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Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya

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Intellectual Property Rights in Kenya INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IN KENYA Edited By Moni Wekesa and Ben Sihanya Published by: Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Rule of Law Program for Sub-Saharan Africa Mbaruk Rd, Hse No. 27 P.O Box 66471-00800, Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: 254 20 2725957 / 278035 Fax: 254 20 2724902 Head office: Klingelhöferstr.23D-10785, Berlin Tel: 030/26996-0 Fax: 030/26996-3217 www.kas.de and SportsLink Limited Jameson Court Suite D-13, Ngong Road P.O Box 4701-00100 Telephone:+254 20-359-840, +254 -722521146, Nairobi Kenya Email: [email protected] www.moniwekesa-advocates.com Layout and cover design by Dotline Graphic Arts ISBN: 9966-7412-0-8 © Konrad Adenauer Stiftung , SportsLink Limited and authors 2009 All rights reserved. No reproduction copy or transmission of this publication or part of it may be made without the written permission of both the authors and the publishers. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The views expressed herein are those of individual authors which the publishers- Konrad Adenauer Stiftung and SportsLink Limited do not necessarily subscribe to. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Dedication to The late Dr. Adronico Aduogo Adede and the late Prof. Hastings W.O. Okoth-Ogendo both of whom have left an indelible mark on the legal landscape both in Kenya and internationally. Table of Contents About The Authors .........................................................................................i Executive Summary .......................................................................................iv Abbreviations .................................................................................................v Introduction .....................................................................................................x Chapter 1 An Overview Of The Intellectual Property Rights (IPRS) Regime In Kenya - M. Wekesa 1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................1 1.1 Philosophy of Property Ownership in the Western World..............................1 1.2 International Legal Framework.......................................................................3 1.3 The TRIPS Agreement....................................................................................6 1.4 IPR Legislative and Institutional Framework in Kenya.................................7 Conclusion.....................................................................................................10 References.....................................................................................................11 Chapter 2 Intellectual Property Rights In Health – Impact On Access To Drugs - L. M. Opati 2.1 What Are Intellectual Property Rights?.........................................................14 2.2 The Objectives Of Intellectual Property Rights............................................19 2.3 Intellectual Property Rights Pre-trips............................................................19 2.4 Intellectual Property Rights After Trips........................................................20 2.5 The Impact Of Intellectual Property Rights On Access To Medicines................21 2.6 The Doha Declaration On Trips And Public Health......................................22 2.7 Flexibilities Within Trips...............................................................................24 2.7.1 Compulsory Licenses And Government Use Order .............24 2.7.2 Exhaustion Regime: Parallel Or Grey Imports......................28 2.7.3 Voluntary License .................................................................29 2.7.4 LDC Transition Periods.........................................................30 2.7.5 Availability Of New Use Pharmaceutical Patents.................30 2.7.6 Exceptions To Granted Patent Rights....................................31 2.7.6.1 The Bolar Exception..........................................32 2.7.6.2 The Research Or Experimental Use Exception ....32 2.7.6.3 Protection Of Data Submitted For Registration of Pharmaceuticals.............................................33 2.7.7 Competition Law And Policy................................................33 2.8 Kenya Implementation Of TRIPS..................................................................34 References......................................................................................................37 Chapter 3 IPRs, Agriculture and Food Security - L. Muraguri, R. Boadi and M. Wekesa 3.0 Introduction..................................................................................................39 3.1 Definitions.....................................................................................................40 3.2 Causes and solutions..................................................................................... 42 3.3 Synopsis of IP origin and patent theory........................................................ 44 3.4 International legal regime on agriculture and IP.......................................... 47 3.4.1 The common heritage of mankind principle.................................... 48 3.4.2 The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture...................................................................... .48 3.4.3 The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).............................. 49 3.4.4 The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture)................................................................................ 51 3.4.5 The UPOV Conventions.................................................................... 52 3.4.6 The TRIPs Agreement....................................................................... 54 3.4.7 Other Forms of protecting IPRs relevant to Agriculture....................56 3.4.7.1 Trade Secrets............................................................56 3.4.7.2 Contracts..................................................................56 3.5 IPRs and Food Security................................................................................57 3.5.1 Control over and access to PGRs.....................................................57 3.5.2 The private sector and research priorities.........................................58 3.5.3 Agricultural biotechnology................................................................61 3.5.4 Research and access to proprietary technology................................63 3.5.5 Agro-biodiversity.............................................................................65 3.6 Conclusion..................................................................................................66 References...................................................................................................67 Chapter 4 Plant Variety Protection (Plant Breeder’s Rights) in Kenya - E. Sikinyi 4.0 Introduction..................................................................................................73 4.0 Intellectual Property Rights in Agriculture........................................,..........79 4.1 What is Plant Breeding?...............................................................................83 4.2 What is a plant variety?.................................................................................84 4.3 What is Plant Variety Protection (Plant Breeder’s Rights)?..........................85 4.4 Why Plant Variety Protection (Plant Breeder’s Rights)?..............................85 4.5 What Does the Protection Mean?..................................................................86 4.6 Who can apply for protection?.....................................................................86 4.7 What are the conditions for protection?.......................................................86 4.8 How does one access a Protected Variety?...................................................86 4.9 What is Plant Variety Testing?......................................................................87 4.10 Plant Variety protection in Kenya.................................................................87 4.11 Grant of plant breeder’s rights.......................................................................88 4.12 Conditions for grant of rights ....................................................................89 4.12.1 The applicant..................................................................................89 4.12.2 The plant Variety............................................................................89 4.13 Novelty Requirement....................................................................................90 4.14 Name or variety denomination......................................................................91 4.15 Period for which rights are exercisable Extension of protection period Surrender of rights........................................................................................91 4.16 Cancellation of rights.............................,......................................................92 4.17 Varieties covered by the breeder’s right.......................................................93 4.18 Exceptions to the breeder’s right..................................................................94 4.19 Exhaustion of breeder’s rights......................................................................94 4.20 Priorities between applicants for rights.........................................................96 4.21 Right
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