug. 11, 1Voskhod May 15, 19631962 Aug. 12, M. Schirra, Jr. Walter Nikolayev Andriyan G. Jr. L. Gordon Cooper, 0:4:55 Pavel R. Popovich 0:4:56 2Voskhod June 14, 1963 First American to orbit. 3:22:25 1:1:18 June 16, 1963 400 km beyond target. Landed Oct. 12, 1964 0:9:13 1:10:20 Bykovskiy F. Valery Gemini 3 4). mission (with Vostok First dual Tereshkova First flight exceeding 24 hrs. V. Valentina Komarov Vladimir M. 2:22:59 Landed 8 km from target. First U.S. flight exceeding 24 hrs. Gemini 4 18, 1965 Mar. 2:22:50 3. Came within 6 km of Vostok Gemini 5 Pavel I. Belyayev 4:23:6 5. 1:0:17 woman in space; within 5 km of Vostok First 23, 1965 Mar. Gemini 7 6). Vostok Second dual mission (with First three-person crew. I. Grissom Virgil June 3, 1965Gemini 6-A Aug. 21, 1965 James A. McDivittGemini 8 1:2:2 Jr. L. Gordon Cooper, Dec. 4, 1965 by Leonov, Gemini 9-A First extravehicular activity (EVA), Dec. 15, 1965 0:4:53 Frank BormanGemini 10 M. Schirra, Jr. Walter 7:22:55 4:1:56 First U.S. two-person flight; first manual 16, 1966 Mar. Gemini 11 June 3, 1966 Longest duration human flight to date. (White). 21-min. EVA Neil A. ArmstrongGemini 12 1:1:51 Stafford Thomas P. July 18, 1966 13:18:35Soyuz 1 Rendezvous within 30 cm of Gemini 7. Apollo 7 Sep. 12, 1966 Young John W. Longest human flight to date. 0:10:41 11, 1966 Nov. Jr. Charles Conrad, 3:0:21 of two orbiting spacecraft First docking Soyuz 3 James A. Lovell, Jr.Apollo 8 rendezvous. EVA; 23, 1967 Apr. Oct. 11, 1968 2:22:47 2:23:17Soyuz 4 Vladimir M. Komarov M. Schirra, Jr. Walter Soyuz 5 10 with First dual rendezvous (Gemini 3:22:35 docking; first tethered flight; First initial-orbit Oct. 26, 1968 Dec. 21, 1968 to date (Aldrin, 5 hrs.). Longest EVA 1:2:37Apollo 9 Beregovoy 10:20:9 Georgiy T. Frank Borman Cosmonaut killed in reentry accident. First U.S. three-person mission. Jan. 14, 1969 Jan. 15, 1969 3:22:51 Vladimir A. Shatalov Volynov Boris V. 2. Maneuvered near uncrewed Soyuz 3, 1969 Mar. 6:3:1 2:23:23 James A. McDivitt First human orbit(s) of Moon; first human Soyuz 4 and 5 docked and transferred two 3:0:56 10:1:1 cosmonauts from Soyuz 5 to Soyuz 4. Successfully simulated in Earth orbit operation Vostok 1Vostok Mercury-Redstone 3Mercury-Redstone 4 5, 1961 May July 21, 1961 Alan B. Shepard, Jr. 12, 1961 Apr. I. Grissom Virgil A. Gagarin Yury 0:0:15 First U.S. flight; suborbital. 0:0:16 0:1:48 Suborbital; capsule sank after landing; First human flight. Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights 80

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft ou 2Sp 7 93VslyG aae :31 CheckoutofimprovedSoyuz. DockedwithSkylab1formore than59days. 1:23:16 59:11:9 DockedwithSkylab1(launched uncrewedMay Vasiliy G.Lazarev 28:0:50 Sep.27,1973 AlanL.Bean SixthandfinalApollohumanlunarlanding, Fifthhumanlunarlanding, withrovingvehicle. 12:13:52 July28,1973 CharlesConrad, Jr. 11:1:51 Soyuz 12 May25,1973 Fourthhumanlunarlanding andfirstApollo“J” EugeneA.Cernan 12:7:12 Skylab 3 Dec.7,1972 JohnW. Young Skylab 2 Apr. 16,1972 DockedwithSalyut1,andSoyuz11crew DavidR.Scott Apollo 17 DockedwithSalyut1,butcrewdidnotboard 23:18:22 July26,1971 Thirdhumanlunarlanding. Missiondemon- 1:23:46 GeorgiyT. Dobrovolskiy Apollo 16 9:0:2 June6,1971 Longesthumanspaceflighttodate. VladimirA.Shatalov Apollo 15 17:16:59 Apr. 22,1971 Missionaborted;explosioninservicemodule. AlanB.Shepard,Jr. AndriyanG.Nikolayev 5:22:55 Soyuz 11 Jan.31,1971 Secondhumanlunarlandingexploredsurfaceof June1,1970 Soyuz 10 10:4:36 JamesA.Lovell,Jr. includingweldingandEarthcelestial 4:22:50 Apr. 11,1970 Apollo 14 4:22:41 Soyuz6,7,and8operatedas agroupflight CharlesConrad, Jr. Soyuz 9 VladimirA.Shatalov 4:22:42 Nov. 14,1969 Oct.13,1969 Apollo 13 A.V. Filipchenko Firsthumanlandingonlunarsurfaceandsafe Oct.12,1969 8:3:9 GeorgiyShonin Apollo 12 Successfullydemonstrated completesystem, Oct.11,1969 Soyuz 8 8:0:3 NeilA.Armstrong Soyuz 7 July16,1969 ThomasP. Stafford Soyuz 6 May18,1969 Apollo 11 Apollo 10 U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 oehP ewn14)for28days.Repaired damagedstation. againwithroving vehicle. Oleg G.Makarov Owen K.Garriott Jack R.Lousma Vehicle. Worden’s inflightEVA of38min., Paul J.Weitz seriesmission,whichcarriedLunarRoving Joseph P. Kerwin Ronald E.Evans perishedinfinalphaseofSoyuz11capsule Harrison H.Schmitt occupiedspace station for22days.Crew Thomas K.MattinglyII Charles M.Duke,Jr. spacestationlaunchedApr. 19.Crew continuedhuman exploration. recovered Apr. 24,1971. stratedpinpointlanding capabilityand James B.Irwin Alfred M.Worden Viktor I.Patsayev as“lifeboat”untiljustbeforereentry. Module Vladislav N.Volkov ShipcircledMoon,withcrewusingLunar spacecraft,whichlandedinOceanofStorms Nikolay N.Rukavishnikov Aleksey S.Yeliseyev Edgar D.Mitchell Stuart A.Roosa Moonandretrieved partsofSurveyor3 Vitaliy I.Sevastyanov John L.Swigert,Jr. observation. Fred W. Haise,Jr. withoutactually docking. Eachconducted Alan L.Bean Richard F. Gordon,Jr. returntoEarth.Firstofrockandsoil samplestoEarthandhumandeploymentof Aleksey S.Yeliseyev to14,300mfromthe includinglunarmodule lunarsurface. Vladislav N.Volkov Viktor N.Gorbatko Valery N.Kubasovf Edwin E.Aldrin,Jr. Michael Collins Eugene A.Cernan John W. Young A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C 12 sec.wasperformedduringreturntrip. recovery onJune30,1971. on Apr. 19,1967. certain experiments, experiments onlunarsurface. 81 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities Soyuz 26; crew duration 5 days, 22 hrs., 59 min. Jaehn was first German Democratic Republic cosmonaut to orbit. Ivanov was first Bulgarian cosmonaut to orbit. Soyuz 32 crew while Soyuz 32 returned without a crew. Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 31; Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 29; Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Soyuz 34; C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Edward G. Gibson R. Pogue William Lebedev V. Valentin Artyukhin P. Yury Lev S. Demin Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov last of Skylab program. Georgiy M. Grechko experiments. Oleg G. Makarov I. Sevastyanov Vitaliy occupied space station. configuration. N. KubasovValery Donald K. Slayton D. Brand Vance M. Zholobov Vitaliy after abort. AksenovVladimir V. I. Rozhdestvenskiy Valery experiments of ASTP mission. N. Glazkov Yury experiments of ASTP mission. Ryumin V. Valery Georgiy M. Grechko system. Oleg G. Makarov Vladimir RemekAleksandr S. IvanchenkovMiroslaw Hermaszewski station. Soyuz 27; crew duration 96 days, 10 hrs. Sigmund Jaehn crew duration 139 days, 14 hrs., 48 min. Ryumin V. Valery Nikolay N. Rukavishnikov cosmonaut to orbit. Polish cosmonaut to orbit. crew duration 7 days, 20 hrs., 49 min. crew duration 175 days, 36 min. 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. Soyuz 13Soyuz 14Soyuz 15 Dec. 18, 1973Soyuz 16 Petr I. Klimuk July 3, 1974Soyuz 17 Aug. 26, 1974Anomaly (Soyuz 18A) Pavel R. Popovich 5, 1975 Apr. Sarafanov Gennady V. Dec. 2, 1974Soyuz 18 G. Lazarev Vasiliy Jan. 10, 1975 7:20:55Soyuz 19 Filipchenko Anatoly V. 15:17:30 2:0:12 Astrophysical, biological, and Earth resources Apollo Aleksey A. Gubarev Docked with Salyut 3 and Soyuz 14 crew 5:22:24with Salyut 3. Rendezvoused but did not dock May 24, 1975 0:0:20 Project (ASTP) of Apollo-Soyuz Test Test Soyuz 21 29:13:20 July 15, 1975 Petr I. Klimuk stages failed to separate; crew recovered Soyuz Soyuz 22 Docked with Salyut 4 and occupied station. Aleksey A. Leonov July 15, 1975Soyuz 23 Stafford Thomas P. July 6, 1976Soyuz 24 62:23:20 5:22:31 Sep. 15, 1976Soyuz 25 Volynov Boris V. Docked with Salyut 4 and occupied station. for Apollo in docking and joint Target Bykovskiy Oct. 14, 1976 F. Valery Soyuz 26 9:1:28 D. Zudov Feb. 7, 1977 Vyacheslav Soyuz 27 Docked with Soyuz 19 in joint (ASTP) 48:1:32 Oct. 9, 1977Soyuz 28 7:21:54 Gorbatko V. Viktor occupied station. Docked with Salyut 5 and Dec. 10, 1977Soyuz 29 Earth resources study with multispectral camera Kovalenok Vladimir V. 2:0:6 Romanenko V. Yury Jan. 10, 1978Soyuz 30 17:17:23 Failed to dock with Salyut 5. 2:0:46 2, 1978 Mar. Soyuz 31 Vladimir A. Dzhanibekov Docked with Salyut 5 and occupied station. 64:22:53 Failed to achieve hard dock with Salyut 6 37:10:6 June 15, 1978 Aleksey A. Gubarev Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Docked with Salyut 6. Crew returned in Kovalenok Vladimir V. June 27, 1978Soyuz 32 Petr I. Klimuk Aug. 26, 1978 7:22:17 9:15:23 Soyuz 33 Bykovskiy F. Valery Docked with Salyut 6. Remek was first Czech Soyuz 34 Feb. 25, 1979 67:20:14 Vladimir A. Lyakhov 7:22:4 10, 1979 Apr. Docked with Salyut 6. Hermaszewski was first Georgi I. Ivanov June 6, 1979 108:4:24 (unmanned at launch) 7:18:17 1:23:1 as ferry for Docked with Salyut 6, later served Failed to achieve docking with Salyut 6 station. Skylab 4 16, 1973 Nov. Carr Gerald P. 84:1:16 Docked with Skylab 1 in long-duration mission; Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights 82

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl Ar ,18 alJ et ::4SixthflightofSpaceShuttle; launchedTDRS-1. 5:0:24 FifthflightofSpaceShuttle;firstoperational DockedwithSalyut7.Savitskaya secondwoman 5:2:14 PaulJ.Weitz 7:21:52 Apr. 4,1983 Vance D.Brand FourthflightofSpaceShuttle;firstDoDpayload; Space Shuttle LeonidPopov Nov. 11,1982 DockedwithSalyut7.ChrétienfirstFrench 7:1:9 Aug.19, 1982 7:21:51 211:9:5 Space Shuttle ThomasK.MattinglyII VladimirDzhanibekov ThirdflightofSpaceShuttle;secondscientific 1982 27, June Soyuz T-7 AnatolyBerezovoy June24, 1982 8:4:49 May13, 1982 Space Shuttle 2:6:13 DockedwithSalyut6.Prunariu firstRomanian 7:20:41 Soyuz T-6 JackR.Lousma Soyuz T-5 FirstflightofSpaceShuttle;testedspacecraftin Mar. 22,1982 2:6:21 JoeH.Engle LeonidI.Popov Nov. DockedwithSalyut6.GurragchafirstMongolian 12,1981 Space Shuttle May14,1981 7:20:43 DockedwithSalyut6. DockedwithSalyut6.Firstthree-personflight Space Shuttle VladimirA.Dzhanibekov 74:18:38 JohnW. Young 12:19:8 DockedwithSalyut6.Tamayo wasfirstCuban Mar.1981 22, Apr.12,1981 VladimirV. Kovalenok Soyuz 40 7:20:43 Mar. 12,1981 DockedwithSalyut6.Firstcrewedflightofnew- LeonidD.Kizim Space Shuttle 79:15:17 Yury V. Romanenko 3:22:21 Nov. 27,1980 Soyuz 39 Sep.18,1980 ViktorSoyuz T-4 V. Gorbatko 65:20:54 55:1:29 July23,1980 Yury V. Malyshev Soyuz T-3 June5,1980 Soyuz 38 Valery N.Kubasov LeonidI.Popov May26,1980 Soyuz 37 Apr. 9,1980 Soyuz T-2 Soyuz 36 Soyuz 35 Columbia Challenger Columbia Columbia Columbia Columbia SS2 RichardH.Truly (STS-2) SS5 oetF vryrflight;launchedtwocommercialsatellites additionalscientificpayloads.Returned July4. RobertF. Overmyer HenryW. Hartsfield,Jr. payload(OSS1).Secondtestofremote (STS-5) orbit.Firstlandingofairplane-likecraftfrom (STS-4) C.GordonFullerton (STS-3) RobertL.Crippen (STS-1) SS6 KarolJ.Bobko (STS-6) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 ila .Lni crewmembers.EVA (SBS3andAnikC-3); firstflightwithfour testcanceledwhen F. StoryMusgrave toorbit.Crewreturned inSoyuzT-5. Donald H.Peterson William B.Lenoir Joseph P. Allen CrewreturnedinSoyuz T-7. cosmonauttoorbit. Svetlana Savitskaya Aleksandr Serebrov Jean-Loup Chrétien Aleksandr Ivanchenkov Valentin Lebedev cosmonauttoorbit. cosmonauttoorbit. inSovietprogramsince1971. Dumitru Prunariu Crewduration7days,20hrs.,42min. toorbit. Jugderdemidiyn Gurragcha Viktor P. Savinykh generationferry. Crewduration7days,20hrs.,46min. Gennady M.Strekalov Oleg G.Makarov Crewduration184 days,20hrs.,12min. Arnaldo Tamayo Mendez Pham Tuan Vladimir V. Aksenov Bertalan Farkas Valery V. Ryumin A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Docked withSalyut7.Crewdurationof211days. Second flightofSpaceShuttle;firstscientific Docked withSalyut6.CrewreturnedinSoyuz36. Docked withSalyut6.CrewreturnedinSoyuz35. Docked withSalyut6.CrewreturnedinSoyuz37. spacesuits malfunctioned. Completed testingprogram.Returnedforreuse. alternate landingsiteused.Returnedforreuse. atprimarylandingsite; because offlooding manipulator arm.Flightextended1day arm. Returnedforreuse. payload (OSTA 1).T orbit forreuse. Pham wasfirstVietnamese toorbit. Farkas wasfirstHungariantoorbit. ested remotemanipulator 83 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Gennady Strekalov Aleksandr Serebrov John M. FabianSally K. Ride ThagardNorman T. Aleksandr Aleksandrov Dale A. GardnerGuion S. Bluford, Jr. E. Thornton William 01; retrieved SPAS B-1); also launched and first woman U.S. astronaut. Owen K. GarriottRobert A. R. Parker members, including first flight with five crew Byron K. LichtenbergUlf Merbold Robert L. Gibson U.S. black astronaut. Ronald E. McNair Robert L. Stewart Vladimir Solovev German; first non-U.S. one of whom was West U.S. space program astronaut to fly in Oleg Atkov (Merbold). Gennady StrekalovRakesh Sharma tion satellites failed to achieve orbit; first Francis R. ScobeeGeorge D. NelsonJames D. van Hoften duration record of 237 days. Crew returned Svetlana Savistskaya Igor Volk Indian in space. Crew returned in in Soyuz T-11. Michael L. Coats Soyuz T-10. Steven A. Hawley Facility (LDEF-1) Long-Duration Exposure Judith A. Resnik Charles D. Walker retrieved, repaired, and redeployed. Jon A. McBrideSally K. RideDavid Leestma Paul D. Scully-Power U.S. nonastronaut. Marc Garneau seven crew members, including first flight (Garneau). 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-7)(STS-8) Frederick H. Hauck Daniel C. Brandenstein commercial satellites (Anik C-2 and Palapa commercial satellite (Insat 1-B); first flight of (STS-9) Shaw Brewster W. Spacelab 1; first flight of six crew members, Challenger Challenger Columbia Challenger (STS 41-B)Challenger (STS 41-C) McCandless Bruce Discovery (STS 41-D) use of Manned Maneuvering Unit in space. J. Hart Terry Challenger (STS 41-G) Richard M. Mullane for later retrieval; Solar Maximum Satellite Kathryn D. Sullivan of two U.S. women and one Canadian Space Shuttle June 18, 1983Soyuz T-9 Robert L. CrippenSpace Shuttle June 28, 1983 Aug. 30, 1983 6:2:24Space Shuttle Vladimir Lyakhov Richard H. Truly Seventh flight of Space Shuttle; launched two 28, 1983 Nov. 149:9:46 Young John W. Space Shuttle Docked with Salyut 7 station. 6:1:9 Eighth flight of Space Shuttle; launched one Feb. 3, 1984Soyuz T-10 10:7:47 D. Brand Vance Ninth flight of Space Shuttle; first flight of Soyuz T-11 Feb. 8, 1984Space Shuttle 7:23:16 Leonid Kizim 3, 1984 Apr. flight of Space Shuttle; two communica- Tenth 6, 1984 Apr. Malyshev Yury Soyuz T-12 Robert L. Crippen 62:22:43Space Shuttle 181:21:48 Docked with Salyut 7 station. Crew set space July 17, 1984 6:23:41 Sharma first Docked with Salyut 7 station. Aug. 30, 1984 Vladimir Dzhanibekov Eleventh flight of Space Shuttle; deployment of Hartsfield Henry W. Space Shuttle 11:19:14 Docked with Salyut 7 station. First female EVA. Oct. 5, 1984 6:0:56 flight of Space Shuttle. First flight of Twelfth Robert L. Crippen 8:5:24 Thirteenth flight of Space Shuttle; first with Soyuz T-8 20, 1983 Apr. Vladimir Titov 2:0:18 Failed to achieve docking with Salyut 7 station. Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights 84

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl c.3 95KrlJ ok ::5Twenty-first STSflight. Dedicated DoDmission. 4:1:45 DockedwithSalyut7station.Viktor Savinykh, 64:21:52 KarolJ.Bobko Twentieth STSflight.Launched threecommuni- 7:2:18 Oct.3,1985 VladimirVasyutin Sep.17,1985 Space Shuttle JoeH.Engle NineteenthSTSflight.Spacelab-2incargobay. Soyuz T-14 Aug.27,1985 7:22:45 Space Shuttle CharlesG.Fullerton EighteenthSTSflight.Threecommunications July29,1985 7:1:39 RepairofSalyut-7.Dzhanibekovreturnedto 112:3:12 Space Shuttle DanielC.Brandenstein VladimirDzhanibekov June17,1985 SeventeenthSTSflight.Spacelab-3incargobay June5,1985 7:0:9 Space Shuttle Soyuz T-13 SixteenthSTSflight.Two communications RobertF. Overmyer 6:23:55 Apr. 29,1985 FifteenthSTSflight.DedicatedDoDmission. Space Shuttle KarolJ.Bobko 3:1:33 Apr. 12,1985 FourteenthflightofSpaceShuttle;firstretrieval ThomasK.Mattingly 7:23:45 Space Shuttle Jan.24,1985 FrederickH.Hauck Space Shuttle Nov. 8,1984 Space Shuttle SS5-)RobertL.Stewart JamesD.vanHoften (STS 51-J) Atlantis FirstU.S.flightwithFrenchandSaudi KarlC.Henize (STS 51-I) Discovery ShannonW. Lucid (STS 51-F) Challenger DonL.Lind (STS 51-G) Discovery satellites(Westar 6,PalapaB2)toEarth. M.RheaSeddon (STS 51-B) EllisonS.Onizuka Challenger JosephP. Allen (STS 51-D) Discovery (STS 51-C) Discovery (STS 51-A) Discovery U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 lkad okvreturnedtoEarth Nov. 21,1985,when AleksandrVolkov, andVladimirVasyutin William A.Pailes David C.Hilmers cationssatellites.Repaired SyncomIV-3. Ronald J.Grabe Aleksandr Volkov Georgiy Grechko John M.Lounge William F. Fisher Richard O.Covey Arabiancrewmembers. John-David F. Bartoe Loren W. Acton satellites.Onereusablepayload,Spartan-1. F. StoryMusgrave Anthony W. England EarthwithGrechkoonSoyuzT-13 spacecraft, Roy D.Bridges Prince SultanSalmanAl-Saud Patrick Baudry Steven R.Nagel John M.Fabian John O.Creighton ofShuttle. Viktor Savinykh Taylor Wang vandenBerg Lodewijk William E.Thornton satellites.FirstU.S.Senatorinspace(Garn). Norman E.Thagard Frederick D.Gregory E. J.Garn Charles D.Walker Jeffrey A.Hoffman S. DavidGriggs andreturnoftwodisabled communications Donald E.Williams Gary E.Payton James F. Buchli Loren J.Shriver Dale A.Gardner Anna L.Fisher David M.Walker A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Vasyutin becameill. Sept. 26,1985. 85 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities . Mir 160 days, Mir space station. Romanenko space station. Aleksandr space station on May 5/6 space station. Crew of Yury space station; Aleksandrov first space station; Mohmand first space station. Soyuz TM-6 Mir Mir Mir Mir Mir Mir Mir of 326 days. transferred from Salyut 7 back to and Faris returned in Soyuz TM-2, July 30, with Aleksandr Laveykin who experienced medical problems. Faris first Syrian in space. Soyuz TM-3. completed 366-day mission Dec. 21. Crew of Polyakov Valery and Volkov, Krikalev, 27, 1989, in Soyuz TM-7. returned Apr. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Aleksandr LaveykinAleksandr Aleksandrov established long-distance stay in space record remained in Aleksandrov Mohammed Faris Romanenko. Viktorenko returned with Yury Steven R. Nagel Buchli James F. Guion S. Bluford, Jr. Ernst Messerschmid Reinhard Furrer (FRG) J. Ockels (ESA) Wubbo Bryan D. O’ConnorSherwood C. Spring Jerry L. Ross Spacelab D-1 in shuttle cargo bay. Rudolfo Neri Vela Charles D. Walker Bolden Jr.Charles F. Steve A. Hawley munications satellites. First flight of Mexican George D. Nelson Roger Cenker Bill Nelson Vladimir Solovyov munications satellite. First member of U.S. Nelson). transferred to Salyut 7 complex. On June 25/26 Musa ManarovAnatoly LevchenkoAnatoly SolovyevAleksandr Aleksandrov PolyakovValery Abdul Mohmand Anatoly Levchenko returned Dec. 29 in and Romanenko, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Soyuz TM-4. Bulgarian in space. Crew returned Jun. 17 in Crew returned Sept. 7, Afghanistani in space. in Soyuz TM-5. John M. Lounge David C. Hilmers George D. Nelson Sergey KrikalevJean-Loup Chrétien and Manarov Titov and Musa Manarov. returned with Chrétien, Vladimir Titov, 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-26) Richard O. Covey (STS 61-A)Atlantis (STS 61-B) Bonnie J. Dunbar Columbia (STS 61-C) Mary L. Cleave Franklin Chang-Díaz astronaut (Neri Vela). House of Representatives in space (Bill Discovery Challenger Soyuz TM-2Soyuz TM-3 1987 Feb. 5, Romanenko Yury July 22, 1987 Aleksandr Viktorenko 174:3:26 160:7:16 Docked with Docked with Space Shuttle 27, 1985 Nov. Brewster H. ShawSpace Shuttle 6:22:54 Jan. 12, 1986 STS flight. Launched three com- Twenty-third Robert L. GibsonSoyuz T-15 13, 1986 Mar. 6:2:4 Leonid Kizim STS flight. Launched one com- Twenty-fourth Soyuz TM-4 125:1:1 Docked with Soyuz TM-5 Dec. 21, 1987 Vladimir TitovSoyuz TM-6 June 7, 1988Space Shuttle Savinykh Viktor Aug. 29, 1988 180:5 Vladimir Lyakhov Sep. 29, 1988 Docked with Frederick H. Hauck 9:20:13 8:19:27 Docked with Docked with 4:1 STS flight. Launched TDRS-3. Twenty-sixth Space Shuttle Oct. 30, 1985 Hartsfield Henry W. 7:0:45 German STS flight. Dedicated Twenty-second Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights Soyuz TM-7 26, 1988 Nov. Aleksandr Volkov 151:11 Docked with 86

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl e.2 98Rbr Ho”Gbo :: Twenty-seventh STSflight.DedicatedDoD 4:9:6 Robert“Hoot”Gibson Dec.2,1988 Space Shuttle pc htl a ,18 ai .Wle ::7Twenty-ninth STSflight.Venus orbiter 4:0:57 DavidM.Walker May4,1989 Space Shuttle pc htl a.1,18 ihe .Cas42:9Twenty-eighth STSflight.LaunchedTDRS-4. 4:23:39 MichaelL.Coats Mar. 13,1989 Space Shuttle pc htl c.1,18 oadE ilas42:9Thirty-firstSTSflight.LaunchedJupiterprobe 4:23:39 Dockedwith 166:6 DonaldE.Williams AleksandrViktorenko Oct.18,1989 Sep.5,1989 Space Shuttle Soyuz TM-8 pc htl u.8 99Bese .Sa : ThirtiethSTSflight.DedicatedDoDmission. 5:1 BrewsterH.Shaw Aug.8,1989 Space Shuttle pc htl e.2,19 onO riho :01 Thirty-fourthSTSflight.DedicatedDoD 4:10:19 Dockedwith 178:22:19 JohnO.Creighton Thirty-thirdSTSflight.LaunchedSyncomIV-5 AnatolySolovyov Feb.28,1990 10:21 Feb.11, 1990 Space Shuttle DanielC.Brandenstein Soyuz TM-9 Jan.9,1990 Space Shuttle pc htl o.2,18 rdrc .Geoy507Thirty-secondSTSflight.DedicatedDoD 5:0:7 FrederickD.Gregory Nov. 23,1989 Space Shuttle ou M1 u.1 90GnayMnkv102:6Dockedwith 130:20:36 GennadyManakov Aug.1,1990 Soyuz TM-10 pc htl p.2,19 oe .Srvr511 Thirty-fifthSTSflight.LaunchedHubbleSpace 5:1:16 LorenJ.Shriver Apr. 24,1990 Space Shuttle Atlantis Atlantis Discovery Atlantis Columbia Atlantis Columbia Discovery Discovery SS2)GyS ade mission. GuyS.Gardner (STS-27) SS3)Rnl .GaeMagellanlaunched. RonaldJ.Grabe (STS-30) SS3)McalJ culyandorbiterGalileo. MichaelJ.McCulley (STS-34) SS3)Jh .Cse mission. JohnH.Casper (STS-36) SS2)JohnE.Blaha (STS-29) SS3)Jh .Baamission. JohnE.Blaha (STS-33) SS3)CalsF odn r Telescope (HST). CharlesF. Bolden,Jr. (STS-31) SS2)RichardN.Richards (STS-28) SS3)JmsD ehre andretrievedLDEF. JamesD.Wetherbee (STS-32) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 Robert C.Springer James F. Buchli James P. Bagian William M.Shepherd Jerry L.Ross Richard M.Mullane lkad eervViktorenko andSerebrovreturnedin Aleksandr Serebrov Mark N.Brown David C.Leestma James C.Adamson Mark C.Lee Mary L.Cleave Norman E.Thagard lkad aadnAug.9,1990,inSoyuzTM-9. Aleksandr Balandin G. DavidLow Marsha S.Ivins Bonnie J.Dunbar Manley L.“Sonny”Carter F. StoryMusgrave Kathryn C.Thornton Ellen S.Baker Franklin R.Chang-Díaz Shannon W. Lucid end teao Dec.10,1990,with Toyohiro Akiyama, Gennady Strekalov Kathryn D.Sullivan Bruce McCandlessII Steven A.Hawley Pierre J.Thuot Richard H.Mullane David C.Hilmers A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Soyuz TM-8,Feb.9,1990. Japanese cosmonautandjournalistin space. Mir Mir Mir space station.Crewof space station.Crewreturned space station.Crewreturned 87 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities space station. Toyohiro space station. Toyohiro space station. Helen Sharman crew of Gennady Manakov Mir Mir Mir , with Artsebarskiy returning Oct. 10, 1991, and Helen Sharman returned May 20, 1991. Artsebarskiy and Krikalev remained on board Mir 25, 1992. and Krikalev doing so Mar. and Gennady Strekalov. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Bruce E. Melnick M. Shepherd William Thomas D. Akers Musa Manarov AkiyamaToyohiro previous 10, 1990, with Akiyama returned Dec. Charles “Sam” Gemar Robert C. Springer Carl J. Meade Jeffrey A. Hoffman John M. “Mike” Lounge Robert A. R. Parker Linda Godwin Jerry L. Ross Jay Apt Gregory L. Harbaugh Donald R. McMonagle Guion S. Bluford, Jr. Lacy Veach Richard J. Hieb Sergei KrikalevHelen Sharman Bagian James P. E. Jernigan Tamara M. Rhea Seddon Francis A. “Drew” Gaffney first from United Kingdom to fly in space. Musa Manarov, Afanasyev, Millie Hughes-Fulford Crew of Viktor Shannon W. LucidShannon W. G. David Low James C. Adamson (TDRS-5). Charles D. Gemar Buchli James F. Mark N. Brown 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-35) Guy S. Gardner (STS-40) Sidney M. Gutierrez Sciences (SLS-1) in cargo bay. (STS-41) D. Cabana Robert investigate interstellar space and the Sun. (STS-39) Blaine Hammond, Jr. (STS-48) Jr. Kenneth Reightler, Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS). (STS-38) Frank L. Culbertson, Jr. mission. (STS-37) Kenneth D. Cameron Observatory to measure celestial gamma-rays. (STS-43) Michael A. Baker and Data Relay Satellite Tracking Discovery Atlantis Atlantis Columbia Discovery Columbia Atlantis Discovery Space Shuttle Oct. 6, 1990 Richard N. Richards 4:2:10 spacecraft to Thirty-sixth STS flight. Ulysses Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights Space Shuttle 15, 1990 Nov. Richard O. Covey 4:21:55 Thirty-seventh STS flight. Dedicated DoD Space Shuttle 5, 1991 Apr. Steven R. Nagel 6:0:32 Thirty-ninth STS flight. Launched Gamma Ray Space Shuttle Dec. 2, 1990Soyuz TM-11 D. Brand Vance Dec. 2, 1990 Afanasyev Viktor 8:23:5 Thirty-eighth STS flight. Astro-1 in cargo bay. 175:01:52 Docked with Space Shuttle 28, 1991 Apr. Michael L. Coats 8:7:22 mission. Fortieth STS flight. Dedicated DoD Soyuz TM-12 May 18, 1991 Anatoly ArtsebarskiySpace Shuttle 144:15:22 Docked with June 5, 1991 Bryan D. O’ConnorSpace Shuttle Aug. 2, 1991 9:2:15 Life Forty-first STS flight. Carried Spacelab John E. Blaha 8:21:21 Forty-second STS flight. Launched fourth Space Shuttle Sep. 12, 1991 John Creighton 5:8:28 Forty-third STS flight. Launched Upper 88

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl o.2,19 rdrc .Geoy62:1Forty-fourthSTSflight.LaunchedDefense 6:22:51 Dockedwith 90:16:00 FrederickD.Gregory Nov. 24,1991 AleksandrVolkov Oct.2,1991 Space Shuttle Soyuz TM-13 pc htl a.2,19 hre .Ble ::0Forty-sixthSTSflight.CarriedAtmospheric 9:0:10 CharlesF. Bolden Mar. 24,1992 FirstmannedCISspacemission.Dockedwith 145:15:11 Space Shuttle AleksandrViktorenko Mar. 17,1992 Soyuz TM-14 pc htl a.2,19 oadJ rb ::2Forty-fifthSTSflight.CarriedInternational 8:1:12 RonaldJ.Grabe Jan.22,1992 Space Shuttle ou M1 uy2,19 ntl ooyv191:3Dockedwith 189:17:43 Forty-eighthSTSflight.CarriedU.S. AnatolySolovyov 13:19:30 July 27, 1992 RichardN.Richards Soyuz TM-15 June25,1992 Space Shuttle pc htl a ,19 ailC rnesen81:7Forty-seventhSTSflight.Reboostedacrippled 8:16:17 DanielC.Brandenstein May7,1992 Space Shuttle Atlantis Atlantis Discovery Columbia Endeavour SS4)TmHnik SupportProgram(DSP)satellite. Tom Henricks (STS-44) SS4)BinDfyLaboratoryforApplicationsandScience BrianDuffy (STS-45) SS4)SehnS sadMicrogravityLaboratory-1incargobay. StephenS.Oswald (STS-42) SS5)KnehD oesxMicrogravityLaboratory-1. KennethD.Bowersox (STS-50) SS4)KvnP hlo INTELSAT VIcommunicationssatellite. KevinP. Chilton (STS-49) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 Kzk eulc intheTM-12spacecraft. Oct.10,1991,withAnatolyArtsebarskiy Franz Viehboeck (Austria) (Kazakh Republic) Toktar Aubakirov Gray SergeiKrikalevreturnedtoEarthMar. 25. capsulewithFlade, AleksandrVolkov, and (Germany) Klaus-Dietrich Flade Aleksandr Kaleri Ulf Merbold(ESA) Roberta L.Bondar William F. Readdy David C.Hilmers Norman E.Thagard Tom Hennen Mario Runco,Jr. F. StoryMusgrave Jim Voss egiAdyvreturnedtoEarthin TM-14 capsulewith Aleksandr Viktorenko andAleksandrKaleri. Michel Tognini (France) Sergei Avdeyev Carl Meade Ellen Baker Bonnie Dunbar Thomas D.Akers Kathryn C.Thornton Pierre J.Thuot Bruce E.Melnick Richard J.Hieb ahy .Slia (ATLAS-1). Byron K.Lichtenberg Dirk D.Frimout Michael Foale David C.Leestma Kathryn D.Sullivan A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Mir Viktorenko andKaleriremainedonthe Krikalev hadbeeninspace313days. Mir spacecraft onFeb.1,1993. Earth inthedescentvehicleofTM-15 in the Solovyov andAvdeyev spentoversixmonths space station. space stationMar. 19.TheTM-13 Mir Mir Mir orbital complexandreturnedto space station.Crewreturned space stationJuly29.Tognini 89 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities space station Jan. 26. On Mir landed back on Earth with Manakov, landed back on Earth with Manakov, Poleschuk, and French cosmonaut Jean-Pierre Haignere from Soyuz TM-17 on board. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Claude Nicollier (ESA) Marsha S. Ivins Jeffrey A. Hoffman Franklin R. Chang-Díaz Franco Malerba (Italy) Mark C. LeeJerome AptN. Jan DavisMae C. Jemison Mamoru Mohri M. ShepherdWilliam E. JerniganTamara Charles L. VeachSteven G. MacLean space. Mohri first Japanese to fly on NASA spacecraft. Lee and Davis first married couple in space together. processes using U.S. Microgravity Payload-1 in an international mission. Assembly. Geodynamics Deployed second Laser Satellite and Canadian Target Guion S. Bluford, Jr.James S. Voss Michael Richard Clifford Gregory J. HarbaughMario Runco, Jr.Susan J. Helms Aleksandr Poleschuk (DoD 1) with ten different secondary payloads. X-ray Spectrometer Hitchhiker experiment to collect data on stars and galactic gases. July 22, 1993, the TM-16 descent cabin C. Michael FoaleKenneth D. Cockerell Ellen Ochoa Jerry L. RossCharles J. Precourt Bernard A. Harris, Jr. (Germany) Ulrich Walter Schlegel (Germany) Hans W. and Science and deployed Spartan-201. G. David LowNancy J. SherlockPeter J. K. Wisoff Janice E. Voss Spacelab D-2. August 1992. European Retrievable Carrier in orbit since 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-47) Curtis L. Brown, Jr. first African American woman to fly in (STS-54) Donald R. McMonagle Data Relay Satellite-6. Operated Diffused (STS-57) Brian J. Duffy payload module mercial and retrieved (STS-52) Michael A. Baker gravity on basic fluid and solidification (STS-55) Henricks T. Terence German microgravity research program in (STS-53) D. Cabana Robert DoD classified payload planned for Shuttle (STS-56) Stephen S. Oswald of Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications (STS-46) Andrew M. Allen Satellite System-1 and Eureka-1. Endeavour Columbia Discovery Atlantis Endeavour Discovery Columbia Endeavour Space Shuttle Sep. 12, 1992 Robert L. GibsonSpace Shuttle Oct. 22, 1992 7:22:30 James D. WetherbeeSpace ShuttleSTS flight. Carried Spacelab J. Jemison Fiftieth 9:20:57 Dec. 2, 1992 STS flight. Studied influence of Fifty-first David M. Walker 7:7:19 Fifty-second STS flight. Deployed the last major Space Shuttle Jul. 31, 1992 Loren J. Shriver 7:23:16 Tethered Forty-ninth STS flight. Deployed Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights Space Shuttle Jan. 13, 1993Soyuz TM-16 John H. Casper Jan. 24, 1993Space Shuttle Gennady Manakov 6:23:39 and Fifty-third STS flight. Deployed Tracking 8, 1993 Apr. 179:0:44 Kenneth D. Cameron Docked with 9:6:9 Fifty-fourth STS flight. Completed second flight Space Shuttle 26, 1993 Apr. Steven R. Nagel Space Shuttle June 21, 1993 9:23:39 Ronald J. Grabe Fifty-fifth STS flight. Completed second 9:23:46 Fifty-sixth STS flight. Carried Spacelab com- 90

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President ou M1 uy1 94Yr .Mlnhno 2:25 Dockedwith 125:22:53 Yuri I.Malenchenko Sixty-secondSTSflight.CarriedtheSpace 11:5:50 July 1, 1994 SidneyM.Gutierrez Soyuz TM-19 Apr. 9,1994 Space Shuttle pc htl a.4 94Jh .Cse 32:7Sixty-firstSTSflight.CarriedU.S.Microgravity 13:23:17 JohnH.Casper Mar. 4,1994 Space Shuttle pc htl e.3 94CalsF odn r 879SixtiethSTSflight.CarriedtheWake Shield 8:7:9 Dockedwith CharlesF. Bolden,Jr. 182:0:27 Feb.3,1994 Viktor Afanasyev Fifty-ninthSTSflight.Restoredplanned Space Shuttle Jan.8,1994 10:19:58 Soyuz TM-18 RichardO.Covey Dec.2,1993 Space Shuttle pc htl c.1,19 onE lh 402 Fifty-eighthSTSflight. CarriedSpacelabLife 14:0:29 JohnE.Blaha Oct.18,1993 Highlights FlightTime Space Shuttle Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl e.1,19 rn .Cleto,J.92:1Fifty-seventhSTSflight.DeployedACTS Dockedwith 9:20:11 196:17:45 FrankL.Culbertson,Jr. Sep.12,1993 Vasiliy Tsibliyev July1,1993 Space Shuttle Soyuz TM-17 Endeavour Columbia Discovery Endeavour Columbia Discovery SS6)KnehS egte,J.Facilitytogeneratenewsemi-conductor KennethS.Reightler, Jr. (STS-60) SS5)WlimF edysatellitetoserveastestbedfornew William F. Readdy (STS-51) SS6)Ade .AlnPayload-2toconductexperimentsinmaterials AndrewM.Allen (STS-62) SS5)RcadA eros Sciences-2payloadtodeterminetheeffects RichardA.Searfoss (STS-58) SS5)KvnP hlo RadarLaboratory-1togatherdataonthe KevinP. Chilton (STS-59) SS6)KnehD oesxscientificcapabilitiesandreliabilityofthe KennethD.Bowersox (STS-61) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 agtA uaae Malenchenkoand Musabayevreturnedto Earthandtheeffectshumans haveonits energy cycles. carbon,water, and processing,biotechnology, andotherareas. Talgat A.Musabayev Thomas D.Jones Linda M.Godwin Michael R.Clifford Jerome Apt Marsha S.Ivins Charles D.Gemar Pierre J.Thuot .JnDvsfilmsforadvancedelectronics. Alsocarried SPACEHAB. Krikalev’s presencesignifieda neweraincooperation inspacebetween Russiaand theUnitedStates. Sergei K.Krikalev(Russia) Franklin R.Chang-Díaz Ronald M.Sega N. JanDavis uiUahvAfanasyevandUsachevlandedintheTM-18 spacecraftonJuly9, 1994.Polyakovremained HubbleSpaceTelescope. Valery Polyakov andanimalsubjects. Yuri Usachev ofmicrogravityonM.RheaSeddon F. StoryMusgrave Claude Nicollier Kathryn C.Thornton Jeffrey A.Hoffman Tom Akers Martin J.Fettman William S.McArthur David A.Wolf Shannon W. Lucid ailW ushU.S./GermanORFEUS-SPAS. communicationssatellite technologyand Carl E.Walz Daniel W. Bursch James H.Newman enPer ageeandTsibliyev landed inTM-17spacecrafton returnedtoEarthwithSoyuzTM-16.Serebrov Jean-Pierre Haignere Aleksandr Serebrov A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C Station. to preparefortheInternationalSpace two ESAmissionsto inthefirstof body effects ofweightlessnessonthehuman body Merbold gatheredbiologicalsamples onthe aboard SoyuzTM-20onOct3,1994. with UlfMerboldofGermany, whowentup in KazakhstanonNov.landing 4together Earth withtheSoyuzTM-19spacecraft, record forenduranceinspace. aboard Jan. 14,1994. Mir Mir Mir Mir in theattempttoestablishanew space stationJuly3.Both space stationJan.10. space stationJuly3.Haignere Mir 91 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities .) Main Mir . Mir help distinguish human-induced environmental aboard Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer. Astronauts Ultraviolet (SSBUV) spectrometer. also conducted protein crystal growth experiments. Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Pointed Autonomous Research Tool Astronomy (Spartan) 204, Solid Surface Combustion Experiment (SSCE), and Air Force Maui Optical Site (AMOS) Calibration very small Orbital Debris Also launched Test. Radar Calibration Spheres (ODERACS). C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Richard J. HiebCarl E. WalzLeroy Chiao Donald A. Thomas Chiaki Naito-Mukai (Japan) into the behavior of materials and life in near weightlessness. J. M. LinengerSusan J. HelmsCarl J. Meade Mark C. Lee Thomas D. Jones Steven L. Smith Bursch Daniel W. Peter J. K. Wisoff KondakovaYelena pheric research. Included the first untethered Ulf Merbold (ESA) spacewalk by astronauts in over 10 years. forms of change. change from other natural Musabayev, Malenchenko, Talgat with Yuri Polyakov remained and Ulf Merbold. Valeriy Ellen OchoaJoseph R. TannerJean-François Clervoy (ESA)Scott E. Parazynski Pallet Satellite (CRISTA- Atmosphere-Shuttle the for Infrared Spectrometers and Telescopes the first Cryogenic and Science (ATLAS-3), and the Shuttle Solar Backscatter SPAS-1), Vladimir G. Titov (Russia)Vladimir G. Titov Payloads: Spacehab 3 experiments and Shuttle John M. Grunsfeld B. Lawrence Wendy E. Jernigan Tamara Ronald A. Parise Durrance Samuel T. Astro-2. violet telescopes called Bernard A. Harris, Jr.C. Michael FoaleJanice E. Voss American and Russian spacecraft as a prelude to establishment of International Space Station. (Shuttle flew close by to 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-68) Wilcutt W. Terrence Laboratory-2 to provide scientists with data to (STS-67) G. Gregory William to date. Primary payload was a trio of ultra- (STS-65) James D. Halsell, Jr. Microgravity Laboratory-2 to conduct research (STS-64)Blaine Hammond, Jr. L. Experiment to perform atmos- Technology (STS-63) Eileen M. Collins close encounter in nearly 20 years between (STS-66) Curtis L. Brown, Jr. third Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications Columbia Discovery Endeavour Atlantis Discovery Endeavour Space Shuttle July 8, 1994 Robert D. CabanaSpace Shuttle 14:17:55 Sep. 9, 1994 Sixty-third STS flight. Carried International Richard N. Richards 10:22:50 Sixty-fourth STS flight. Used LIDAR In-Space Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights Space Shuttle Sep. 30, 1994Soyuz TM-20 Michael A. BakerSpace Shuttle Oct. 3, 1994 11:5:36 Aleksandr Viktorenko Radar Sixty-fifth STS flight. Used Space 3, 1994 Nov. Donald R. McMonagle * 10:22:34 4, 1994, Soyuz TM-19 returned to Earth on Nov. Sixty-sixth STS flight. Three main payloads: the Space Shuttle Feb. 3, 1995 James D. Wetherbee 8:6:28 Sixty-seventh STS flight. Primary objective: first Space Shuttle 2, 1995 Mar. Stephen S. Oswald 16:15:8 Sixty-eighth STS flight. Longest Shuttle mission 92

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl ue2,19 oetL isn91:2Sixty-ninthSTSflightandonehundredthU.S. 9:19:22 ThagardwasthefirstAmericanastronauttofly RobertL.Gibson * June27,1995 Space Shuttle VladimirDezhurov Mar. 14,1995 Soyuz TM-21 pc htl c.2,19 ent .Bwro 52:2Seventy-secondSTSflight.Carriedoutmicro- SoyuzTM-21returnedtoEarth onSep.11,1995, 15:21:52 Seventy-firstSTSflight.DeployedWake Shield * 10:20:28 KennethD.Bowersox Oct.20,1995 DavidM.Walker SeventiethSTSflight.DeployedTrackingSpace Shuttle and Sep.7,1995 Yuri Gidzenko 8:22:20 1995 3, Sep. Space Shuttle Terence Henricks Soyuz TM-22 July13,1995 Space Shuttle pc htl o.1,19 ent .Cmrn843 Seventy-thirdSTSflight.Dockedwith 8:4:31 KennethD.Cameron Nov. 12,1995 Space Shuttle ou M2 e.2,19 uiOurek SoyuzTM-22returnedtoEarth onFeb.29,1996, * Seventy-fourthSTSflight. Deployed OAST 8:22:1 Yuri Onufrienko 1996 21, Feb. BrianDuffy Soyuz TM-23 Jan.11,1996 Space Shuttle Atlantis Atlantis Columbia Endeavour Discovery Endeavour SS7)CalsJ rcuthumanspaceflight.Dockedwith CharlesJ.Precourt (STS-71) SS7)JmsD asl,J.spacestationaspartofInternationalSpace JamesD.Halsell,Jr. (STS-74) SS7)KvnR rglDataRelaySatellite(TDRS).Alsoconducted KevinR.Kregel (STS-70) SS7)Kn .Rmne gravityexperimentswiththeU.S. KentV. Rominger (STS-73) SS6)KnehD okelFacility(WSF-2)andSpartan201-03. KennethD.Cockrell (STS-69) SS7)BetW et r Flyer. Retrievedpreviouslylaunched BrentW. Jett,Jr. (STS-72) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 end teao onaRussianrocketandtostaythe spacestation.SoyuzTM-20returnedtoEarth Norman Thagard(U.S.) Gennadi Strekalov egiAde withMir19crew(AnatoliySolovyevand NikolayBudarin). variousbiomedicalexperiments. Michael L.Gernhardt James H.Newman James S.Voss Thomas Reiter(ESA) toEarthwithMir18crew(VladimirN. Sergei Avdeev station.BroughtupMir19crew(AnatolyY. SolovyevandNikolaiM.Budarin).Returned Mary EllenWeber Donald A.Thomas Nancy J.Currie Bonnie J.Dunbar Gregory Harbaugh Ellen S.Baker ihe oe-lgi payload. MicrogravityLaboratory(USML-2) Albert Sacco,Jr. Fred W. Leslie Kathryn C.Thornton Michael Lopez-Alegria Catherine G.Coleman uiUaho with JapaneseSpaceFlyerUnit satellite.Crew performedspacewalks tobuildexperience forISSconstruction. Yuri Usachyou Daniel T. Barry Station(ISS) PhaseIefforts. Koichi Wakata (Japan) Winston E.Scott Leroy Chiao William S.McArthur, Jr. Jerry L.Ross Chris A.Hadfield(CSA) A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C remaining inspacefor438days. Kondakova. Polyakovsetworldrecordby Alexsandr Viktorenko, andYelena on Mar. 22,1995,withValeriy Polyakov, record byremaininginspacefor115days. Norman Thagard).ThagardsetanAmerican Dezhurov, GennadyM.Strekalov, and Avdeev, andThomasReiter). Mir 20 crew(Yuri Gidzenko,Sergei Mir Mir space Mir 93 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities . Mir Mir Mir . Jerry Linenger Mir Also carried SPACEHAB Also carried SPACEHAB Mir. Mir. ultraviolet observatory and Wake Shield ultraviolet observatory and Wake Facility payloads. C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Jeffrey A. HoffmanMaurizio Cheli (ESA)Claude Nicollier (ESA) Franklin R. Chang-Díaz Umberto Guidoni (ESA) experiments. (USMP-3), and protein crystal growth Linda M. GodwinMichael R. CliffordRonald M. Sega Lucid** Shannon W. ThomasAndrew S. W. Bursch Daniel W. Mario Runco, Jr. Marc Garneau (CSA) Lucid aboard module. payloads. and PAMS-STU SPACEHAB, Jerome AptThomas D. Akers Carl E. Walz John E. Blaha** Lucid*** Shannon W. Lucid and dropped off astronaut John Blaha. Peter J.K. “Jeff” Wisoff John M. Grunsfeld Marsha S. Ivins Jerry M. Linenger** John E. Blaha*** Richard M. LinnehanSusan J. Helms Jr. Charles E. Brady, Jean-Jacques Favier (CSA) Robert B. Thirsk (ESA) KorzunValery Alexander Kaleri Spacelab. Microgravity Sciences Usachev. Onufrienko, and Yuri Yuri with Claudie Andre-Deshays, Tamara E. JerniganTamara Thomas David Jones Story MusgraveF. space. He also tied record for most space flights (six) by a single person. Crew II successfully deployed ORFEUS-SPAS 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-77) Curtis L. Brown Spartan/Inflatable Antenna Experiment, (STS-75) Scott J. Horowitz Satellite System, U.S. Microgravity Payload (STS-78) Kevin Kregel for then-longest flight. Carried Life and (STS-80) Rominger Kent V. Musgrave became oldest person to fly in (STS-76) Richard A. Searfoss space station and left astronaut Shannon (STS-79) Wilcutt W. Terrence space station. Picked up astronaut Shannon (STS-81) Jett Brent W. replaced John Blaha as U.S. resident on Columbia Atlantis Endeavour Columbia Atlantis Columbia Atlantis Space Shuttle Feb. 22, 1996 Andrew M. Allen 13:16:14 Tethered Seventy-fifth STS flight. Deployed Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights Space Shuttle 22, 1996 Mar. Chilton Kevin P. 9:5:16 Seventy-sixth STS flight. Docked with Space Shuttle May 19, 1996Space Shuttle John H. Casper June 20, 1996 10:2:30 Henricks T. Terrence Seventy-seventh STS flight. Deployed 16:21:48 Set Shuttle record Seventy-eighth STS flight. Space Shuttle 19, 1996 Nov. Kenneth D. Cockrell 17:15:53 Set record for longest Shuttle flight. At age 61, Soyuz TM-24Space Shuttle Aug. 17, 1996 Claudie Andre-Deshays (ESA) Sep. 16, 1996 * Readdy F. William Soyuz TM-23 returned to Earth on Sep. 2, 1996, 10:3:19 Seventy-ninth STS flight. Docked with Space Shuttle Jan. 12, 1997 Michael A. Baker 10:4:56 Fifth Shuttle mission to 94

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pccatLuc aeCe lgtTm Highlights FlightTime Crew LaunchDate Spacecraft pc htl a 5 97CalsJ rcut952 SixthShuttlemissionto 9:5:21 CharlesJ.Precourt configuredas CrewdeployedaSpacelabmodule May15,1997 3:23:34 Space Shuttle SoyuzTM-24returnedtoEarth onMarch2, JamesD.Halsell,Jr. Crewsuccessfullyperformedsecondservicing * Apr. 4,1997 9:23:36 Space Shuttle KennethD.Bowersox Feb.11,1997 Vasily Tsibliev Feb.10,1997 Space Shuttle Soyuz TM-25 pc htl e.2,19 ae .Wtebe1:92 SeventhShuttledockingwith 10:19:21 JamesD.Wetherbee SoyuzTM-25returnedtoEarth onAugust14, Crewsuccessfullydeployedtwopayloads: Sep.25,1997 * 11:20:27 Space Shuttle CurtisL.Brown,Jr. Aug.7,1997 AnatolySolovyev ReflightofSTS-83andthesamepayload, Aug. 5,1997 15:16:45 Space Shuttle Soyuz TM-26 JamesD.Halsell,Jr. July1,1997 Space Shuttle Atlantis Atlantis Columbia Discovery Discovery Columbia SS8)McalJ lofedreplacedMichaelFoaleon MichaelJ.Bloomfield (STS-86) replacedJerryLinengeron EileenMarieCollins (STS-84) SS8)SotJ ooizmissionoftheHubbleSpaceTelescope. ScottJ.Horowitz (STS-82) SS8)Kn .Rmne CRISTA-SPAS-2 oninfraredradiationand KentV. Rominger (STS-85) SS8)SsnL tl thefirstMicrogravityScienceLaboratory. SusanL.Still (STS-83) SS9)SsnL tl MicrogravityScienceLaboratory. Mission SusanL.Still (STS-94) U.S. andRussianHumanSpaceFlights 1961–September 30,1999 ai .Wl* possiblefuturerepair ofthedamaged module. andleft asolararraycovercapfor module four experimentsfrom theexteriorofdocking andTitov performed aspacewalktoretrieve C. MichaelFoale*** David A.Wolf** Wendy B.Lawrence Jean-Loup Chrétien Vladimir Titov Scott E.Parazynski Shuttlefuelcellmalfunctionnecessitatedan earlytermination ofthemission. Gregory T. Linteris Roger K.Crouch Donald A.Thomas andAleksandrKaleri. Michael L.Gernhardt Janice Voss 1997,withReinhold Ewald,Valery Korzun, Steven L.Smith Mark C.Lee Gregory J.Harbaugh Steven A.Hawley Joseph R.Tanner Reinhold Ewald Aleksandr Lazutkin .JnDvsaninternationalHitchhiker packageoffour ManipulatorFlight Demonstrationofa crewalsosuccessfully performedtheJapanese experimentson ultravioletradiation.The 1997,withVasily Tsibliev andAleksandr Bjarni V. Tryggvason proceededsuccessfully. Stephen K.Robinson Robert L.Curbeam,Jr. N. JanDavis Pavel Vinogradov Gregory T. Linteris Roger K.Crouch Donald A.Thomas Michael L.Gernhardt Janice Voss Jerry M.Linenger*** Michael Foale** Elena V. Kondakova Edward Tsang Lu Carlos I.Noriega Jean-François Clervoy A (Continued) PPENDIX (days:hrs:min) C robotic arm. Lazutkin. Mir Environmental EffectsPayload Mir . MichaelFoale Mir Mir Mir . . Parazynski . DavidWolf Spektr 95 Fiscal Year 1999 Activities Shuttle this one Mir Andrew Mir. Mir, Mir, Mir. and returned to Earth on . Mir Mir using manual backup system Mir returned to Earth with Talgat Musabayev, Musabayev, returned to Earth with Talgat Baturin. Nikolai Budarin, and Yuri C (days:hrs:min) PPENDIX (Continued) A Kalpana Chawla E. ScottWinston Doi Takao Leonid K. Kadenyuk and in space biology, Experiment (CUE) payloads. several other “hitchhiker” Nikolai BudarinLeopold EyhartsRichard M. Linnehan HireKathryn P. Dafydd Rhys Williams Jr.Jay Clark Buckey, James A. Pawelczyk Pavel Solovyev, February 19 with Anatoly and Leopold Eyharts. Vinogradov, included measurement of Secondary goals bioreactor system for cell growth, and three Shuttle vibration forces, demonstration of the Special payloads. Get Away James F. Reilly IIJames F. AndersonMichael P. Bonnie J. Dunbar Salizhan S. Sharipov Andrew S. Thomas** David A. Wolf*** module of science experiments. double payloads included SPACEHAB Jean-Pierre Haignere (ESA) Ivan Bella Sergei Avdeev BaturinYuri Scott E. ParazynskiStephen K. RobinsonPedro Duque (ESA)Chiaki Mukai (NASDA)John H. Glenn because of prior failure of one of two TM-27 left automatic systems. Soyuz James H. NewmanNancy J. Currie Jerry L. Ross communications amateur satellite, and the Spartan 201-05 solar observatory. of space flight and aging. Second flight Sergei K. Krikalev (RSA) Performed biomedical experiments on John Glenn. SAC-A and Mightysat 1. Franklin R. Chang-Díaz B. LawrenceWendy KavandiJanet Lynn Ryumin V. Valery Andrew S. Thomas*** Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer included DoE’s to study high-energy particles from deep Specials, and two Space space, four Get Away Experiment Modules. 1961–September 30, 1999 1961–September U.S. and Russian Human Space Flights and Russian Human U.S. (STS-89) Edwards, Jr. F. Joe on Thomas replaced David Wolf (STS-88) Sturckow Frederick W. first U.S. module of the ISS, as well as (STS-87) Lindsey Steven W. Collaborative Ukrainian free-flyer, (STS-90) Scott D. Altman research in the human nervous system. (STS-95) Lindsey Steven W. pressurized module, the Pansat (STS-91) Dominic L. Pudwill Gorie brought home Andrew Thomas. Payloads Columbia Columbia Endeavour Discovery Endeavour Discovery Space Shuttle 19, 1997 Nov. Kevin R. KregelSpace Shuttle Jan. 22, 1998 15:16:34 Wilcutt W. Terrence Payloads included USMP-4, Spartan 201-04 8:19:47 Shuttle docking mission to Eighth Spacecraft Date Launch Crew Flight Time Highlights Space Shuttle 17, 1998 Apr. Richard A. SearfossSpace Shuttle 15:21:50 June 2, 1998 Carried Neurolab module microgravity for Charles J. Precourt 9:19:48nine docking missions with Last of Soyuz TM-27 Jan. 29, 1998 Musabayev Talgat * Soyuz TM-26 left Space Shuttle Oct. 29, 1998 Jr. Curtis L. Brown, Space Shuttle 8:21:44 Dec. 4, 1998 Payloads included a SPACEHAB Robert D. CabanaSoyuz TM-29 11:19:18 Feb. 20, 1999 Payloads included Unity (Node 1), the Afanasyev Viktor * Soyuz mission to Soyuz TM-28 Aug. 13, 1998 Gennady Padalka * Docked to 96

Aeronautics and Space Report of the President pc htl uy2,19 ienM oln :25 DeployedChandraX-rayObservatory. 4:22:50 EileenM.Collins July23,1999 Space Shuttle pc htl a 7 99Kn .Rmne :91 ISSsupplyandrepairmission;also 9:19:13 KentV. Rominger May27,1999 Space Shuttle * ReturnedtoEarthviaSpaceShuttlefromRussian *** *FlewuponSpaceShuttle;remainedinspaceaboardRussian ** Columbia Discovery * Mir crew membersstayedforvariousandoverlappinglengthsoftime. SS9)Rc .HsadlaunchedtheStarshinestudentpassive RickD.Husband (STS-96) SS9)JfryS sb Collinswasfirstfemalecommanderofa JeffreyS.Ashby (STS-93) ihlTgii(NS Shuttlemission. reflectorsatellite. Catherine G.Coleman Steven A.Hawley Michel Tognini (CNES) Tamara E.Jernigan Julie Payette(CSA) Ellen Ochoa Valery I.Tokarev (RSA) Daniel T. Barry Mir space station. Mir space station.