HIRUNDO 2012 Elementorum Congeriem: Man and Nature in the Aeneid ,QKLVFRPPHQWDU\RQ9HUJLO¶VAeneid6HUYLXVIDPRXVO\GLIIHUHQWLDWHGEHWZHHQ the words lucus, nemus, and silva$FFRUGLQJWRKLVDQDO\VLVWKHZRUGVDUHXVHGWRGH VFULEHGLIIHUHQWYDULDWLRQVRQWKHFRQFHSWRI³IRUHVW´+HZURWHWKDWinterest autem inter nemus et silvam et lucum; lucus enim est arborum multitudo cum religione, nemus vero composita multitudo arborum, silva diffusa et inculta.(DFKRIWKHZRUGVLVXVHGYHU\ GLIIHUHQWO\E\9HUJLODQGDQDQDO\VLVRIKLVZULWLQJVUHYHDOVH[DFWO\KRZ7KHAeneid is a VWRU\RIWKHIRXQGLQJRIFLYLOLVDWLRQDQGLVQHFHVVDULO\IRFXVHGRQDSUHXUEDQSHULRG,Q WKLVSHULRGQDWXUHZDVH[SODLQHGLQUHODWLRQWRPDQ¶VLQWHUDFWLRQVZLWKLWHVSHFLDOO\WKURXJK P\WKRORJ\DQGUHOLJLRQ,QGHHGODWHUGHYHORSPHQWDQGXUEDQL]DWLRQKDVEHHQOLQNHGWRD GHFOLQHLQ5RPDQLQWHUHVWLQQDWXUHDQGLWVVDQFWLW\LQFRQWUDVWWRHDUO\PDQ¶VFRQQHFWLRQWR WKHZLOGHUQHVVRIQDWXUDOSKHQRPHQD9HUJLOKRZHYHUIRFXVHGRQWKHLQKHUHQWP\WKRORJ\ RIQDWXUHLQPDQ¶VGHDOLQJVZLWKWKHIRUHVW%RRNRIWKHAeneidSDUWLFXODUO\UHODWHVWRWKH FUHDWLRQRIFLYLOLVDWLRQLQ,WDO\DV$HQHDV¿UVWDUULYHVWKHUHDQGDVKHEHJLQVWRXQGHUVWDQG KRZKLVFKRLFHVZLOOLQÀXHQFHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIVRFLHW\7KHFKRLFHRIYRFDEXODU\LQGH VFULELQJ$HQHDV¶NDWDEDVLVFOHDUO\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKHGLIIHUHQWZD\VLQZKLFK9HUJLOXQGHU VWRRGQDWXUDOVSDFH7KLVSDSHUZLOOSUHVHQWWKHYDULHGZD\VLQZKLFKWKHWKUHHZRUGVlu- cus, nemus and silvaUHSUHVHQWHGGLIIHUHQWDVSHFWVRI5RPDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRI³WKHZRRGV´ 7KH¿UVWZRUGGHVFULEHGE\6HUYLXVLVlucus: enim est arborum multitudo cum religione. 7KHZRUGlucusFDQEHHDVLO\OLQNHGWRUHOLJLRQE\OLQJXLVWLFPHDQV0RVWFRP monly it is connected to the words lux and lucereLQWKHVHQVHWKDWWKH\ERWKDSSHDUWRFRPH IURPWKH3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQURRW leuk³WRVKLQHWREHEULJKW´7KLVURRWLVDOVRFRQ QHFWHGWRWKH*UHHNȜİȣțȩȢZKLFKKDVWKHEDVLFPHDQLQJRI³OLJKW´RU³FOHDU´EXWKDVDOVR EHHQWUDQVODWHGLQWKHVHQVHRI³SXUH´RUHYHQ³IRUWXQDWH´57KHVHODVWWZRPHDQLQJVEHJLQWR JLYHDVHQVHRIWKHLGHDOLVWLFTXDOLWLHVRIWKHZRUGDQGKRZWKHZRUGlucus might describe a SDUWLFXODUO\LPSRUWDQWQDWXUDOSODFHRQHEHOLHYHGWREHOXFN\RUHYHQVDFUHG)XUWKHUPRUH WKHOLQNWR³OLJKW´DQGFRQFHSWVRILOOXPLQDWLRQLVUHODWHGWRWKHXQLYHUVDOLW\RIFRQQHFWLRQV EHWZHHQOLJKWDQGUHOLJLRXVWKHPHV9DULRXVUHOLJLRXVLQVWLWXWLRQVLQKXPDQKLVWRU\KDYH 1 Ad Aen.³+RZHYHUWKHUHLVYDULDWLRQEHWZHHQDnemus, a silva and a lucusDlucus is in GHHGDPXOWLWXGHRIWUHHVLQÀXHQFHGE\UHOLJLRQDnemus is a multitude of trees truly well arranged, and a silva LVYDVWDQGXQFXOWLYDWHG´$OOWUDQVODWLRQVDUHWKHDXWKRU¶VRZQ 20DXG(5HPLQJWRQ³1DWXUHLQWKH$HQHLG´The School Review,9RO 35HPLQJWRQ 4 Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic LanguagesVWHGVY³OXFXV´ 5 Greek-English LexiconWKHGVY³ȜİȣțȩȢ´ Jill Simmons Man and Nature in the Aeneid IRXQGGLYLQLW\LQOLJKWLQERWK:HVWHUQDQG(DVWHUQFXOWXUHVDQGWKURXJKGLVWDQWFKURQRORJ LFDOSHULRGV,QPDQ\VHQVHVOLJKWVHUYHVWRSURYLGHDOLQNEHWZHHQWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOGRI KXPDQH[SHULHQFHDQGWKHVSLULWXDOZRUOGRILQWDQJLEOHSKHQRPHQD.DSVWHLQZULWHVWKDW ³WKHH[SHULHQFHRIOLJKWRIWHQVHUYHVDVDEULGJHEHWZHHQWKHSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOSODQHVRI RXUH[LVWHQFH2ZLQJWRWKHLQWHUVHFWLRQRIWKHVHWZRGRPDLQVLQDQGWKURXJKOLJKWVKDUS GXDOLWLHVEHWZHHQWKHSK\VLFDODQGVSLULWXDOPD\EHGLVVROYHGLQLQWHUSUHWLQJRXUH[SHUL HQFHVRIOLJKWDQGSHUKDSVHYHQLQWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIOLJKWLWVHOI3K\VLFDOHYHQWVDUHVSLUL WXDOL]HGIRUXVDQGLQYLVLRQDU\LOOXPLQDWLRQWKHUHDOQDWXUHRIREMHFWVVHHQLQWKHZRUOGLV GLVFORVHG´7KXVOLJKWFDQFRPHWRUHSUHVHQWVSLULWXDOLW\PDQLIHVW,QSDUWLFXODULIWKHDQ FLHQWVVDZWKHLPSOLFDWLRQRIGLYLQHSUHVHQFHLQWKHZRUGlucus DQGLQWKHSODFHVVRFDOOHG WKH\ZRXOGKDYHH[SHULHQFHGWKHPDVUHOLJLRXVVSDFHVLIRQO\LQWKHPRVWLPSOLFLWVHQVH 7KHUHOLJLRXVVHQVHRIWKHZRUGlucus FDQEHVHHQGLUHFWO\LQLWVXVHLQ%RRN )LUVWWKHFRQWH[WRIWKHZRUGLVFRQVLVWHQWO\UHOLJLRXV2IWHQLWLVPRGL¿HGE\WKHLQYRFDWLRQ RIGLYLQHRZQHUVKLSRUFRQWURO7KHUHLVPHQWLRQRIWKHTriviae lucos [woods of Hecate], and the lucis Avernis $YHUQLDQZRRGV LVUHFDOOHGWZLFH In each of these instances, the JRGGHVV+HFDWHFRQWUROVZKRLVSHUPLWWHGWRVHHGHHSHUPHDQLQJVRIWKHSODFH7KHZRUGLV DOVRXVHGE\WKH6\ELOZKHQWKHXQGHUZRUOG¿UVWRSHQVLWVJDWHVIRU$HQHDV6KHFDOOVIRU all who are not initiated (profani WROHDYHWKHtotoque luco >ZKROHIRUHVW@FOHDUO\PDUNLQJ WKHVSDFHDVDKRO\RQHGHVLJQDWHGRQO\IRUWKRVHZKRDUHSURSHUO\GHYRWHG7KHZRUG is XVHGDOVRE\0XVDHXVWRGHVFULEHWKHKDSS\KRPHVRIWKHEOHVVHGGHDGZKHQKHVD\V³lucis habitamus opacis.´ ³ZHOLYHLQWKHVKDGHGJURYHV´ 7KLVFKRLFHLVLPSRUWDQWEHFDXVHLW SURYLGHVDGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHEDFNJURXQGIRU$QFKLVHV¶H[SODQDWLRQRIWKHVXSHUQDWXUDODQG GLYLQHIRUFHVWKDWSURSHOWKHXQLYHUVH7KHWUXWKEHKLQG$QFKLVHV¶VSHHFKDQGWKHXQGHU VWDQGLQJWKDWKHEULQJVWR$HQHDVFDQRQO\RFFXULQDSODFHWKDWLVLWVHOIUHOLJLRXVLQQDWXUH 1H[W6HUYLXVGHVFULEHGDnemus as a composita multitudo arborumZLWKWKHSDU WLFLSOHDVFRPSOHPHQWWRWKHQRXQmultitudo$VWKHSDUWLFLSLDOIRUPRIcomponere is FRPPRQO\WDNHQZLWK³SDUWVRIDZKROHRURIDZKROHDVPDGHXSRISDUWV´WKHSDUWLWLYH JHQLWLYHZRXOG¿WZHOOZLWKDPHDQLQJRI³DWKLQJFRPSRVHG´RU³FRQVWUXFWHG´7KHHW\ 60DWWKHZ.DSVWHLQThe Presence of Light: Divine Radiance and Religious Experience &KLFDJR ,/8QLYHUVLW\RI&KLFDJR3UHVV 7.DSVWHLQ, 89HUJAen 99HUJAen 10 9HUJAen. 119HUJAen. 12 A Latin Dictionary: Founded on Andrews’ Edition of Freund’s Latin DictionaryVY³FRPSRQR´ HIRUNDO 2012 mology of the word nemusVHUYHVWRUHLQIRUFH6HUYLXV¶LQWHUSUHWDWLRQRILWDVDFRPSRVLWLRQ RIWUHHV,WLVUHODWHGWRWKH3URWR,QGR(XURSHDQURRW nem³GLVWULEXWH´ZKLFKUHODWHVWR WKHFRQQRWDWLRQVRIDZRRGVWUXFWXUHGDURXQGRUXVHGIRUWKHDOORFDWLRQRI³SDVWXUHODQG´ ,WLVDOVRFRQQHFWHGWRWKH*UHHNȞȑȝȦ, from the same root, which concerns the “distri EXWLRQ´RUDSSRUWLRQLQJRIWKLQJVDVZHOODVWRWKHPRUHJHQHUDOFRQFHSWRISDVWXULQJ 7KHZRUGnemus is most commonly connected to religious language, and though ZLGHO\DFFHSWHGWKLVKDVEHHQDVVXPHGPRUHWKDQGH¿QLWLYHO\H[SODLQHG,WLVSRVVLEOHWKH main reason for this connection is the use of nemus in describing sanctuaries, such as that of 'LDQDDW1HPL7KLVVDQFWXDU\DQGWKHUHODWHGOHJHQGRIWKH5H[1HPRUHQVLVVRIDVFLQDWLQJ WRDQFLHQWDQGPRGHUQVFKRODUVKDVSURYLGHGSHUKDSVWKHPRVWIDPRXVLQVWDQFHRIWKHZRUG It might then be suggested that interest in this Nemorensian myths has fueled an unbalanced SHUVSHFWLYHRInemusDVDUHOLJLRXVRUULWXDOL]HGVSDFHHYHQLIFRQWHPSRUDU\XVDJHKDGD PRUHIXQFWLRQDOFRQQRWDWLRQ7KHPRVWVWURQJO\DWWHVWHG,QGR(XURSHDQZRUGVWKDWERWK FRXOGEHUHODWHGDQGDOVRKDYHUHOLJLRXVFRQQRWDWLRQVDUHJHQHUDOO\&HOWLFZKLFKLVQRWSDUW RIWKHOLQJXLVWLFJURXSWKDWXVHVUHOLJLRXVWHUPVFRUUHVSRQGLQJZLWK/DWLQIRUPV7KHPRVW FRUUHVSRQGHQWWHUPLQ*UHHNRQHRIWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWOLQJXLVWLFDQGFXOWXUDOLQÀXHQFHV RQ5RPHLVȞȑȝȠȢZKLFKLVXVXDOO\WUDQVODWHGZLWKWKHSUDFWLFDOLW\RI³ZRRGHGSDVWXUH´ 7KHXVHRInemus in the AeneidLVIUHTXHQWO\DFFRPSDQLHGE\GHVFULSWRUVWKDW VXJJHVWHLWKHUSDVWRUDOLPDJHU\RUJHQHUDOWUDQTXLOOLW\7KLVLVLQNHHSLQJZLWKWKHLGHD RIFXOWLYDWHGVSDFHERWKLQWHUPVRIDUXUDOLGHDODQGDVSDFHDUUDQJHGE\PDQIRUWKH SXUSRVHRIDUWL¿FLDOXVH$WDnemus is called tacitum VLOHQW seclusum VHFOXGHG DWZKLOHDWWKHIRUHVWLVodoratum IUDJUDQW ZLWKWKH$SROORQLFVFHQWRIODX UHODQGSURYLGHVWKHVHWWLQJIRUWKHVLQJLQJRIDFKRUXV$WWKHnemora Erymanthi ZRRGVRI(U\PDQWKXV LVSDUWRIDSURFHVVRISDFL¿FDWLRQDQGLQ$HQHDVDQGWKH 6\ELOFRPHUHDFKWKHlocos laetos KDSS\SODFHV FRQVLVWLQJRIKDSS\KRPHVDQGamoe- na virecta fortunatorum nemorum WKHSOHDVDQWPHDGRZVRIWKHIRUWXQDWHZRRGV 7KH SDVWRUDO VHQVH RI nemus KHUH LV HPSKDVL]HG E\ LWV UROH LQ PRGLI\LQJ WKH IHUWLOH JUHHQ PHDGRZV ,W LV TXLWH FOHDU LQ9HUJLO¶V XVH WKDW WKLV LV QR ZLOG IRUHVW EXW DQ DUHD XVHG E\PDQ7KHGHVFULSWLRQVRILWDUHLQÀXHQFHGE\WKHUROHRIWKHnemusLQPDQ¶VLQWHUDF WLRQVZLWKQDWXUHSDUWLFXODUO\DVDQREMHFWRIKXPDQFUHDWLRQDQGGH¿QHGE\PDQ¶VXVH )LQDOO\silva LVGH¿QHGE\6HUYLXVDVDVSDFHdiffusa et inculta VSUHDGRXWDQG XQFXOWLYDWHG 7KLVLVLQVKDUSFRQWUDVWWRWKHVWUXFWXUHDQGSHDFHRIWKHnemus:KHUH a nemus LV LPSOLFLWO\ FRQWUROOHG E\ PDQ DQG XVHG IRU SDUWLFXODU SXUSRVH silva denotes 13 A Latin DictionaryVY³QHPXV´ 14 Greek-English LexiconWKHGVY³ȞȑȝȦ´ 15 Robert Palmer, The Latin Language /RQGRQ)DEHUDQG)DEHU 16 Greek-English LexiconWKHGVY³ȞȑȝȠȢ´ Jill Simmons Man and Nature in the Aeneid VSHFL¿FDOO\ D SODFH WKDW KDV QRW H[SHULHQFHG WKH LQÀXHQFH RI PHQ 7KHUH LV D ORQJ VWDQGLQJ SKLORVRSKLFDO WUDGLWLRQ VXUURXQGLQJ WKH ZRUG ,Q KLV Timaeus, Plato used the *UHHN FRJQDWH ҔƪƦ WR UHIHU WR WKH EDVLF PDWHULDO RI QDWXUH DV PHWDSKRULFDO ³ZRRG´ ƣƨҳƣүƵƯүƣхϝƠѳƲрƠưƤѷƣƦƣƨƮƯрƥƤƱƧƠƨƲҳƫҭƬчƬƠƢƩƠԃƮƬ ƲҳƣҭƧƤԃƮƬƩƠұƲҳƫҭƬƧƤԃƮƬїƬьƠƱƨƬƥƦƲƤԃƬƩƲпƱƤƷư ќƬƤƩƠƤҏƣƠрƫƮƬƮươрƮƳƩƠƧϝ҈ƱƮƬѤƫԙƬѤƴхƱƨưїƬƣоƵƤƲƠƨ ƲҳƣҭчƬƠƢƩƠԃƮƬїƩƤрƬƷƬƵнƯƨƬƪƮƢƨƥфƫƤƬƮƬҜưыƬƤƳƲƮхƲƷƬ ƮҏƣƳƬƠƲҫƠҏƲҫїƩƤԃƬƠїƴϝƮѺưƱƮƳƣнƥƮƫƤƬƫфƬƠƩƠƲƠƬƮƤԃƬ ƮҏƣϝƠҕƪƠơƤԃƬƮҏƣϝыƪƪƷưƷưƫƤƲƠƱƵƤԃƬ҈ƲϝƮҕƬƣүƲҫ ƬԏƬƮѺƠƲоƩƲƮƱƨƬѤƫԃƬҔƪƦƠƯнƩƤƨƲƠƨƲҫƲԙƬƠѳƲрƷƬƢоƬƦ ƣƨƳƪƨƱƫоƬƠїƭҢƬƲҳƬїрƪƮƨƮƬƪфƢƮƬƣƤԃƱƳƬƳƴƠƬƧӸƬƠƨ нƪƨƬїϝчƯƵүƬїƠƬоƪƧƷƫƤƬƣƨҫơƯƠƵоƷƬƲƠƵхƲƤƤѳưƲƠҏƲҳƬ ƮƯƤƳƧԙƫƤƬ҈ƧƤƬƣƤԏƯƮчƴƨƩфƫƤƧƠ ,QWKLVSDVVDJH3ODWRLVGHVFULELQJWKHSULPDF\RIXQLYHUVDOPDWHULDODQGDWWULEXWHV DQHOHPHQWDOVWDQGLQJWRLW,QWKHIRXUWKFHQWXU\&DOFLGLXVWUDQVODWHGҔƪƦ in Timaeus not ZLWKDPRUHREYLRXVFKRLFHVXFKDVmateria, but with silva, and thereby transformed the PHWDSKRUWRJLYHLWWKHFRPSOH[LW\RID³IRUHVW´RU³ZRRGV´,QWKLVVHQVHWKHEURDGHQWLW\RI WKHIRUHVWDQGLWVLQKHUHQWZLOGHUQHVVDUHFUHGLWHGDVWKHPRVWEDVLFVWXIIRIQDWXUH,QWKLVXVH RIWKHIRUHVWDVSULPDOPDWWHUWKHUHLVDQLPDJHRILPSHQHWUDELOLW\DQGQDWXUDOFKDRV6HUYLXV also noted the connection between the ҔƪƦ and silva. +HVD\V¿UVWWKDWquam Graeci ҒƪƦƬ vocant poetae nominant silvam.7KLVLVPRVWOLNHO\DUHÀHFWLRQRQ3ODWRQLDQLGHDVDQGLQ GLFDWHVWKHORQJVWDQGLQJVWUHQJWKRI5RPDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJRIWKHGHHSHUPHDQLQJVRIsilva 6HUYLXVJRHVRQWRVD\RIWKHsilva that it is elementorum congeriem, unde cuncta procreantur.7KHOLQNWRWKHHOHPHQWDOIRUFHVRIFUHDWLRQLVDQLPSRUWDQWRQH7KH5RPDQ 173ODWTim.HD³:KHUHIRUHRQHRXJKWWRGLVWLQJXLVKWZRNLQGVRIFDXVHVWKHQHFHVVDU\DQG WKHGLYLQHDQGLQDOOWKLQJVWRVHHNDIWHUWKHGLYLQHIRUWKHVDNHRIJDLQLQJDOLIHRIEOHVVHGQHVVVR IDUDVRXUQDWXUHDGPLWVWKHUHRIDQGWRVHHNWKHQHFHVVDU\IRUWKHVDNHRIWKHGLYLQHUHFNRQLQJWKDW ZLWKRXWWKHIRUPHULWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRGLVFHUQE\WKHPVHOYHVDORQHWKHGLYLQHREMHFWVDIWHUZKLFKZH VWULYHRUWRDSSUHKHQGWKHPRULQDQ\ZD\SDUWDNHWKHUHRI6HHLQJWKHQWKDWZHKDYHQRZO\LQJ