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15/12/2014 1 I Dinosauri Ebbero Origine Da Antenati Arcosauri, Tra Il 15/12/2014 DINOSAURIA I Dinosauri ebbero origine da antenati arcosauri, tra il Triassico medio ed il Triassico Superiore, circa 20 MA dopo l’estinzione di massa al limite Permo-Trias. La formazione da cui provengono i fossili del più antico dinosauro, Eoraptor, risalgono a 231 MAF circa. L’anatomia di Eoraptor indica che i primi dinosauri dovevano essere piccoli predatori bipedi . Chanares Formation • Triassico Medio (+/- 235 M.a.) • Provincia di La Rioja, Argentina • Pianura alluvionale 1 15/12/2014 Nel gruppo degli Arcosauri ritroviamo le prie forme ancestrali ai Dinosauri con i quali formano i “Dinosauriformi” Dinosauriformes Questi primi dinosauriformi erano realmente piccoli predatori bipedi Marasuchus talampayensis (sinonimo Lagosuchus) 9 Vertebre cervicali a “parallelogramma” Postura bipede L.T.= 1,3 metri Denti “zifodonti” Postura Parasagittale Tarso AM; Processo Arti anteriori 1/2 Ascendente piccolo dei posteriori Struttura del piede Acetabolo parzialmente aperto Pube ed ischio allungati 2 15/12/2014 Struttura del piede Caratteri primitivi • Piede pentadattilo • Formula Falangea: 2-3-4-5-4 Piede destro in vista plantare Caratteri derivati V • Processo Ascendente dell’Astragalo I • Allungamento dei Metatarsali • Appoggio digitigrado • Funzionalmente tridattilo • Simmetria rispetto al III dito II • Riduzione del I e V dito IV III • I Dinosauriformi costituiscono una minima parte della biomassa della paleofauna [ rapporto di 1:30 con Terapsidi ed altri Arcosauri ] • Sono caratterizzati da una bassa biodiversità Marasuchus talampayensis 3 15/12/2014 Dinosauria +/- 238 M.a. Pollice semi opponibile, riduzione dita IV e V nella mano acetabolo aperto (protopenne???) 4 15/12/2014 Postura bipede T T F1 F2 F2 W W T T F W W La prima suddivisione all’interno del Taxon Dinosauria è fatta sulla base della struttura del Cinto Pelvico………. Dinosauria (Owen 1842) Saurischia (Seeley 1888) “Cinto da rettile” Ornithischia (Seeley 1888) “Cinto da uccello” 5 15/12/2014 Coxa destra di Coxa destra di Saurischio Ornitischio acetabolo ilio ilio acetabolo ischio pube pube ischio …non bisogna farsi ingannare dagli ornitischi Processo più “evoluti” ... Prepubico “ Megalosaurus ” Iguanodon bernissartensis 6 15/12/2014 Articolazioni accessorie nelle vertebre dorsali Sacchi aerei nelle vertebre cervicali, riduzione 1° metacarpale prevalenza II dito nella mano 1) struttura piedi 2) struttura mani III II Piede sinistro Mano sinistra in in vista plantare vista dorsale V I I IV II IV III • III e IV Metacarpale ridotti • V dito diventa vestigliale • IV dito vestigliale (Formula Falangea 2-3-4-5-1) • V dito scompare (Formula Falangea 2-3-4-1-0) 7 15/12/2014 3 1 2 4 1 - Ischigualasto Formation (Argentina) 2 - Santa Maria Formation (Brasile) 3 - Chinle Formation (New Mexico, Arizona) 4 - Malari Formation (India) Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis ….stesso “Piano strutturale” ma con qualche piccola modifica…... • Maggiori dimensioni (dai 3 ai 4,5 metri di lunghezza) • Rappresentano circa il 6% della Biomassa del Paleoambiente • Distribuzione geografica più vasta 8 15/12/2014 Denti zifodonti finestra premascellare, articolazione intramandibolare. Mani raptatorie perdita 5° dito nella mano riduzione 1° e 5° dito del piede Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Articolazione aggiuntiva • Carnico (Trias Sup) nelle vertebre dorsali • Argentina (Hyposphene-Hypantrum) Vertebre Pneumatiche Prezigapofisi 9 cervicali allungate T.L. 4,5m Acetabolo aperto Processo Ascendente dell’Astragalo ben sviluppato struttura mani struttura piedi Articolazione intramandibolare (Dentale - Angolare/Soprangolare) 9 15/12/2014 2 sacrali 9 cervicali V I Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis II IV III V dito scompare 5 metatarsale ridotto (V) 5 sacrali 10 cervicali I Coelophysis bauri IV II III T.L. 3m Coelophysis bauri • Trias Sup • Nord America, Africa, Europa 10 15/12/2014 Dilophosaurus wetherilli • Giurassico Inferiore • Nord America, Cina T.L. 6m 11 15/12/2014 Ceratosaurus nasicornis • Giur Sup • Nord America, Africa T.L. 6m Abelisauridae Majungatholus • Cret Sup • Madagascar T.L. ?6m Abelisauridae Muso corto ed arrotondato, Denti larghi e ispessiti, avambraccio rudimentale 12 15/12/2014 Carnotaurus è anche caratterizzato da un collo piuttosto lungo e un muso corto e largo, Gli occhi erano rivolti in avanti garantendo visione stereoscopica Carnotaurus sastrei • Cret Inf • Sud America Carnotaurus sastrei, lungo 10m ed alto 4m è un Abelisauride spettacolare. I caratteri peculiari di Carnotaurus sono le spesse corna sul cranio e gli arti anteriori ridottissimi, tanto che radio e ulna fanno parte del polso. Delle quattro dita della mano solo due hanno falangi. 13 15/12/2014 C’è un notevole contrasto tra la robustezza del cranio e la delicatezza della mandibola. Non è chiara la strategia di predazione. L’analisi computerizzata (FEA) sostiene che il morso era più veloce ma più debole di quello di un allosauroide .Si è ipotizzato che proiettasse il collo e usasse la mascella superiore come un’accetta. Ma è solo una speculazione. Riproduzione della pelle Finora è stato trovato un solo scheletro pressochè completo con l’impronta della pelle su quasi tutto il fianco destro. Si vede chiaramente che non era piumato ma coperto di squame e che erano presenti file parallele di tubercoli ossei 14 15/12/2014 Tetanurae (coda rigida) Finestra mascellare, Vertebre caudali bloccate grande biodiversità = grandi problemi sistematici 1) struttura cranio Fenestratura Mascellare (maggiore pneumaticità) I IV 2) struttura mani II III IV dito scomparso (Mano tridattila) I IV dito vestigiale I IV III II 15 15/12/2014 Esempio per il Taxon Ceratosauria Ceratosaurus nasicornis Esempio per il Taxon Tetanurae Allosaurus fragilis 16 15/12/2014 Spinosauri Denti conici Muso allungato (coccodrilliforme) Arti anteriori robusti Spine neurali alte T.L. 9m Baryonyx walkeri • Cret Inf • Inghilterra Suchomimus tenerensis • Cret Inf • Nord Africa Allosaurus fragilis 17 15/12/2014 Spinosaurus aegyptiacus • Cret Inf • Nord Africa T.L. ?17m 18 15/12/2014 Carnosauri Vertebre concamerate Tre sole dita nella mano Allosaurus fragilis • Giur Sup • Nord America, Africa, Australia T.L. 6m / 12m Articolazione intramandibolare 19 15/12/2014 altri esempi di forme Giurassiche ….. Monolophosaurus Criolophosaurus Yangchuanosaurus Sinraptor Allosaurus fragilis Carcharodontosaurus è uno dei teropodi più grandi e pesanti con lunghezza stimata sui 12-13m ed un peso fra le 6 e le 15 tonnellate. Primi resti scoperti in Algeria nel 1927 (distrutti dai bombardamenti alleati) resti più completi scoperti da P. Sereno negli anni ‘90.. 20 15/12/2014 Carcharodontosaurus aveva un cranio molto grande (1,75m di lunghezza) con fauci enormi e denti lunghi fino a 18cm. Stromer scelse il nome per via dei denti quali, a differenza degli altri teropodi non erano ricurvi, ma pressochè simmetrici, con margini convessi, simili a quelli dello squalo Carcharodon. 21 15/12/2014 Giganotosaurus carolinii Forme giganti del Cretacico Inferiore: • Cret Inf • Sud America I Carcarodontosauri Giganotosaurus carolinii è considerato il più grande dinosauro carnivoro mai esistito (Spinosaurus escluso), più lungo e più alto di Tyrannosaurus rex e leggermente più grande di Charcharodontosaurus T.L. 14m Il cranio era lungo quasi 2m e I denti raggiungevano i 21cm. 22 15/12/2014 Siats meekerorum Circa 10m, ma esemplare immaturo. Avrebe potuto raggiungere le dimensioni dei più grandi Carcarodontosauri. A quei tempi i Tirannosauridi erano invece piccoli. Siats Lythronax, un tirannosauride di 80 MAF Non si sa cosa abbia portato all’aumento delle dimensioni dei tirannosauridi ed alla sostituzione dei carcarodontosauridi 23 15/12/2014 Arctometatarsale Tirannosauridi Troodontidi Ornitomimidi Allosaurus NO Tyrannosaurus SI 24 15/12/2014 Struttura Arctometatarsale (carattere derivato a sostegno della monofilia degli Arctometatarsalia) 2 4 2 4 2 4 3 3 3 Struthiomimus Troodon Tyrannosaurus Struttura Struttura Arctometatarsale plesiomorfica dei (Struthiomimus altus) metatarsali 3 (Coelophysis baurii) 2 4 2 4 3 25 15/12/2014 Metapodio di animali corridori 26 15/12/2014 Tyrannosaurus rex • Cret Sup • Nord America T.L. 14m 27 15/12/2014 Giganothosaurus vs Tyrannosaurus Giganothosaurus vs Tyrannosaurus Tyrannosaurus rex 28 15/12/2014 Irrobustimento del cranio Giganotosaurus Tyrannosaurus carolini rex 1 Mano didattila; 2 Mano tridattila; 3 1 Formula Falangea 2-3-4-0-0 Formula Falangea 2-3-0-0-0 2 3 (carattere derivato) (carattere primitivo) I I III II II Dilong Yutyrannus 29 15/12/2014 I Tyrannosauroidea basali erano piumati (proto-piumati). I tirannosauridi non si sa (ancora). Dilong paradoxus 30 15/12/2014 Yutyrannus, lungo 9m e piumato Nel Cretacico inferiore cinese il clima era più freddo che nel Cretacico superiore americano Tyrannosaurus Prima Dopo Tarbosaurus versione “ballerino cosacco” Allosaurus secondo criteri aggiornati 31 15/12/2014 Performances Peso stimato: Allosauri 3-4 t. Tyrannosaurus: 5-7 t velocità stimate: 5-60km/h Velocità max. totalmente irrealistica Predatori o necrofagi? Tyrannosaurus Allosaurus 32 15/12/2014 Shear bite 33.
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