DOCSLIB.ORG

EARLY ONLINE RELEASE Posted October 7, 2016

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
EARLY ONLINE RELEASE Posted October 7, 2016 OceTHE OFFICIALa MAGAZINEn ogOF THE OCEANOGRAPHYra SOCIETYphy EARLY ONLINE RELEASE Posted October 7, 2016 CITATION Phillips, B.T., M. Dunbabin, B. Henning, C. Howell, A. DeCiccio, A. Flinders, K.A. Kelley, J.J. Scott, S. Albert, S. Carey, R. Tsadok, and A. Grinham. 2016. Exploring the “Sharkcano”: Biogeochemical observations of the Kavachi submarine volcano (Solomon Islands). Oceanography 29(4), https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.85. DOI https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.85 COPYRIGHT This article has been published in Oceanography, Volume 29, Number 4, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2016 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. DOWNLOADED FROM HTTP://WWW.TOS.ORG/OCEANOGRAPHY REGULAR ISSUE FEATURE EXPLORING THE “SHARKCANO” Biogeochemical Observations of the Kavachi Submarine Volcano (Solomon Islands) By Brennan T. Phillips, Matthew Dunbabin, Brad Henning, Corey Howell, Alex DeCiccio, Ashton Flinders, Katherine A. Kelley, Jarrod J. Scott, Simon Albert, Steven Carey, Rami Tsadok, and Alistair Grinham Oceanography58 Oceanography | Vol.29, | VolNo..429, | NoEarly.4 Online Release ABSTRACT. An expedition to the Kavachi submarine volcano (Solomon Islands) Tuni, 1987). The most detailed investiga- in January 2015 was serendipitously timed with a rare lull in volcanic activity that tion prior to this study, which took place EXPLORING THE “SHARKCANO” permitted access to the inside of Kavachi’s active crater and its flanks. The isolated during a single day in May 2000, was con- Biogeochemical Observations of the Kavachi Submarine Volcano (Solomon Islands) location of Kavachi and its explosive behavior normally restrict scientific access to ducted from an approximate 1 km perim- the volcano’s summit, limiting previous observational efforts to surface imagery and eter surrounding the actively erupting peripheral water-column data. This article presents medium-resolution bathymetry of main peak. That study provided insights the main peak along with benthic imagery, biological observations of multiple trophic into the eruptive processes of Kavachi levels living inside the active crater, petrological and geochemical analysis of samples based on conductivity- temperature- from the crater rim, measurements of water temperature and gas flux over the summit, depth (CTD) casts and surface imagery and descriptions of the hydrothermal plume structure. A second peak was identified (see Baker et al., 2002). A magnitude 8.1 to the southwest of the main summit and displayed evidence of diffuse-flow venting. earthquake that shook the entire region Microbial samples collected from the summit indicate chemosynthetic populations in April 2007 prompted the reconnais- dominated by sulfur-reducing ε-proteobacteria. Populations of gelatinous animals, sance of a conspicuous surface plume fol- small fish, and sharks were observed inside the active crater, raising new questions lowing a subaerial eruption visible from about the ecology of active submarine volcanoes and the extreme environments in a nearby island (Wunderman, 2007). which large marine animals can exist. The latest published evidence of activ- ity was obtained by NASA’s EO-1 sat- INTRODUCTION eruptions has prevented scientists from ellite on January 29, 2014 (NASA Earth The New Georgia Island Group is the observing the proximal area of Kavachi’s Observatory, 2014), and it appears simi- result of a complex tectonic configu- summit crater. lar in behavior to the 2007 eruption. ration, characterized by subduction of Of the roughly 30 active submarine vol- This study was conducted during a the active Woodlark Spreading Center canoes known worldwide, only a few have quiescent phase, which allowed for the (WSC) beneath the Solomon Islands been observed during or closely following first closeup look inside and around the intra-oceanic arc. This triple junction is an active eruption, for example, Northwest shallow summit of Kavachi. Our research the site of active volcanism, crustal uplift Rota-1 (W.W. Chadwick et al., 2010), team took advantage of this rare lull in that closely matches subducted bathy- West Mata (Resing et al., 2011), El Hierro volcanic activity to gather geological, metric features from the WSC, and a pro- (Santana-Casiano et al., 2013), Kick’em biological, and oceanographic observa- posed “slab window” that leaves astheno- Jenny (Devine and Sigurdssson, 1995), tions using relatively simple equipment spheric mantle in direct contact with a and Axial Seamount (W.W. Chadwick and methodologies. We report here on thin overlying crust (Mann et al., 1998; et al., 2012, and references therein). our initial results, which include evi- J. Chadwick et al., 2009). The Kavachi Despite these limited studies, active sub- dence of diffuse-flow venting on a con- submarine volcano (8°59'S, 157°58'E) is marine volcanoes are considered import- firmed second peak, a megafaunal com- situated ~30 km northeast of the sub- ant natural laboratories for observing the munity living inside the active crater, duction zone and rises abruptly to the effects of ocean acidification on marine and insights into the eruptive processes surface from more than 1,000 m water animals (e.g., Hall-Spencer et al., 2008), and magma source characteristics of depth (Figure 1). By far the most active with Kavachi being an extreme example Kavachi’s active volcanism. volcano in the region, Kavachi is known of such an environment. for frequent phreatomagmatic (denoting Kavachi erupts nearly continuously. METHODS explosive water-magma interaction) and Reports of airborne steam and ash visible This work was conducted in January 2015 subaerial eruptions leading to occasional from shore are common, and the forma- with operations based out of Gatokae ephemeral island emergence (Johnson tion and erosion of multiple islands over Island, Western Province, Solomon and Tuni, 1987). The remote geographic the past century indicate the summit is Islands. Approaches to the summit crater location and inherent danger of frequent in a constant state of flux (Johnson and were made after several days of observing inactivity from a safe perimeter—normal eruptive activity for Kavachi is audible FACING PAGE. Article co-authors Alistair Grinham and Matthew Dunbabin prepare an autonomous on the surface, and no such sounds were surface drifter for deployment over Kavachi’s summit crater. Photo is taken looking north toward Vangunu Island, with the volcano’s surface plume visible in the middleground where the water heard during the course of this expedi- changes color from dark blue to light blue-green.” tion. All equipment used was lightweight, Oceanography | December 2016 | http://dx.doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2016.85 relatively low cost, and deployed using transmission, and atmospheric pCO2 general trend depicting the volcano, sim- small boats. Down-looking images of the were deployed as described by Dunbabin ilar to swath editing in multibeam sonar seafloor paired with water-column mea- (2016). Total CO2 flux was calculated processing. This “cleaned” point-cloud surements were made using a GoPro using the drifter’s measurements of flux (~85,000 soundings; see online supple- camera in a deep-rated housing, battery- per unit area, which was extrapolated mental Figure S1) was then used to create powered lights, and a National Oceanic to represent the total size of the bubble three individual continuous curvature and Atmospheric Administration/Pacific zone. A downward-looking camera was spline surfaces, each with unique spatial Marine Environmental Laboratory mounted on the drifter, which logged its extent and resolution. This multisurface (NOAA/PMEL) Miniature Autonomous position, and after multiple runs through approach was necessary in order to accu- Plume Recorder (Walker et al., 2007) the bubble zone it was possible to esti- rately represent varying degrees of data mounted on an instrument frame that mate the total surface area by noting the density over the study area, with the most was raised and lowered with an electric appearance and disappearance of bubbles soundings concentrated at the summit fishing reel. Baited drop-camera record- on camera footage. caldera, and the least at the foot of the vol- ings were achieved using an autonomous We measured bathymetry with cano (Flinders et al., 2014). The three sur- National Geographic Remote Imaging a Lowrance HDS-5 echosounder faces (100 m study-wide, 35 m volcano- DropCam following methods described (50/200 kHz). IVS Fledermaus software focused, and 7 m summit-focused) were by Friedlander et al. (2014). Surface drift- was used to manually remove sound- then blended to create a single individual ers measuring water temperature, light ings that qualitatively deviated from a surface for visualization. Blending con- straints ensured that within each specific area, only the highest resolution surface 157°E 158°E 159°E 160°E would be used. Santa Scuba divers collected rock and bac- Isabel Vangunu terial samples by hand. Major and trace 8°S New element analyses were conducted using Georgia a Perkin Elmer Optima 3100 XL induc- 8.98°S Kavachi 9°S tively coupled plasma atomic
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Supplementary Material
    Supplementary material S1 Eruptions considered Askja 1875 Askja, within Iceland’s Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ), erupted in six phases of varying intensity, lasting 17 hours on 28–29 March 1875. The main eruption included a Subplinian phase (Unit B) followed by hydromagmatic fall and with some proximal pyroclastic flow (Unit C) and a magmatic Plinian phase (Unit D). Units C and D consisted of 4.5 x 108 m3 and 1.37 x 109 m3 of rhyolitic tephra, respectively [1–3]. Eyjafjallajökull 2010 Eyjafjallajökull is situated in the Eastern Volcanic Zone (EVZ) in southern Iceland. The Subplinian 2010 eruption lasted from 14 April to 21 May, resulting in significant disruption to European airspace. Plume heights ranged from 3 to 10 km and dispersing 2.7 x 105 m3 of trachytic tephra [4]. Hverfjall 2000 BP Hverfjall Fires occurred from a 50 km long fissure in the Krafla Volcanic System in Iceland’s NVZ. Magma interaction with an aquifer resulted in an initial basaltic hydromagmatic fall deposit from the Hverfjall vent with a total volume of 8 x 107 m3 [5]. Eldgja 10th century The flood lava eruption in the first half of the 10th century occurred from the Eldgja fissure within the Katla Volcanic System in Iceland’s EVZ. The mainly effusive basaltic eruption is estimated to have lasted between 6 months and 6 years, and included approximately 16 explosive episodes, both magmatic and hydromagmatic. A subaerial eruption produced magmatic Unit 7 (2.4 x 107 m3 of tephra) and a subglacial eruption produced hydromagmatic Unit 8 (2.8 x 107 m3 of tephra).
    [Show full text]
  • Land and Maritime Connectivity Project: Road Component Initial
    Land and Maritime Connectivity Project (RRP SOL 53421-001) Initial Environmental Examination Project No. 53421-001 Status: Draft Date: August 2020 Solomon Islands: Land and Maritime Connectivity Project – Multitranche Financing Facility Road Component Prepared by Ministry of Infrastructure Development This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of the ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to any particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Solomon Islands: Land and Maritime Connectivity Project Road Component – Initial Environmental Examination Table of Contents Abbreviations iv Executive Summary v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the Project 1 1.2 Scope of the Environmental Assessment 5 2 Legal and Institutional Framework 6 2.1 Legal and Planning Framework 6 2.1.1 Country safeguard system 6 2.1.2 Other legislation supporting the CSS 7 2.1.3 Procedures for implementing the CSS 9 2.2 National Strategy and Plans 10 2.3 Safeguard Policy Statement 11 3 Description of the Subprojects 12 3.1 Location and Existing Conditions – SP-R1 12 3.1.1 Existing alignment 12 3.1.2 Identified issues and constraints 14 3.2 Location and Existing Conditions – SP-R5 15 3.2.1 Location
    [Show full text]
  • Explosive Subaqueous Eruptions: the Influence of Volcanic Jets on Eruption Dynamics and Tephra Dispersal in Underwater Eruptions
    EXPLOSIVE SUBAQUEOUS ERUPTIONS: THE INFLUENCE OF VOLCANIC JETS ON ERUPTION DYNAMICS AND TEPHRA DISPERSAL IN UNDERWATER ERUPTIONS by RYAN CAIN CAHALAN A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Earth ScIences and the Graduate School of the UniversIty of Oregon In partIaL fulfiLLment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of PhiLosophy December 2020 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Ryan CaIn CahaLan Title: ExplosIve Subaqueous EruptIons: The Influence of Volcanic Jets on EruptIon DynamIcs and Tephra DIspersaL In Underwater EruptIons This dissertatIon has been accepted and approved in partIaL fulfiLLment of the requirements for the Doctor of PhiLosophy degree in the Department of Earth ScIences by: Dr. Josef Dufek ChaIrperson Dr. Thomas GIachettI Core Member Dr. Paul WaLLace Core Member Dr. KeLLy Sutherland InstItutIonaL RepresentatIve and Kate Mondloch Interim VIce Provost and Dean of the Graduate School OriginaL approvaL sIgnatures are on fiLe wIth the UniversIty of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded December 2020 II © 2020 Ryan Cain Cahalan III DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Ryan CaIn CahaLan Doctor of PhiLosophy Department of Earth ScIences December 2020 Title: ExplosIve Subaqueous EruptIons: The Influence of Volcanic Jets on EruptIon DynamIcs and Tephra DIspersaL In Underwater EruptIons Subaqueous eruptIons are often overlooked in hazard consIderatIons though they represent sIgnificant hazards to shipping, coastLInes, and in some cases, aIrcraft. In explosIve subaqueous eruptIons, volcanic jets transport fragmented tephra and exsolved gases from the conduit into the water column. Upon eruptIon the volcanic jet mIxes wIth seawater and rapidly cools. This mIxing and assocIated heat transfer ultImateLy determInes whether steam present in the jet wILL completeLy condense or rise to breach the sea surface and become a subaeriaL hazard.
    [Show full text]
  • “Poseidic” Explosive Eruptions at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii
    Downloaded from geology.gsapubs.org on October 5, 2010 “Poseidic” explosive eruptions at Loihi Seamount, Hawaii C. Ian Schipper*1, James D.L. White1, Bruce F. Houghton2, Nobumichi Shimizu3, and Robert B. Stewart4 1Geology Department, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Leith Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 2School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), University of Hawai’ i at Ma¯noa, 1680 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 98622, USA 3Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA 4Soil and Earth Sciences, Institute of Natural Resources (INR), Massey University, PB 11-222, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand ABSTRACT (A.D. 1996) of Loihi’s ~400 ka history (Moore Much remains unknown about submarine explosive eruptions. Their deposits are found et al. 1982; Garcia et al. 2006). to great depths in all the world’s oceans, but eruptions are typically described by analogy Here we describe the southern cone on the to a subaerial nomenclature that ignores the substantial and inevitable infl uences of hydro- southeast summit plateau of Loihi (18°54′N, static pressure and magma-water interaction at submerged edifi ces. Here we explore mag- 155°15′W), examined in October 2006 with matic volatile exsolution and magma-water interaction for a pyroclastic cone-forming erup- the Hawaiian Undersea Research Laboratory’s tion at ~1 km depth on Loihi Seamount, Hawaii. We examine vesicle textures in lapilli—the Pisces IV submersible. The cone is ~60 m high, physical manifestation of degassing; dissolved volatiles in matrix glasses and olivine-hosted 4 × 106 m3 in volume, with a faintly discernable glass inclusions—the geochemical record of ascent and volatile exsolution; and fi ne ash summit rim we interpret as the edge of a partly morphology—the evidence for if and how external water assisted in fragmentation.
    [Show full text]
  • Species-Edition-Melanesian-Geo.Pdf
    Nature Melanesian www.melanesiangeo.com Geo Tranquility 6 14 18 24 34 66 72 74 82 6 Herping the final frontier 42 Seahabitats and dugongs in the Lau Lagoon 10 Community-based response to protecting biodiversity in East 46 Herping the sunset islands Kwaio, Solomon Islands 50 Freshwater secrets Ocean 14 Leatherback turtle community monitoring 54 Freshwater hidden treasures 18 Monkey-faced bats and flying foxes 58 Choiseul Island: A biogeographic in the Western Solomon Islands stepping-stone for reptiles and amphibians of the Solomon Islands 22 The diversity and resilience of flying foxes to logging 64 Conservation Development 24 Feasibility studies for conserving 66 Chasing clouds Santa Cruz Ground-dove 72 Tetepare’s turtle rodeo and their 26 Network Building: Building a conservation effort network to meet local and national development aspirations in 74 Secrets of Tetepare Culture Western Province 76 Understanding plant & kastom 28 Local rangers undergo legal knowledge on Tetepare training 78 Grassroots approach to Marine 30 Propagation techniques for Tubi Management 34 Phantoms of the forest 82 Conservation in Solomon Islands: acts without actions 38 Choiseul Island: Protecting Mt Cover page The newly discovered Vangunu Maetambe to Kolombangara River Island endemic rat, Uromys vika. Image watershed credit: Velizar Simeonovski, Field Museum. wildernesssolomons.com WWW.MELANESIANGEO.COM | 3 Melanesian EDITORS NOTE Geo PRODUCTION TEAM Government Of Founder/Editor: Patrick Pikacha of the priority species listed in the Critical Ecosystem [email protected] Solomon Islands Hails Partnership Fund’s investment strategy for the East Assistant editor: Tamara Osborne Melanesian Islands. [email protected] Barana Community The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Contributing editor: David Boseto [email protected] is designed to safeguard Earth’s most biologically rich Prepress layout: Patrick Pikacha Nature Park Initiative and threatened regions, known as biodiversity hotspots.
    [Show full text]
  • CEPF Social Assessment 1) Indigenous Peoples in the Project Area Tetepare at Over 12,000 Ha, the Tetepare Priority Region Is
    CEPF Social Assessment Building the Capacity of the Solomon Islands Community Conservation Partnership: Strengthening a Model Component of Community-driven Conservation in the East Melanesian Islands 1) Indigenous Peoples in the Project Area Tetepare At over 12,000 ha, the Tetepare priority region is the largest uninhabited and unlogged island in the tropical Pacific. Nearly two centuries after headhunting and a mysterious disease forced the people to leave the island, the descendants of Tetepare formed the Tetepare Descendants’ Association (TDA). TDA is stewarding forest and marine ecological monitoring programs, as well as providing livelihood development initiatives, and successful scholarship programs for its members, currently numbering over 3,000. Members of TDA are scattered across the Western Province, but many can be found on the island of Rendova, adjacent to Tetepare. The Touo people are the predominant descendants of Tetepare and can be found in villages such as Lokuru, Baniata, and Rano. Overall, there are 12 regions across the Western Province represented by an Executive Member within the TDA. Kolombangara The Kolombangara Uplands priority region includes the area above 400m elevation on the island of Kolombangara, with a dormant volcano reaching 1779 m high. The traditional owners of Kolombangara are known as the Dughore people, and the island has a population of around 6,000. The lowlands of Kolombangara have been heavily and repeatedly logged, but a 19,400 ha conservation area of largely pristine forests has been declared since 2008 and is managed by the Kolombangara Island Biodiversity Conservation Association (KIBCA). Indigenous people on Kolombangara live in ten zones around the island, which are all represented at regular KIBCA meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • Eruptive History and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronology of the Milos Volcanic 2 Field, Greece 3
    https://doi.org/10.5194/gchron-2020-30 Preprint. Discussion started: 13 October 2020 c Author(s) 2020. CC BY 4.0 License. 1 Eruptive history and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology of the Milos volcanic 2 field, Greece 3 4 Xiaolong Zhou1, Klaudia Kuiper1, Jan Wijbrans1, Katharina Boehm1, Pieter Vroon1 5 1Department of Earth Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 6 Correspondence to: Xiaolong Zhou ([email protected]) 7 Abstract. High-resolution geochronology is essential to determine the growth-rate of volcanoes, which is one of the key factors 8 to establish the periodicity of explosive volcanic eruptions. However, there are less high-resolution eruptive histories (>106 9 years) determined for long-lived submarine arc volcanic complexes than for subaerial complexes, since the submarine 10 volcanoes are far more difficult to observe than subaerial ones. In this study, high-resolution geochronology and major element 11 data are presented for Milos Volcanic Field (VF) in the South Aegean Volcanic Arc, Greece. The Milos VF has been active 12 for over 3 Myrs, and the first two million years of its eruptive history occurred in a submarine setting that has emerged above 13 sea level nowadays. The long submarine volcanic history of the Milos VF makes it an excellent natural laboratory to study the 14 growth-rate of a long-lived submarine arc volcanic complex. This study reports twenty-one new high-precision 40Ar/39Ar ages 15 and major element compositions for eleven volcanic units of the Milos VF. This allows us to refine the volcanic evolution of 16 Milos into nine phases and five volcanic quiescence periods of longer than 200 kyrs, on the basis of age, composition, volcano 17 type and location.
    [Show full text]
  • 40Ar/39Ar Ages and Residual Volatile Contents in Degassed Subaerial and Subglacial Glassy Volcanic Rocks from Iceland
    Chemical Geology 403 (2015) 99–110 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chemical Geology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/chemgeo 40Ar/39Ar ages and residual volatile contents in degassed subaerial and subglacial glassy volcanic rocks from Iceland P.L. Clay a,b,⁎, H. Busemann a,b, S.C. Sherlock a, T.L. Barry c, S.P. Kelley a,D.W.McGarviea a CEPSAR, The Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, United Kingdom b School of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom c Dept. of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom article info abstract 40 39 Article history: Major volatile contents (H2O, CO2,F,Cl,andS)and Ar/ Ar ages have been determined in variably degassed rhy- Received 24 February 2014 olite obsidians from Pleistocene–Holocene aged subaerial and subglacial eruption environments from the Received in revised form 23 February 2015 Torfajökull volcanic center and the monogenetic volcano at Prestahnúkur (Iceland). Icelandic subglacial rhyolites Accepted 24 February 2015 preserve residual H Ocontentsof0.08–0.69 wt.%, undetectable CO , 840–1780 ppm F, 430–2000 ppm Cl and 6– Available online 11 March 2015 2 2 45 ppm S. Most subglacial obsidians have degassed volatile signatures at the time of their eruption under ice. Editor: L. Reisberg One eruption (Bláhnúkur, Torfajökull) showed H2O contents which exceed those expected for quenching at atmo- spheric pressures (up to 0.69 wt.% H2O) and are consistent with eruption at ~40kbarofpressureorequivalentto Keywords: under ~450 m of ice. Altered and microcrystalline groundmass in some subglacial rhyolites yield variable volatile 40Ar/39Ar dating contents that are likely the result of micro-scale variability and the presence of alteration products.
    [Show full text]
  • The Solomon Islands
    156°E156°E 157°E157°E 158°E158°E 159°E159°E 160°E160°E 161°E161°E 162°E162°E 163°E163°E 159°15´E Inset A 159°45´E 5°S 5°S BougainvilleBougainville Inset A (Papua(Papua NewNew Guinea)Guinea) PAPUAPAPUA NEWNEW GUINEAGUINEA TaroTaro TarekukureTarekukure ¿ CHOISEULCHOISEUL OntongOntong JavaJava CC KarikiKariki CC THETHE SOLOMONSOLOMON ISLANDSISLANDS KarikiKariki hh THETHE SOLOMONSOLOMON ISLANDSISLANDS Inset B FauroFauro oo iii iii ss PanggoePanggoe ¿ ee 5°30´S 7°S7°S ee ¿ SasamunggaSasamungga uu 7°S7°S ShortlandShortland lll M ShortlandShortland Ontong Java Atoll fMt Maetambe (1060m) a NilaNila n 159°45´E n approx 200km in VANUATUVANUATU g S ISABELISABEL tr ISABELISABEL a it 602m f ¿ MonoMono FalamaeFalamae FalamaeFalamae WaginaWagina ¿ WaginaWagina AUSTRALIAAUSTRALIA ArarrikiArarriki KiaKia NEWNEW CALEDONIACALEDONIA ¿ DoveleDovele ¿ f790m 760mf VellaVella LavellaLavella AllardyceAllardyce f520m PoitetePoitete N BoliteiBolitei e SS NdaiNdai w SS aa ¿ G aa nn LiapariLiapari VonunuVonunu e nn KoriovukuKoriovuku fMt Veve (1770m) or ttt aa (T g aa KolombangaraKolombangara h ia III RanonggaRanongga e S ss 8°S8°S S o aa 8°S8°S PienunaPienuna ¿ f500m lo u bb 8°S8°S PienunaPienuna t) n ee S o u t h 869mf f843m d lll ¿ ¿ GizoGizo RinggiRinggi¿ NewNew BualaBuala ¿RamataRamata 800m P a c i f i c KohinggoKohinggo GeorgiaGeorgia 1120mf f Mt Kubonitu (1219m)f NoroNoro SimboSimbo VonavonaVonavona BiulaBiula Maana`ombaMaana`omba O c e a n Malu'uMalu'u ¿ MundaMunda Cape Astrolabe Roviana KonideKonide ¿ Lagoon TatambaTatamba f680m Marovo TatambaTatamba f821m
    [Show full text]
  • Durham Research Online
    Durham Research Online Deposited in DRO: 03 March 2017 Version of attached le: Published Version Peer-review status of attached le: Peer-reviewed Citation for published item: Jutzeler, M. and Manga, M. and White, J.D.L. and Talling, P.J. and Proussevitch, A. and Le Friant, A. and Ishizuka, O. (2017) 'Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents traveling over water : an outstanding example from oshore Montserrat (IODP 340).', Geological Society of America bulletin., 129 (3-4). pp. 392-414. Further information on publisher's website: https://doi.org/10.1130/B31448.1 Publisher's copyright statement: c 2016 The Authors. Gold Open Access: This paper is published under the terms of the CC-BY license Additional information: Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. Durham University Library, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LY, United Kingdom Tel : +44 (0)191 334 3042 | Fax : +44 (0)191 334 2971 https://dro.dur.ac.uk Jutzeler et al. Submarine deposits from pumiceous pyroclastic density currents traveling over water: An outstanding example from offshore Montserrat (IODP 340) M.
    [Show full text]
  • Solomon Islands
    SOLOMON ISLANDS THE NATIONAL BIODIVERSITY STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN 2016 - 2020 (Building a unified, vibrant and an informed Solomon Islands) Ministry of Environment, Climate Change, Disaster Management & Meteorology Foreword The predominantly subsistence lifestyle that characterises the Solomon Islands economy is underpinned by the country’s heavy reliance on its biological diversity or biodiversity. The importance of biodiversity as the basis for the people’s livelihood and wellbeing is therefore recognised by the Solomon Island Government. Beyond just the direct benefits such as provision of food, fresh water and revenue generation gained from the use of biodiversity, the regulating services provided by the country’s biodiversity helps us by protecting us from natural disasters and enable us to adapt to an ever challenging environment under today’s changing climate. Without biodiversity the country also loses its aesthetic, spiritual and educational values and significance, which are integral to our wellbeing and traditional way of life. Nonetheless, there is growing realisation that the country’s biodiversity is also under increasing pressure from multiple sources of threats, for example, from habitat loss, overexploitation and climate change. These pressures can be devastating for the health of the country’s biodiversity and, therefore our livelihood and wellbeing. The review and subsequent production of this National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) 2016 to 2020 constitutes intensified and concerted efforts by the Government to respond to the challenges facing the country’s biodiversity. As a Party to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) since 1995, the Government is committed to implementing the decisions of the Conference of Parties to the CBD.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological–Tectonic Framework of Solomon Islands, SW Pacific
    ELSEVIER Tectonophysics 301 (1999) 35±60 Geological±tectonic framework of Solomon Islands, SW Paci®c: crustal accretion and growth within an intra-oceanic setting M.G. Petterson a,Ł, T. Babbs b, C.R. Neal c, J.J. Mahoney d, A.D. Saunders b, R.A. Duncan e, D. Tolia a,R.Magua, C. Qopoto a,H.Mahoaa, D. Natogga a a Ministry of Energy Water and Mineral Resources, Water and Mineral Resources Division, P.O. Box G37, Honiara, Solomon Islands b Department of Geology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK c Department of Civil Engineering and Geological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA d School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii, 2525 Correa Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA e College of Oceanographic and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA Received 10 June 1997; accepted 12 August 1998 Abstract The Solomon Islands are a complex collage of crustal units or terrains (herein termed the `Solomon block') which have formed and accreted within an intra-oceanic environment since Cretaceous times. Predominantly Cretaceous basaltic basement sequences are divided into: (1) a plume-related Ontong Java Plateau terrain (OJPT) which includes Malaita, Ulawa, and northern Santa Isabel; (2) a `normal' ocean ridge related South Solomon MORB terrain (SSMT) which includes Choiseul and Guadalcanal; and (3) a hybrid `Makira terrain' which has both MORB and plume=plateau af®nities. The OJPT formed as an integral part of the massive Ontong Java Plateau (OJP), at c. 122 Ma and 90 Ma, respectively, was subsequently affected by Eocene±Oligocene alkaline and alnoitic magmatism, and was unaffected by subsequent arc development.
    [Show full text]