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Elementorum Congeriem: Man and Nature in the Aeneid

 ,QKLVFRPPHQWDU\RQ9HUJLO¶VAeneid6HUYLXVIDPRXVO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHGEHWZHHQ the words lucus, nemus, and silva$FFRUGLQJWRKLVDQDO\VLVWKHZRUGVDUHXVHGWRGH VFULEHGLIIHUHQWYDULDWLRQVRQWKHFRQFHSWRI³IRUHVW´+HZURWHWKDWinterest autem inter nemus et silvam et lucum; lucus enim est arborum multitudo cum religione, nemus vero composita multitudo arborum, silva diffusa et inculta.(DFKRIWKHZRUGVLVXVHGYHU\ GLIIHUHQWO\E\9HUJLODQGDQDQDO\VLVRIKLVZULWLQJVUHYHDOVH[DFWO\KRZ7KHAeneid is a VWRU\RIWKHIRXQGLQJRIFLYLOLVDWLRQDQGLVQHFHVVDULO\IRFXVHGRQDSUHXUEDQSHULRG,Q WKLVSHULRGQDWXUHZDVH[SODLQHGLQUHODWLRQWRPDQ¶VLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKLWHVSHFLDOO\WKURXJK P\WKRORJ\DQGUHOLJLRQ,QGHHGODWHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGXUEDQL]DWLRQKDVEHHQOLQNHGWRD GHFOLQHLQ5RPDQLQWHUHVWLQQDWXUHDQGLWVVDQFWLW\LQFRQWUDVWWRHDUO\PDQ¶VFRQQHFWLRQWR WKHZLOGHUQHVVRIQDWXUDOSKHQRPHQD9HUJLOKRZHYHUIRFXVHGRQWKHLQKHUHQWP\WKRORJ\ RIQDWXUHLQPDQ¶VGHDOLQJVZLWKWKHIRUHVW%RRNRIWKHAeneidSDUWLFXODUO\UHODWHVWRWKH FUHDWLRQRIFLYLOLVDWLRQLQ,WDO\DV$HQHDV¿UVWDUULYHVWKHUHDQGDVKHEHJLQVWRXQGHUVWDQG KRZKLVFKRLFHVZLOOLQÀXHQFHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVRFLHW\7KHFKRLFHRIYRFDEXODU\LQGH VFULELQJ$HQHDV¶NDWDEDVLVFOHDUO\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHGLIIHUHQWZD\VLQZKLFK9HUJLOXQGHU VWRRGQDWXUDOVSDFH7KLVSDSHUZLOOSUHVHQWWKHYDULHGZD\VLQZKLFKWKHWKUHHZRUGVlu- cus, nemus and silvaUHSUHVHQWHGGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRI5RPDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI³WKHZRRGV´  7KH¿UVWZRUGGHVFULEHGE\6HUYLXVLVlucus: enim est arborum multitudo cum religione. 7KHZRUGlucusFDQEHHDVLO\OLQNHGWRUHOLJLRQE\OLQJXLVWLFPHDQV0RVWFRP monly it is connected to the words lux and lucereLQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKH\ERWKDSSHDUWRFRPH IURPWKH3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQURRW leuk³WRVKLQHWREHEULJKW´7KLVURRWLVDOVRFRQ QHFWHGWRWKH*UHHNȜİȣțȩȢZKLFKKDVWKHEDVLFPHDQLQJRI³OLJKW´RU³FOHDU´EXWKDVDOVR EHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWKHVHQVHRI³SXUH´RUHYHQ³IRUWXQDWH´57KHVHODVWWZRPHDQLQJVEHJLQWR JLYHDVHQVHRIWKHLGHDOLVWLFTXDOLWLHVRIWKHZRUGDQGKRZWKHZRUGlucus might describe a SDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWQDWXUDOSODFHRQHEHOLHYHGWREHOXFN\RUHYHQVDFUHG)XUWKHUPRUH WKHOLQNWR³OLJKW´DQGFRQFHSWVRILOOXPLQDWLRQLVUHODWHGWRWKHXQLYHUVDOLW\RIFRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQOLJKWDQGUHOLJLRXVWKHPHV9DULRXVUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQVLQKXPDQKLVWRU\KDYH

1 Ad Aen.³+RZHYHUWKHUHLVYDULDWLRQEHWZHHQDnemus, a silva and a lucusDlucus is in GHHGDPXOWLWXGHRIWUHHVLQÀXHQFHGE\UHOLJLRQDnemus is a multitude of trees truly well arranged, and a silva LVYDVWDQGXQFXOWLYDWHG´$OOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHWKHDXWKRU¶VRZQ 20DXG(5HPLQJWRQ³1DWXUHLQWKH$HQHLG´The School Review,9RO   35HPLQJWRQ 4 Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic LanguagesVWHGVY³OXFXV´ 5 Greek-English LexiconWKHGVY³ȜİȣțȩȢ´ Jill Simmons Man and Nature in the Aeneid 

IRXQGGLYLQLW\LQOLJKWLQERWK:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQFXOWXUHVDQGWKURXJKGLVWDQWFKURQRORJ LFDOSHULRGV,QPDQ\VHQVHVOLJKWVHUYHVWRSURYLGHDOLQNEHWZHHQWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOGRI KXPDQH[SHULHQFHDQGWKHVSLULWXDOZRUOGRILQWDQJLEOHSKHQRPHQD.DSVWHLQZULWHVWKDW ³WKHH[SHULHQFHRIOLJKWRIWHQVHUYHVDVDEULGJHEHWZHHQWKHSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOSODQHVRI RXUH[LVWHQFH2ZLQJWRWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWKHVHWZRGRPDLQVLQDQGWKURXJKOLJKWVKDUS GXDOLWLHVEHWZHHQWKHSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOPD\EHGLVVROYHGLQLQWHUSUHWLQJRXUH[SHUL HQFHVRIOLJKWDQGSHUKDSVHYHQLQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIOLJKWLWVHOI3K\VLFDOHYHQWVDUHVSLUL WXDOL]HGIRUXVDQGLQYLVLRQDU\LOOXPLQDWLRQWKHUHDOQDWXUHRIREMHFWVVHHQLQWKHZRUOGLV GLVFORVHG´7KXVOLJKWFDQFRPHWRUHSUHVHQWVSLULWXDOLW\PDQLIHVW,QSDUWLFXODULIWKHDQ FLHQWVVDZWKHLPSOLFDWLRQRIGLYLQHSUHVHQFHLQWKHZRUGlucus DQGLQWKHSODFHVVRFDOOHG WKH\ZRXOGKDYHH[SHULHQFHGWKHPDVUHOLJLRXVVSDFHVLIRQO\LQWKHPRVWLPSOLFLWVHQVH  7KHUHOLJLRXVVHQVHRIWKHZRUGlucus FDQEHVHHQGLUHFWO\LQLWVXVHLQ%RRN )LUVWWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHZRUGLVFRQVLVWHQWO\UHOLJLRXV2IWHQLWLVPRGL¿HGE\WKHLQYRFDWLRQ RIGLYLQHRZQHUVKLSRUFRQWURO7KHUHLVPHQWLRQRIWKHTriviae lucos [woods of Hecate], and the lucis Avernis $YHUQLDQZRRGV LVUHFDOOHGWZLFH In each of these instances, the JRGGHVV+HFDWHFRQWUROVZKRLVSHUPLWWHGWRVHHGHHSHUPHDQLQJVRIWKHSODFH7KHZRUGLV DOVRXVHGE\WKH6\ELOZKHQWKHXQGHUZRUOG¿UVWRSHQVLWVJDWHVIRU$HQHDV6KHFDOOVIRU all who are not initiated (profani WROHDYHWKHtotoque luco >ZKROHIRUHVW@FOHDUO\PDUNLQJ WKHVSDFHDVDKRO\RQHGHVLJQDWHGRQO\IRUWKRVHZKRDUHSURSHUO\GHYRWHG7KHZRUG is XVHGDOVRE\0XVDHXVWRGHVFULEHWKHKDSS\KRPHVRIWKHEOHVVHGGHDGZKHQKHVD\V³lucis habitamus opacis.´ ³ZHOLYHLQWKHVKDGHGJURYHV´ 7KLVFKRLFHLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLW SURYLGHVDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHEDFNJURXQGIRU$QFKLVHV¶H[SODQDWLRQRIWKHVXSHUQDWXUDODQG GLYLQHIRUFHVWKDWSURSHOWKHXQLYHUVH7KHWUXWKEHKLQG$QFKLVHV¶VSHHFKDQGWKHXQGHU VWDQGLQJWKDWKHEULQJVWR$HQHDVFDQRQO\RFFXULQDSODFHWKDWLVLWVHOIUHOLJLRXVLQQDWXUH  1H[W6HUYLXVGHVFULEHGDnemus as a composita multitudo arborumZLWKWKHSDU WLFLSOHDVFRPSOHPHQWWRWKHQRXQmultitudo$VWKHSDUWLFLSLDOIRUPRIcomponere is FRPPRQO\WDNHQZLWK³SDUWVRIDZKROHRURIDZKROHDVPDGHXSRISDUWV´WKHSDUWLWLYH JHQLWLYHZRXOG¿WZHOOZLWKDPHDQLQJRI³DWKLQJFRPSRVHG´RU³FRQVWUXFWHG´7KHHW\

60DWWKHZ.DSVWHLQThe Presence of Light: Divine Radiance and Religious Experience &KLFDJR ,/8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV  7.DSVWHLQ, 89HUJAen 99HUJAen 10 9HUJAen.  119HUJAen.  12 A Latin Dictionary: Founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin DictionaryVY³FRPSRQR´  HIRUNDO 2012

mology of the word nemusVHUYHVWRUHLQIRUFH6HUYLXV¶LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRILWDVDFRPSRVLWLRQ RIWUHHV,WLVUHODWHGWRWKH3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQURRW nem³GLVWULEXWH´ZKLFKUHODWHVWR WKHFRQQRWDWLRQVRIDZRRGVWUXFWXUHGDURXQGRUXVHGIRUWKHDOORFDWLRQRI³SDVWXUHODQG´ ,WLVDOVRFRQQHFWHGWRWKH*UHHNȞȑȝȦ, from the same root, which concerns the “distri EXWLRQ´RUDSSRUWLRQLQJRIWKLQJVDVZHOODVWRWKHPRUHJHQHUDOFRQFHSWRISDVWXULQJ  7KHZRUGnemus is most commonly connected to religious language, and though ZLGHO\DFFHSWHGWKLVKDVEHHQDVVXPHGPRUHWKDQGH¿QLWLYHO\H[SODLQHG,WLVSRVVLEOHWKH main reason for this connection is the use of nemus in describing sanctuaries, such as that of 'LDQDDW1HPL7KLVVDQFWXDU\DQGWKHUHODWHGOHJHQGRIWKH5H[1HPRUHQVLVVRIDVFLQDWLQJ WRDQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQVFKRODUVKDVSURYLGHGSHUKDSVWKHPRVWIDPRXVLQVWDQFHRIWKHZRUG It might then be suggested that interest in this Nemorensian myths has fueled an unbalanced SHUVSHFWLYHRInemusDVDUHOLJLRXVRUULWXDOL]HGVSDFHHYHQLIFRQWHPSRUDU\XVDJHKDGD PRUHIXQFWLRQDOFRQQRWDWLRQ7KHPRVWVWURQJO\DWWHVWHG,QGR(XURSHDQZRUGVWKDWERWK FRXOGEHUHODWHGDQGDOVRKDYHUHOLJLRXVFRQQRWDWLRQVDUHJHQHUDOO\&HOWLFZKLFKLVQRWSDUW RIWKHOLQJXLVWLFJURXSWKDWXVHVUHOLJLRXVWHUPVFRUUHVSRQGLQJZLWK/DWLQIRUPV7KHPRVW FRUUHVSRQGHQWWHUPLQ*UHHNRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWOLQJXLVWLFDQGFXOWXUDOLQÀXHQFHV RQ5RPHLVȞȑȝȠȢZKLFKLVXVXDOO\WUDQVODWHGZLWKWKHSUDFWLFDOLW\RI³ZRRGHGSDVWXUH´  7KHXVHRInemus in the AeneidLVIUHTXHQWO\DFFRPSDQLHGE\GHVFULSWRUVWKDW VXJJHVWHLWKHUSDVWRUDOLPDJHU\RUJHQHUDOWUDQTXLOOLW\7KLVLVLQNHHSLQJZLWKWKHLGHD RIFXOWLYDWHGVSDFHERWKLQWHUPVRIDUXUDOLGHDODQGDVSDFHDUUDQJHGE\PDQIRUWKH SXUSRVHRIDUWL¿FLDOXVH$WDnemus is called tacitum VLOHQW seclusum VHFOXGHG DWZKLOHDWWKHIRUHVWLVodoratum IUDJUDQW ZLWKWKH$SROORQLFVFHQWRIODX UHODQGSURYLGHVWKHVHWWLQJIRUWKHVLQJLQJRIDFKRUXV$WWKHnemora Erymanthi ZRRGVRI(U\PDQWKXV LVSDUWRIDSURFHVVRISDFL¿FDWLRQDQGLQ$HQHDVDQGWKH 6\ELOFRPHUHDFKWKHlocos laetos KDSS\SODFHV FRQVLVWLQJRIKDSS\KRPHVDQGamoe- na virecta fortunatorum nemorum WKHSOHDVDQWPHDGRZVRIWKHIRUWXQDWHZRRGV 7KH SDVWRUDO VHQVH RI nemus KHUH LV HPSKDVL]HG E\ LWV UROH LQ PRGLI\LQJ WKH IHUWLOH JUHHQ PHDGRZV  ,W LV TXLWH FOHDU LQ9HUJLO¶V XVH WKDW WKLV LV QR ZLOG IRUHVW EXW DQ DUHD XVHG E\PDQ7KHGHVFULSWLRQVRILWDUHLQÀXHQFHGE\WKHUROHRIWKHnemusLQPDQ¶VLQWHUDF WLRQVZLWKQDWXUHSDUWLFXODUO\DVDQREMHFWRIKXPDQFUHDWLRQDQGGH¿QHGE\PDQ¶VXVH  )LQDOO\silva LVGH¿QHGE\6HUYLXVDVDVSDFHdiffusa et inculta VSUHDGRXWDQG XQFXOWLYDWHG 7KLVLVLQVKDUSFRQWUDVWWRWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGSHDFHRIWKHnemus:KHUH a nemus LV LPSOLFLWO\ FRQWUROOHG E\ PDQ DQG XVHG IRU SDUWLFXODU SXUSRVH silva denotes

13 A Latin DictionaryVY³QHPXV´ 14 Greek-English LexiconWKHGVY³ȞȑȝȦ´ 15 Robert Palmer, The Latin Language /RQGRQ)DEHUDQG)DEHU  16 Greek-English LexiconWKHGVY³ȞȑȝȠȢ´ Jill Simmons Man and Nature in the Aeneid 

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 ,QWKLVSDVVDJH3ODWRLVGHVFULELQJWKHSULPDF\RIXQLYHUVDOPDWHULDODQGDWWULEXWHV DQHOHPHQWDOVWDQGLQJWRLW,QWKHIRXUWKFHQWXU\&DOFLGLXVWUDQVODWHGҔƪƦ in Timaeus not ZLWKDPRUHREYLRXVFKRLFHVXFKDVmateria, but with silva, and thereby transformed the PHWDSKRUWRJLYHLWWKHFRPSOH[LW\RID³IRUHVW´RU³ZRRGV´,QWKLVVHQVHWKHEURDGHQWLW\RI WKHIRUHVWDQGLWVLQKHUHQWZLOGHUQHVVDUHFUHGLWHGDVWKHPRVWEDVLFVWXIIRIQDWXUH,QWKLVXVH RIWKHIRUHVWDVSULPDOPDWWHUWKHUHLVDQLPDJHRILPSHQHWUDELOLW\DQGQDWXUDOFKDRV6HUYLXV also noted the connection between the ҔƪƦ and silva. +HVD\V¿UVWWKDWquam Graeci ҒƪƦƬ vocant poetae nominant silvam.7KLVLVPRVWOLNHO\DUHÀHFWLRQRQ3ODWRQLDQLGHDVDQGLQ GLFDWHVWKHORQJVWDQGLQJVWUHQJWKRI5RPDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGHHSHUPHDQLQJVRIsilva  6HUYLXVJRHVRQWRVD\RIWKHsilva that it is elementorum congeriem, unde cuncta procreantur.7KHOLQNWRWKHHOHPHQWDOIRUFHVRIFUHDWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWRQH7KH5RPDQ

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212YFast. 222YLGGHVFULEHG5RPXOXV¶FDOOIRUGLYLQHHQGRUVHPHQWDWWKHIRXQGLQJRI5RPH³Condenti, Iup- piter, urbem, et genitor Mavors Vestaque mater, ades.” 2YFasti.  232YFast. 245RZODQG 259HUJAen³6RPHVRXJKWWKHVHHGRI¿UHKLGGHQLQYHLQVRIÀLQWVRPHUDYDJHGWKHZRRGV WKHWKLFNVKHOWHUIRUZLOGEHDVWVDQGSRLQWHGRXWDQHZO\GLVFRYHUHGVWUHDP´ 269HUJAen 279HUJAen 289HUJAen Jill Simmons Man and Nature in the Aeneid  silva LVDSULPDU\IHDWXUH:KHQWKHHQWUDQFHWRWKHXQGHUZRUOGRSHQVLWLVQHDUWRsilva, DQGDV$HQHDVSDVVHVZLWKWKH6LE\OWKURXJKDisWKHLUFRQIXVLQJIRUHLJQSDWKOHDGVWKHP through the silva. 7KHlugentes campi >¿HOGVRIPRXUQLQJ@ are twice described with the word silvaLQUHIHUHQFHWRWKHFRQIXVHGVRXOVZKRLQWKHSDLQOHIWRYHUIURPWKHLUOLYHV KLGHWKHPVHOYHVLQWKHJORRP\FKDRVRUZKR³ZDQGHU´ZLWKRXWDSDWKOLNH'LGR7KH FLYLOLVLQJSRWHQWLDOFRQWDLQHGLQWKHZLOGsilva LVVHHQDJDLQZKHQ$QFKLVHVVSHDNVRI$H QHDV¶RIIVSULQJZKRPKLVZLIH/DYLQLDZLOOUDLVHLQWKHZRRGVWREHFRPHJUHDW5RPDQV  ,WFRXOGEHDUJXHGWKDWSDUWRI9HUJLO¶VFKRLFHRIZRUGVZDVLQÀXHQFHGE\WKH UHTXLUHPHQWVRIPHWHUDQGUK\WKP7KLVOLQHRIWKRXJKWPD\EHFRXQWHUHGYHU\VLPSO\ ZLWKWKHDUJXPHQWWKDW9HUJLOZDVDSUDFWLFHGDXWKRUDQGQRGRXEWFDSDEOHRIPDQLSXODW LQJPHWHULQRUGHUWRXVHZRUGVPRVW¿WWHGWRKLVLQWHQWLRQV$UWLVWLFGHVLUHWRDYRLGWKH UHSHWLWLRQRIZRUGVPLJKWDOVRKDYHLQÀXHQFHGKLVFKRLFHVEXWWKLVWRRVHHPVXQOLNHO\ $VVHHQLQWKHSDVVDJHEHORZHYHQZKHQIDFHGZLWKWKHQDUUDWLYHQHFHVVLW\RIXVLQJD ZRUGIRU³IRUHVW´UHSHDWHGO\ZLWKLQDVKRUWSDVVDJHKHFKRVHWKHWHUPWKDWEHVWUHÀHFWHG WKH PHDQLQJ RI HDFK SDUWLFXODU VHQWHQFH  7KH XVDJH RI WKH WKUHH ZRUGV PLJKW EH EHVW FRQWUDVWHGLQWKHSDVVDJHZKHQ$HQHDVFRQVLGHUVWKHWDVNRI¿QGLQJWKHJROGHQERXJK

Nec non Aeneas opera inter talia primus hortatur socios, paribusque accingitur armis. Atque haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat, aspectans silvam inmensam, et sic voce precatur: “Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus ostendat nemore in tanto, quando omnia vere heu nimium de te vates, Misene, locuta est.” Vix ea fatus erat, geminae cum forte columbae ipsa sub ora viri caelo venere volantes, et viridi sedere solo. Tum maximus heros maternas agnoscit aves, laetusque precatur: “Este duces, O, si qua via est, cursumque per auras dirigite in lucos, ubi pinguem dives opacat

29 9HUJAen 309HUJAen 31 9HUJAen 32 9HUJAen 339HUJAen.  349HUJAen.  359HUJAen.  HIRUNDO 2012

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 7KH¿UVWZRUGXVHGLVsilva, DQGWKLVVHQWHQFHEHVWSUHVHQWV$HQHDV¶GHVSDLU,WLV SURYLGHGWRUHLQIRUFHWKHIXWLOLW\RIKLVVHDUFKWKURXJKVXFKDYDVWDQGXQFHUWDLQZLOGHUQHVV 1H[WWKHZRUGnemusGUDZVLQWKHLGHDRIVRPHZKDWPRUHFRQWURORYHUWKHVSDFHKHOGE\ WKH6\ELO,WLVDSODFHFRQFHUQLQJZKLFKVKHKDVSURSKHVLHGDQGRYHUZKLFKVKHPDLQWDLQV DXWKRULW\EDVHGRQWKHWUXWKRIKHUSURSKHWLFYRLFH)LQDOO\WKHXVHRIlucus LPSOLHVDUHOL JLRXVDVSHFWWR$HQHDV¶VHDUFKIRUWKHJROGHQERXJK7KHlucus is not the whole forest in ZKLFKKHPXVWVHDUFKEXWVSHFL¿FDOO\WKDWKRO\JURYHLQZKLFKWKHERXJKPD\EHIRXQG  &OHDUO\WKHAeneid SURYLGHVDQLQWHUHVWLQJVWXG\RIWKHYRFDEXODU\XVHGE\5RPDQV WRGHVFULEHWKHQDWXUDOODQGVFDSHDURXQGWKHP(DFKRIWKHZRUGVlucus, nemus and silva are XVHGYHU\GLIIHUHQWO\E\9HUJLODQGDQDQDO\VLVRIKLVZULWLQJUHYHDOVWKHH[WHQWRIWKLV7KH AeneidLVDVWRU\RIWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIFLYLOLVDWLRQDQGLVQHFHVVDULO\IRFXVHGRQDSUHXU EDQSHULRG,QWKLVSHULRGWKHFRQWUDVWEHWZHHQQDWXUHDQGFLYLOLVDWLRQZHUHDIRFXVRI5R PDQFXOWXUHDQG%RRNRIWKHAeneidSDUWLFXODUO\UHODWHVWRWKHFUHDWLRQRIFLYLOLVDWLRQLQ ,WDO\DV$HQHDVDUULYHVWKHUHDQGDVKHEHJLQVWRXQGHUVWDQGKRZKLVFKRLFHVZLOOLQÀXHQFH WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVRFLHW\7KHFKRLFHRIYRFDEXODU\LQGHVFULELQJ$HQHDV¶NDWDEDVLVFOHDU O\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHGLIIHUHQWZD\VLQZKLFK9HUJLOXQGHUVWRRGQDWXUDOVSDFH(DFKZRUG SUHVHQWVDIDVFLQDWLQJGHPRQVWUDWLRQRIWKHVRFLDOYLHZVRIWKH5RPDQVDQGQDWXUDOVSDFH

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Bibliography

Primary Sources:

2YLGFasti7UDQV-DPHV*)UD]HU&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 3ODWRTimaeus.7UDQV:50/DPE&DPEULGJH0$+DUYDUG8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 6HUYLXVAd Aenam 9HUJLOAeneid7UDQV7KHRGRUH&:LOOLDPV%RVWRQ+RXJKWRQ0LIÀLQ+DUFRXUW

Secondary Sources:

%HDUG0DU\1RUWK-RKQ3ULFH6LPRQReligions of RomeYRO&DPEULGJH  &DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV *UHHQ&0&Roman Religion and the Cult of Diana at Aricia1HZ