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Durham Research Online Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 03 March 2017 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Jutzeler, M. and Manga, M. and White, J.D.L. and Talling, P.J. and Proussevitch, A. and Le Friant, A. and Ishizuka, O. (2017) 'Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents traveling over water : an outstanding example from oshore Montserrat (IODP 340).', Geological Society of America bulletin., 129 (3-4). pp. 392-414. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1130/B31448.1 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2016 The Authors. Gold Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Jutzeler et al. Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents traveling over water: An outstanding example from offshore Montserrat (IODP 340) M. Jutzeler1,2,3,†, M. Manga4, J.D.L. White2, P.J. Talling1, A.A. Proussevitch5, S.F.L. Watt6, M. Cassidy7, R.N. Taylor8, A. Le Friant9, and O. Ishizuka10 1National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK 2Department of Geology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand 3School of Physical Sciences and Centre of Excellence in Ore Deposits (CODES), University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia 4Department of Earth and Planetary Science, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA 5Climate Change Research Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA 6School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK 7Institute of Geosciences, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany 8School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK 9Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Université Paris Diderot, 75238 Paris, France 10Geological Survey of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki 305-8567, Japan ABSTRACT fragments, and glass shards. Pumice clasts mentation (e.g., Cas and Wright, 1991; McPhie are very poorly segregated from other par- et al., 1993; Carey, 2000; Kano, 2003; Manville Pyroclastic density currents have been ticle types, and lithic clasts occur throughout et al., 2010). In addition to their volcanological observed to both enter the sea, and to travel the deposit; fine particles are weakly den- significance and substantial effects on marine over water for tens of kilometers. Here, we sity graded. We interpret the unit to record benthic life (Wiesner et al., 1995; Wetzel, 2009), identified a 1.2-m-thick, stratified pumice multiple closely spaced (<2 d) hot pyroclastic they are broadly important in geological studies lapilli- ash cored at Site U1396 offshore Mont- density currents that flowed over the ocean, because they are commonly deposited as wide- serrat (Integrated Ocean Drilling Program releasing pyroclasts onto the water surface, spread blankets on the seafloor, which makes [IODP] Expedition 340) as being the first de- and settling of the various pyroclasts into the them excellent chronostratigraphic markers posit to provide evidence that it was formed water column. Our settling and hot and cold (Lowe, 2011; Larsen et al., 2014). Furthermore, by submarine deposition from pumice-rich flotation experiments show that waterlogging these voluminous accumulations of pyroclasts pyroclastic density currents that traveled of pumice clasts at the water surface would record large-scale explosive eruptions of the sort above the water surface. The age of the sub- have been immediate. The overall poor hy- that pose geological hazards for coastal popula- marine deposit is ca. 4 Ma, and its magma draulic sorting of the deposit resulted from tions (e.g., Carey et al., 1996; Mastin and Witter, source is similar to those for much younger mixing of particles from multiple pulses of 2000; Kano, 2003; Manville et al., 2010). Here, Soufrière Hills deposits, indicating that the vertical settling in the water column, attesting we document an anomalous deposit cored at island experienced large-magnitude, subaer- to complex sedimentation. Slow-settling par- Site U1396 of Integrated Ocean Drilling Pro- ial caldera-forming explosive eruptions much ticles were deposited on the seafloor together gram (IODP) Expedition 340 offshore Mont- earlier than recorded in land deposits. The with faster-descending particles that were serrat (Lesser Antilles; Expedition 340 Scien- deposit’s combined sedimentological char- delivered at the water surface by subsequent tists, 2012). This stratified pumice lapilli- ash acteristics are incompatible with deposition pyroclastic flows. The final sediment pulses unit, which formed at ca. 4 Ma, has textural from a submarine eruption, pyroclastic fall were eventually deflected upon their arrival characteristics, in particular stratification, sort- over water, or a submarine seafloor-hugging on the seafloor and were deposited in later- ing, and grading, that are dissimilar to those of turbidity current derived from a subaerial ally continuous facies. This study emphasizes previously described submarine volcaniclastic pyro clastic density current that entered the interaction between products of explosive facies. It is much thicker (1.2 m) than other water at the shoreline. The stratified pumice volcanism and the ocean and discusses sedi- volcani clastic units at the same site (Expedition lapilli-ash unit can be subdivided into at least mentological complexities and hydrodynam- 340 Scientists, 2012; Wall-Palmer et al., 2014), three depositional units, with the lowermost ics associated with particle delivery to water. and it contains abundant highly compositionally one being clast supported. The unit contains evolved pumice clasts. grains in five separate size modes and has INTRODUCTION We used flotation and settling column ex- a >12 phi range. Particles are chiefly sub- periments and assessment of multiple deposit rounded pumice clasts, lithic clasts, crystal Pumice-rich volcaniclastic deposits are features (stratigraphy, grain size, componentry, widely recognized in the marine record. They microtomography, and pumice vesicularity) to †Present address: School of Physical Sciences may originate via pyroclastic density currents investigate the nature of particle transport for (Earth Sciences), University of Tasmania, Private Bag entering or traveling over water, pyroclastic fall this unit. Based on facies characteristics that do 79, Hobart TAS 7001, Australia; jutzeler@ gmail .com. onto water, submarine eruptions, or by resedi- not match those from other transport processes, GSA Bulletin; March/April 2017; v. 129; no. 3/4; p. 392–414; doi: 10.1130/B31448.1; 16 figures; 1 table; Data Repository item 2016253; published online 27 September 2016. 392 © 2016 The Authors.Geological Gold Open Society Access: ofThis America paper is published Bulletin, under v. 129, the terms no. 3/4 of the CC-BY license. Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents we argue that this unit is the product of a two- dilute pyroclastic density currents, until they 2014; Jutzeler et al., 2014b, 2015a). Pumice step transport process involving multiple dilute lose energy (Carey et al., 1996; Allen and Cas, clasts can also be resedimented in fluvial and pyroclastic density currents that traveled tens of 2001; Dufek et al., 2007; Maeno and Taniguchi, coastal environments, and eventually enter the kilometers over the sea surface, coupled with 2007; Trofimovs et al., 2008). Subaerial over- ocean as already-waterlogged pumice, or as quick waterlogging and settling of pyroclasts water pyroclastic density currents and subaque- floating clasts that form pumice rafts (Manville that were delivered to the water surface and then ous turbidity currents can both transport pum- et al., 1998, 2002; Riggs et al., 2001; Kataoka settled through the water column in multiple ice clasts for at least tens of kilometers offshore and Nakajo, 2002; Kataoka, 2005; Larsen et al., sedimentation pulses. This mechanism of sedi- (Lacroix, 1904; Sigurdsson et al., 1982; Cas and 2014). Settling through the water column leads mentation has been witnessed, reproduced, and Wright, 1991; Cole and DeCelles, 1991; Fisher to hydraulic sorting (Jutzeler et al., 2015b) of modeled (Lacroix, 1904; Sigurdsson et al., 1982; et al., 1993; Carey et al., 1996; White, 2000; the clasts by their drag (i.e., clast size, density, Cas and Wright, 1991; Fisher et al., 1993; Carey Allen and Cas, 2001; Freundt, 2003; Dufek and shape). Water settling of large volumes of et al., 1996; Allen and Cas, 2001; Freundt, 2003; et al., 2007; Maeno and Taniguchi, 2007; Allen volcanic clasts can form vertical plumes of fine Dufek et al., 2007; Maeno and Taniguchi, 2007; et al., 2012; Schindlbeck et al., 2013; Kutterolf ash (Manville and Wilson,
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