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Language of Football Reporting in Kenyan Newspapers

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Language of Football Reporting in Kenyan Newspapers LANGUAGE OF FOOTBALL REPORTING IN KENYAN NEWSPAPERS FRANCIS M. NDEGWA A Project Report Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Degree of Master of Journalism and Mass Communication of EGERTON UNIVERSITY OCTOBER, 2015 DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION DECLARATION This project report is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university. Signature: ……………………………… Date: ……………………… FRANCIS M. NDEGWA REG. NO. AM19/003/11A RECOMMENDATION This project report has been submitted for examination with our approval as University Supervisors Signature: …………………………………….. Date: ………………. PROF. JAMES O. ONYANGO Department of Literary & Communication Studies Laikipia University Signature: …………………………………… Date: ……………………... DR. JOSEPHINE KHAEMBA Department of Literature, Languages and Linguistics Egerton University. COPYRIGHT ii All rights are reserved. No part of this thesis may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise without prior permission of the author or Egerton University on behalf of the author. Francis Ndegwa © 2015 DEDICATION To my children Marlyn, Carson and Gloria. May you grow to desire and acquire wisdom and knowledge. My dear wife, Evelyn, you believed in me and have always iii encouraged and supported me. My late mother, Sarah Wambui, for all the love and struggles she endured to keep me in school. Finally and most importantly, to God for life and strength to do this work. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv I wish to acknowledge Egerton University for according me an opportunity to do my studies in this great institution. In a special way, I wish to sincerely thank my supervisors, Prof. James O. Ogola and Dr. Josephine Khaemba for their professional guidance that enabled me complete this work. Thank you for your immense support and firm commitment without which this work would not be in this form. Thank you for your timely suggestions, attention to details and critical feedback you accorded this work. I thank Dr. Vicky Khasandi- Telewa for her invaluable guidance especially at the start of this study. I would also like to appreciate Dr. Nabea Wendo for insights into the topic of the research. Many thanks go to my colleagues, Samuel Ngatia, Dorcas Kibenei, Oliver Mulanda and Yobesh Maaga for their support and encouragement in the course of the study. Special thanks to my family members who constantly inquired about the progress of the work, especially Josephine and Samuel Kiboi, Hildah and Anthony Muchoki. I appreciate everyone who in one way or the other participated in making this work a reality, may the Lord God bless you. TABLE OF CONTENTS v DECLARATION AND RECOMMENDATION ....................................................................... ii COPYRIGHT ................................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION.............................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. v LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study ....................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem ...................................................................................................... 5 1.3 Objectives .............................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Research Questions ............................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Justification of the Study ...................................................................................................... 6 1.6 Scope and Limitations........................................................................................................... 6 1.7 Definitions of Terms ............................................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 11 2.2 Football in Kenya ................................................................................................................ 11 2.4 Football and War: ............................................................................................................... 12 2.5 Football and Violence ......................................................................................................... 17 2.6 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................... 25 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.2 Research Design.................................................................................................................. 25 3.3. Target Population ............................................................................................................... 26 3.4 Sample and Sampling Procedure ........................................................................................ 26 3.5 Data Collection Procedure .................................................................................................. 27 3.6 Data Analysis ...................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................. 29 4.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Perception of Football as an Everyday Social and Economic Activity.......................... 30 vi 4.2.1 Trading Language in Football News................................................................................ 30 4.2.2 Allusion to Food in Football Language ........................................................................... 30 4.2.3 Football as a Conversation between Teams ..................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Football League as a Race ............................................................................................... 32 4.3 Social and Cultural Connotations in Football Reporting .................................................... 33 4.4 Display of Dominance and Might in Football Reporting ................................................... 35 4.4.1 Football as a Physical Fist Fight ...................................................................................... 35 4.5 Representation of Players in Football Reporting ................................................................ 40 4.6 Religious Beliefs and Superstitions in Football Reporting ................................................. 44 4.6.2 Superstitions in Football Reporting ................................................................................. 47 4.7 Use of Animal Behaviour in Language of Football ............................................................ 49 4.8 Use of Sarcastic Figures of Speech in Football Reporting ................................................. 51 4.9 Metonymy and Nation Unification in Football Language .................................................. 52 4.10 Military Mappings in Football Language Reporting ........................................................ 54 4.10.1 Football Field as a War Zone ......................................................................................... 54 4.10.2 Football Clubs as Military Establishments .................................................................... 57 4.10.3 Football Action as an Act of War .................................................................................. 58 4.10.4 Football Players as Military Personnel .......................................................................... 60 4.11 War Strategies in Football Reporting ............................................................................... 63 5.0 CHAPTER FIVE:SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 67 5.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 67 5.2 Summary ............................................................................................................................
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