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WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS of FEBRUARY 2006 Created on March 23Rd, 2006 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS OF FEBRUARY 2006 Created on March 23rd, 2006 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O. BOX 377 JOSE OLIVER GOMEZ E-mail: [email protected] JOSE EMILIO GRAGLIA (ARGENTINA) MARACAY 2101 -A ALAN KIM (KOREA) EDO. ARAGUA - VENEZUELA SHIGERU KOJIMA (JAPAN) PHONE: + (58-244) 663-1584 VICE CHAIRMAN GONZALO LOPEZ SILVERO (USA) + (58-244) 663-3347 GEORGE MARTINEZ E-mail: [email protected] MEDIA ADVISORS FAX: + (58-244) 663-3177 E-mail: [email protected] SEBASTIAN CONTURSI (ARGENTINA) Web site: www.wbaonline.com UNIFIED CHAMPION: O´NEIL BELL USA World Champion: NICOLAY VALUEV RUS Won Title: 01-07-06 World Champion: FABRICE TIOZZO FRA Won Title: 12-17 -05 Last Defense: Won Title: 03-20- 04 Last Mandatory: World Champion: VIRGIL HILL USA Last Mandatory: 02-26- 05 Last Defense: Won Title: 01 -27-06 Last Defense: 02-26- 05 Last Mandatory: WBC: HASIM RAHMAN - IBF: CHRIS BYRD Last Defense: WBC: THOMAS ADAMEK - IBF: CLINTON WOODS WBO : ZSOLT ERDEI WBO: LAMON BREWSTER WBC: O´NEIL BELL - IBF: O’NEIL BELL WBO : JOHNNY NELSON 1. WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO UKR 1. GUILLERMO JONE S (0C) PAN 1. JORGE CASTRO ARG 2. JOHN RUIZ USA 2. JEAN MARC MORMECK FRA 2. SILVIO BRANCO (OC) ITA 3. RAY AUSTIN (LAC) USA 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) 3. LUIS PINEDA (LAC) PAN 3. MANNY SIACA P.R. ( Over 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) (175 Lbs / 79.38 Kgs) 4. GLEN JOHNSON USA 4. JAMES TONEY USA 4. STEVE CUNNINGHAM USA l ( 5. CALVIN BROCK USA 5. VALERY BRUDOV RUS 5. -
April-2014.Pdf
BEST I FACED: MARCO ANTONIO BARRERA P.20 THE BIBLE OF BOXING ® + FIRST MIGHTY LOSSES SOME BOXERS REBOUND FROM MARCOS THEIR INITIAL MAIDANA GAINS SETBACKS, SOME DON’T NEW RESPECT P.48 P.38 CANELO HALL OF VS. ANGULO FAME: JUNIOR MIDDLEWEIGHT RICHARD STEELE WAS MATCHUP HAS FAN APPEAL ONE OF THE BEST P.64 REFEREES OF HIS ERA P.68 JOSE SULAIMAN: 1931-2014 ARMY, NAV Y, THE LONGTIME AIR FORCE WBC PRESIDENT COLLEGIATE BOXING APRIL 2014 WAS CONTROVERSIAL IS ALIVE AND WELL IN THE BUT IMPACTFUL SERVICE ACADEMIES $8.95 P.60 P.80 44 CONTENTS | APRIL 2014 Adrien Broner FEATURES learned a lot in his loss to Marcos Maidana 38 DEFINING 64 ALVAREZ about how he’s FIGHT VS. ANGULO perceived. MARCOS MAIDANA THE JUNIOR REACHED NEW MIDDLEWEIGHT HEIGHTS BY MATCHUP HAS FAN BEATING ADRIEN APPEAL BRONER By Doug Fischer By Bart Barry 67 PACQUIAO 44 HAPPY FANS VS. BRADLEY II WHY WERE SO THERE ARE MANY MANY PEOPLE QUESTIONS GOING PLEASED ABOUT INTO THE REMATCH BRONER’S By Michael MISFORTUNE? Rosenthal By Tim Smith 68 HALL OF 48 MAKE OR FAME BREAK? REFEREE RICHARD SOME FIGHTERS STEELE EARNED BOUNCE BACK HIS INDUCTION FROM THEIR FIRST INTO THE IBHOF LOSSES, SOME By Ron Borges DON’T By Norm 74 IN TYSON’S Frauenheim WORDS MIKE TYSON’S 54 ACCIDENTAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY CONTENDER IS FLAWED BUT CHRIS ARREOLA WORTH THE READ WILL FIGHT By Thomas Hauser FOR A TITLE IN SPITE OF HIS 80 AMERICA’S INCONSISTENCY TEAMS By Keith Idec INTERCOLLEGIATE BOXING STILL 60 JOSE THRIVES IN SULAIMAN: THE SERVICE 1931-2014 ACADEMIES THE By Bernard CONTROVERSIAL Fernandez WBC PRESIDENT LEFT HIS MARK ON 86 DOUGIE’S THE SPORT MAILBAG By Thomas Hauser NEW FEATURE: THE BEST OF DOUG FISCHER’S RINGTV.COM COLUMN COVER PHOTO BY HOGAN PHOTOS; BRONER: JEFF BOTTARI/GOLDEN BOY/GETTY IMAGES BOY/GETTY JEFF BOTTARI/GOLDEN BRONER: BY HOGAN PHOTOS; PHOTO COVER By Doug Fischer 4.14 / RINGTV.COM 3 DEPARTMENTS 30 5 RINGSIDE 6 OPENING SHOTS Light heavyweight 12 COME OUT WRITING contender Jean Pascal had a good night on 15 ROLL WITH THE PUNCHES Jan. -
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS of OCTOBER 2005 Created on November 04Rd, 2005 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS OF OCTOBER 2005 Created on November 04rd, 2005 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O. BOX 377 JOSE OLIVER GOMEZ E-mail: [email protected] JOSE EMILIO GRAGLIA (ARGENTINA) MARACAY 2101 -A ALAN KIM (KOREA) EDO. ARAGUA - VENEZUELA SHIGERU KOJIMA (JAPAN) PHONE: + (58-244) 663-1584 VICE CHAIRMAN GONZALO LOPEZ SILVERO (USA) + (58-244) 663-3347 GEORGE MARTINEZ E-mail: [email protected] MEDIA ADVISORS FAX: + (58-244) 663-3177 E-mail: [email protected] SEBASTIAN CONTURSI (ARGENTINA) Web site: www.wbaonline.com UNIFIED CHAMPION: JEAN MARC MORMECK FRA World Champion: JOHN RUIZ USA Won Title: 04-02-05 World Champion: FABRICE TIOZZO FRA Won Title: 12-13 -03 Last Defense: Won Title: 03-20- 04 Last Mandatory: 04-30 -05 _________________________________ Last Mandatory: 02-26- 05 Last Defense: 04-30 -05 World C hampion: VACANT Last Defense: 02-26- 05 WBC: VITALI KLITSCHKO - IBF: CHRIS BYRD WBC: JEAN MARC MORMECK- IBF: O’NEIL BELL WBC: THOMAS ADAMEK - IBF: CLINTON WOODS WBO : LAMON BREWSTER WBO : JOHNNY NELSON WBO : ZSOLT ERDEI 1. NICOLAY VALUEV (OC) RUS 1. VALERY BRUDOV RUS 1. JORGE CASTRO (LAC) ARG 2. NOT RATED 2. VIRGIL HILL USA 2. SILVIO BRANCO (OC) ITA 3. WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO UKR 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) 3. GUILLERMO JONES (0C) PAN 3. MANNY SIACA (LAC-INTERIM) P.R. ( Over 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) 4. RAY AUSTIN (LAC) USA 4. STEVE CUNNINGHAM USA (175 Lbs / 79.38 Kgs) 4. GLEN JOHNSON USA ( 5. CALVIN BROCK USA 5. LUIS PINEDA (LAC) PAN 5. PIETRO AURINO ITA l 6. -
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS of FEBRUARY 2005 Created on March 20Th, 2005 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS OF FEBRUARY 2005 Created on March 20th, 2005 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O. BOX 377 JOSE OLIVER GOMEZ E-mail: [email protected] JOSE EMILIO GRAGLIA (ARGENTINA) MARACAY 2101 -A ALAN KIM (KOREA) EDO. ARAGUA - VENEZUELA PHONE: + (58-244) 663-1584 VICE CHAIRMAN SHIGERU KOJIMA (JAPAN) GONZALO LOPEZ SILVERO (USA) + (58-244) 663-3347 GEORGE MARTINEZ E-mail: [email protected] MEDIA ADVISORS FAX: + (58-244) 663-3177 E-mail: [email protected] SEBASTIAN CONTURSI (ARGENTINA) Web site: www.wbaonline.com World Champion: JOHN RUIZ USA World Champion: World Champion: FABRICE TIOZZO FRA Won Title: 12-13-03 Won Title: 03-20- 04 JEAN MARC MORMECK FRA Last Mandator y: Won Title: 02-23- 02 Last Mandatory: 02-26- 05 Last Defense: 11-13-04 Last Mandatory: 05-22 -04 Last Defense: 02-26- 05 Last Defense: 05-22-04 WBC: VITALI KLITSCHKO - IBF: CHRIS BYRD WBC: VACANT - IBF: CLINTON WOODS WBO : LAMON BREWSTER WBC: WAYNE BRAITWAITE - IBF: VACANT WBO : ZSOLT ERDEI WBO : JOHNNY NELSON 1. HASIM RAHMAN USA 1. VALERY BRUDOV RUS 1. MEDHI SAHNOUNE FRA 2. JAMES TONEY USA 2. VIRGIL HILL USA 2. THOMAS ULRICH (EBU) GER 3. LANCE WHITAKER USA 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) 3. O’NEILL BELL (NABF) USA 3. SILVIO BRANCO (WBA INTERCONT.) ITA ( Over 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) 4. MONTE BARRETT USA 4. GUILLERMO JONES (LAC) PAN (175 Lbs / 79.38 Kgs) 4. GEORGE KHALID JONES (NABA) USA ( 5. NICOLAY VALUEV (WBA INTERC.) RUS 5. VINCENZO CANTATORE ITA 5. PIETRO AURINO ITA 6. -
Page 01 July 10.Indd
ISO 9001:2008 CERTIFIED NEWSPAPER Home | 2 Business | 14 Sport | 20 QRC to provide Qatar foreign Qatar venue 730,000 meals merchandise is a luxury for for Syria trade balance boxers, says refugees. surplus falls. AIBA president. FRIDAY 10 JULY 2015 • 23 Ramadan 1436 • Volume 20 Number 6487 www.thepeninsulaqatar.com [email protected] | [email protected] Editorial: 4455 7741 | Advertising: 4455 7837 / 4455 7780 Qatar down Cameroon Over 100 million Ennahda chief people follow Al Jazeera Plus defends Tunisia on Facebook DOHA: More than 100 mil- lion people have viewed and followed Al Jazeera Plus (AJ+) on Facebook, said a study by emergency NewsWeb. Over 15 million people liked, commented and shared the video footage posted on Al Jazeera Al Ghannouchi visits Dhreima Plus Facebook Page in one week from June 30 to July 6, Al Sharq DOHA: Rashid Al Ghannouchi, down several mosques and sus- reports, quoting the website. Chief of the Islamist Ennahda pend some associations following Al Jazeera Plus, the dedicated party in Tunisia and a member the attack. online channel of Al Jazeera net- of the ruling coalition, defended “Tunisian people will not allow work, was officially launched last the government’s decision to the oppressive regime to come September. impose a state of emergency in back. NewsWeb has put Al Jazeera the country following recent “These procedures are to fight Plus among the top 10 websites terrorist attacks but hoped the the epidemic of terrorism. There posting videos on Facebook. reasons that led to the tough are a few mosques in Tunisia that Some 20 websites were short- measure would end soon. -
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS of MARCH-APRIL 2006 Created on May 10Th, 2006 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O
WORLD BOXING ASSOCIATION GILBERTO MENDOZA PRESIDENT OFFICIAL RATINGS AS OF MARCH-APRIL 2006 th Created on May 10 , 2006 MEMBERS CHAIRMAN P.O. BOX 377 JOSE OLIVER GOMEZ E-mail: [email protected] JOSE EMILIO GRAGLIA (ARGENTINA) MARACAY 2101 -A ALAN KIM (KOREA) EDO. ARAGUA - VENEZUELA SHIGERU KOJIMA (JAPAN) PHONE: + (58-244) 663-1584 VICE CHAIRMAN GONZALO LOPEZ SILVERO (USA) + (58-244) 663-3347 GEORGE MARTINEZ E-mail: [email protected] MEDIA ADVISORS FAX: + (58-244) 663-3177 E-mail: [email protected] SEBASTIAN CONTURSI (ARGENTINA) Web site: www.wbaonline.com UNIFIED CHAMPION: O´NEIL BELL USA World Champion: NICOLAY VALUEV RUS Won Title: 01-07-06 World Champion: FABRICE TIOZZO FRA Won Title: 12-17 -05 Last Defense: Won Title: 03-20- 04 Last Mandatory: World Champion: VIRGIL HILL USA Last Mandatory: 02-26- 05 Last Defense: Won Title: 01 -27-06 Last Defense: 02-26- 05 Last Mandatory: WBC:HASIM RAHMAN - IBF:WLADIMIR KLITSCHKO Last Defense: WBC: THOMAS ADAMEK - IBF: CLINTON WOODS WBO : ZSOLT ERDEI WBO: SERGEI LIAKHOVICH WBC: O´NEIL BELL - IBF: VACANT WBO : JOHNNY NELSON 1. JOHN RUIZ USA 1. GUILLERMO JONE S (0C) PAN 1. SILVIO BRANCO (OC) ITA 2. RAY AUSTIN USA 2. JEAN MARC MORMECK FRA 2. MANNY SIACA P.R. 3. JAMES TONEY USA 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) 3. LUIS PINEDA (LAC) PAN 3. GLEN JOHNSON USA ( Over 200 Lbs / 90.71 Kgs) (175 Lbs / 79.38 Kgs) 4. PIETRO AURINO ITA 4. CALVIN BROCK USA 4. STEVE CUNNINGHAM USA l ( 5. RUSLAN CHAGAEV (WBA I/C) UZB 5. VALERY BRUDOV RUS 5. -
The Term Soft Power Has Been Championed by Joseph S
Strategy for export of Kosovo’s cultural assets Olta Andoni* I. Introduction Kosovo, the NEWBORN state, is enjoying its independence. The long dreamed aspirations are more than real for Kosovo right now. Looking forward to the future and being recognized by more countries is another “war” for Kosovo. Seeking new avenues in this direction is the key to the newest state in the world. However, the next “war” of Kosovo has to be a muted and psychological one. Whether it will be successful or not depends on a series of factors. Kosovo, as a new independent state, is more focused on working toward the accession by new states, neglecting the relevance of the arts and culture in the process. But no development is expected without the interplay of the culture. If culture is defined as the entire system of beliefs, practices and customs that exist in a society, it is the foundation that supports every development.1 Economic development without cultural roots will never be sustainable.2 Relying on the power of art and culture is crucial for Kosovo’s future. This paper examines the importance of the art and culture on bridging the gap between a new state, its neighbors and the world. * LL.M. IP Candidate 2009, Chicago-Kent College of Law. Thank you to Prof. Perritt for encouraging the author to come up with a strategy to assist the export of cultural assets of the newest state in the world, Kosovo. 1The power of Culture, http://powerofculture.nl/en/theme/policy.html, (last visited on Dec.2, 2008). -
Boxing, Governance and Western Law
An Outlaw Practice: Boxing, Governance and Western Law Ian J*M. Warren A Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Human Movement, Performance and Recreation Victoria University 2005 FTS THESIS 344.099 WAR 30001008090740 Warren, Ian J. M An outlaw practice : boxing, governance and western law Abstract This investigation examines the uses of Western law to regulate and at times outlaw the sport of boxing. Drawing on a primary sample of two hundred and one reported judicial decisions canvassing the breadth of recognised legal categories, and an allied range fight lore supporting, opposing or critically reviewing the sport's development since the beginning of the nineteenth century, discernible evolutionary trends in Western law, language and modern sport are identified. Emphasis is placed on prominent intersections between public and private legal rules, their enforcement, paternalism and various evolutionary developments in fight culture in recorded English, New Zealand, United States, Australian and Canadian sources. Fower, governance and regulation are explored alongside pertinent ethical, literary and medical debates spanning two hundred years of Western boxing history. & Acknowledgements and Declaration This has been a very solitary endeavour. Thanks are extended to: The School of HMFR and the PGRU @ VU for complete support throughout; Tanuny Gurvits for her sharing final submission angst: best of sporting luck; Feter Mewett, Bob Petersen, Dr Danielle Tyson & Dr Steve Tudor; -
Bocsio Issue 13 Lr
ISSUE 13 20 8 BOCSIO MAGAZINE: MAGAZINE EDITOR Sean Davies t: 07989 790471 e: [email protected] DESIGN Mel Bastier Defni Design Ltd t: 01656 881007 e: [email protected] ADVERTISING 24 Rachel Bowes t: 07593 903265 e: [email protected] PRINT Stephens&George t: 01685 388888 WEBSITE www.bocsiomagazine.co.uk Boxing Bocsio is published six times a year and distributed in 22 6 south Wales and the west of England DISCLAIMER Nothing in this magazine may be produced in whole or in part Contents without the written permission of the publishers. Photographs and any other material submitted for 4 Enzo Calzaghe 22 Joe Cordina 34 Johnny Basham publication are sent at the owner’s risk and, while every care and effort 6 Nathan Cleverly 23 Enzo Maccarinelli 35 Ike Williams v is taken, neither Bocsio magazine 8 Liam Williams 24 Gavin Rees Ronnie James nor its agents accept any liability for loss or damage. Although 10 Brook v Golovkin 26 Guillermo 36 Fight Bocsio magazine has endeavoured 12 Alvarez v Smith Rigondeaux schedule to ensure that all information in the magazine is correct at the time 13 Crolla v Linares 28 Alex Hughes 40 Rankings of printing, prices and details may 15 Chris Sanigar 29 Jay Harris 41 Alway & be subject to change. The editor reserves the right to shorten or 16 Carl Frampton 30 Dale Evans Ringland ABC modify any letter or material submitted for publication. The and Lee Selby 31 Women’s boxing 42 Gina Hopkins views expressed within the 18 Oscar Valdez 32 Jack Scarrott 45 Jack Marshman magazine do not necessarily reflect those of the publishers. -
Ausgabe 03 | April 2009 Ausgabe 03 | Sportsirene | Der Sport – Bunter, Facettenreicher Und Überraschend THEMA ANGST
0 o SportSirene SportSirene | Ausgabe 03 | April 2009 Ausgabe 03 | SportSirene | Der Sport – bunter, fACETTENREICHER UND ÜBERRASCHEND THEMA ANGST AUSGABE | 01 | 2007 © baumann 03 Editorial #3 Das SportSirene-Redaktionsteam (von links): Christoph Haas, Kim-Kristin Gerbing, Henner Thies, Simona Della Penna, Johannes Knuth, Julian Glonnegger, Justus Wolf, Felix Czerny, Tamara Steinmetz, Jens Leutenecker, Verena Burk Liebe Leserinnen, liebe Leser, ANGST – wer kennt sie nicht? Immer wieder taucht sie auf: vor der Prüfung, beim Anblick von Spinnen und Schlangen, vor dem Einstieg in ein Flugzeug, bei drohender Arbeitslosigkeit, in der Einsamkeit. Angst hat viele Facetten und jeder hat sie mehrfach erlebt. Die Handflächen werden feucht, man schwitzt, die Knie zittern, Unwohlsein macht sich breit – typische Symptome von Angst, denen man sich im Alltag immer wieder stellen muss. Auch im Sport wird man mit Ängsten konfrontiert. Die Angst der Schüler im Sportunterricht vor dem Sprung über den Kasten oder vom 3 m-Brett, die Angst vor Verletzungen und Schmerzen, die Angst der Profisportler um ihre Existenz. Es gibt auch Sportler, die bewusst lebensbedrohliche Situationen am Fels und in der Wüste suchen. Doch welche Ängste haben Sportler? Wie gehen sie mit ihrer Angst um? Welche Strategien wenden sie an, um ihre Angst zu überwinden und in welchen Situati- onen kann Angst positiv eingesetzt werden? Diesen Fragen gehen Studierende des Bachelor-Studi- engangs Sportpublizistik in der 3. Ausgabe der SportSirene nach. Boxer, Surfer und Extrembergstei- ger kommen zu Wort, Polizisten berichten von Einsätzen bei Fußballspielen, Sportpsychologen und Kinesiologen werden bei der Arbeit beobachtet, Selbstverteidigung als Mittel zur Angstbewältigung ausprobiert, die Angst des Outings im Sport unter die Lupe genommen und Ängste im Sportstudium beschrieben. -
Read a Montreal Gazette Story from April 2006
Learning today. Leading tomorrow. Notable Vanier Alumni Otis Grant takes swing at second chance By Herb Zurkowsky, Montreal Gazette April 3, 2006 It has been almost seven years since the night Otis Grant was nearly robbed of his life, and certainly lost the prime years of his professional boxing career. Time has helped erode, if not erase, the memory. "I try not to think about that," he said. "What's in the past should remain in the past." What might have been had he not been driving south on Highway 15, near St. Jerome, Que., on that warm, late spring night in June 1999, meeting another car travelling in the wrong direction? Grant swerved, taking the brunt of the impact on his side to spare his two passengers: daughter Alexandria and fellow boxer Herc Kyvelos. His passengers escaped unscathed, but Grant fractured five ribs, punctured a lung and shattered his shoulder blade. He remained in a coma for seven days. According to doctors, his excellent condition won Grant his life, but after awakening, he was told he'd never again fight. Grant had lost his World Boxing Organization middleweight title six months earlier to Roy Jones, but his prospects seemed bright. Grant's contract with promoter Art Pelullo was nearing an end. He had become a sparring partner for Jones and there was talk of him joining Jones' stable, which certainly would have boosted Grant's career. Learning today. Leading tomorrow. Notable Vanier Alumni "Things could have happened ... the possibilities were tremendous," Grant said. "But I also know there's a lot of BS in this business. -
Outcome Uncertainty, the Superstar Effect, Talent and Live Attendance in Professional Boxing
Athens Journal of Sports - Volume 4, Issue 3 – Pages 197-212 Outcome Uncertainty, the Superstar Effect, Talent and Live Attendance in Professional Boxing By David Chaplin Erik Madrigal† Daniel Magueta‡ The relationship between outcome uncertainty, the superstar effect, talent and live attendance at professional boxing matches is analyzed for forty-three contests. The implied probability the underdog will win (taken from bookmaker odds) is used to model outcome uncertainty, while the time-adjusted average number of Twitter Followers of the combatants in a given boxing match is employed as a proxy for the superstar effect. Utilizing a log-log multivariate regression model (with live attendance as the dependent variable and explanatory variables of outcome uncertainty, the superstar effect, average knockout percentage and a dichotomous variable to capture if one or both combatants is an Olympic Medalist), we find only the superstar effect to have a statistically-significant impact on live attendance for professional boxing matches. These findings support recent evidence from English Premier League Football, the Italian Football League (Serie A and B), U.S. Major League Soccer and the U.S. National Basketball Association that star power is a critical determinant of live attendance and television viewership in professional sports. While owners, managers and marketers go to great lengths to promote competitive balance as a means of generating and maintaining fan interest, the aforementioned findings indicate that greater emphasis should be focused on highlighting the quality of the athletes themselves and, more broadly, their celebrity status. Keywords: competitive balance, star power, boxing Introduction: Does "Star Power" or Uncertainty of Outcome Drive Live Attendance in Sports? It is notable that the seminal article on the economics of sports (Rottenberg, 1956) focused on the importance of competitive balance/outcome uncertainty1 (in Major League Baseball).