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La Mort D'ivan Ilitx , Prové De Dostoievski 90) - 02 - (28 TESI DOCTORAL ió Rgtre. Fund. Generalitat de Catalunya 472 núm. Catalunya de Generalitat Fund. Rgtre. ió Títol L’ètica del tenir cura en Lev Tolstoi. Una aproximació a partir del relat La mort d’Ivan Ilitx Realitzada per Ester Busquets i Alibés en el Centre Facultat de Filosofia de Catalunya (URL) C.I.F. G: 59069740 Universitat Ramon Llull Fundac Llull Ramon Universitat C.I.F.59069740 G: i en el Departament de Filosofia Pràctica i Humanitats Codirigida per Dra. Begoña Román i Dra. Sílvia Coll-Vinent C. Claravall, 1-3 08022 Barcelona Tel. 93 602 22 00 Fax 93 602 22 49 a/e. [email protected] www.url.edu A en Joan Mir i en Ramon Bufí, els meus mestres, amb estima i agraïment. L’amor és la vida, tot el que comprenc, ho comprenc només perquè estimo. Lev Tolstoi, Guerra i pau Si no sents afecte pels homes, ocupa’t del que sigui, però no d’ells. Lev Tolstoi, Resurrecció [Gueràssim] Oi que estàs malalt? Doncs per què no t’he d’ajudar? Lev Tolstoi , La mort d’Ivan Ilitx Índex Introducció ................................................................................................ 11 Aclariments bibliogràfics i terminològics ...................................................... 17 PRIMERA PART: LA VIDA I LA FILOSOFIA MORAL DE LEV TOLSTOI ...... 19 Capítol I: Les fonts documentals sobre Lev Tolstoi ...................................... 21 1. Introducció ........................................................................................................... 21 2. Fonts biogràfiques sobre Tolstoi .......................................................................... 23 2.1 Fonts autobiogràfiques ................................................................................ 23 2.2 Fonts del seu entorn més proper ................................................................. 28 2.3 Fonts dels biògrafs....................................................................................... 35 3. Fonts del pensament tolstià ................................................................................. 45 3.1 Les obres de pensament escrites per Tolstoi ............................................... 45 3.2 Els estudis crítics sobre el pensament de Tolstoi ......................................... 49 Capítol II: Aproximació a la biografia de Lev Tolstoi ..................................... 59 1. Introducció ........................................................................................................... 59 2. Biografia de Lev Tolstoi ....................................................................................... 61 2.1 D’infant a hereu de Iàsnaia Poliana ............................................................. 61 2.2 L’experiència militar ..................................................................................... 66 2.3 L’escriptor i pedagog viatja a Europa ........................................................... 67 2.4 El casament amb Sofia Bers ........................................................................ 71 2.5 El gran escriptor de Guerra i pau i Anna Karènina ....................................... 73 2.6 La crisi moral i la crisi familiar ...................................................................... 76 2.7 L’èxit de Resurrecció i l’excomunió .............................................................. 85 2.8 Els últims anys, la fugida i la mort ................................................................ 87 Capítol III: El pensament moral de Tolstoi ................................................... 97 1. Introducció ........................................................................................................... 97 2. Un o dos Tolstoi? .............................................................................................. 100 3. La filosofia moral de Tolstoi ............................................................................... 109 3.1 La trobada de Tolstoi amb la filosofia: influències rebudes i transmeses ... 109 7 3.2 La filosofia moral de Tolstoi: idees i fonament............................................ 116 3.3 Conseqüències pràctiques de la moral tolstiana ........................................ 133 3.4 Algunes objeccions al pensament moral de Tolstoi .................................... 137 3.4.1 La resistència no violenta al mal ....................................................... 138 3.4.2 L’anarquisme religiós ........................................................................ 143 3.4.3 El fonament racional de la fe ............................................................. 145 3.4.4 La contradicció entre pensament i vida ............................................. 150 4. Tolstoi filòsof: algunes reflexions finals .............................................................. 154 SEGONA PART: L’ÈTICA DEL TENIR CURA EN EL RELAT DE LA MORT D’IVAN ILITX ...................................................................... 159 Capítol IV ................................................................................................. 161 La mort d’Ivan Ilitx : el context filosòfic ....................................................... 161 1. Introducció ......................................................................................................... 161 2. Tolstoi i la mort: vida i obra ................................................................................ 164 2.1 La mort en la vida de Tolstoi ...................................................................... 164 2.2 La mort en la novel·la curta de Tolstoi ....................................................... 169 3. Aproximació al context filosòfic de La mort d’Ivan Ilitx ....................................... 175 3.1 Esbós argumental de l’obra ....................................................................... 175 3.1.1 De la infància a la malaltia ................................................................ 177 3.1.2 De la malaltia a la consciència de la proximitat de la mort ................ 180 3.1.3 Del deteriorament a la mort ............................................................... 182 3.2 Aproximació filosòfica a l’obra .................................................................... 184 3.2.1 El sentit filosòfic de la novel·la .......................................................... 184 3.2.2 L’obra com a mitjà de crítica social ................................................... 191 3.2.3 La mort d’Ivan Ilitx com a crítica a la medicina .................................. 196 3.3 Un relat autobiogràfic de Tolstoi................................................................. 201 Capítol V: L’ètica del tenir cura en La mort d’Ivan Ilitx ................................ 205 1. Introducció ......................................................................................................... 205 2. L’ètica del tenir cura .......................................................................................... 210 2.1 L'origen de l’ètica del tenir cura: el debat amb l’ètica de la justícia ............. 212 2.2 Elements que caracteritzen la relació del tenir cura des de la perspectiva ètica ........................................................................................................ 215 2.3 Crítiques a l’ètica del tenir cura .................................................................. 222 3. L’ètica del tenir cura en La mort d’Ivan Ilitx ........................................................ 228 8 3.1 El fonament de l’ètica del tenir cura en La mort d’Ivan Ilitx ......................... 228 3.2 Una aproximació al contingut de l’ètica del tenir cura en La mort d’Ivan Ilitx .......................................................................................................... 235 3.2.1 El procés en la relació del tenir cura en La mort d’Ivan Ilitx ............... 235 3.2.2 Les virtuts de l’ètica del tenir cura en La mort d’Ivan Ilitx ................... 239 3.2.2.1 La cura de si mateix ................................................................. 242 3.2.2.2 L’alegria ................................................................................... 244 3.2.2.3 La serenitat .............................................................................. 246 3.2.2.4 La disponibilitat ........................................................................ 247 3.2.2.5 La comprensió.......................................................................... 248 3.2.2.6 La competència ........................................................................ 249 3.2.2.7 La confiança ............................................................................. 251 3.2.2.8 La veracitat .............................................................................. 253 3.2.2.9 La sensibilitat ........................................................................... 255 3.2.2.10 El consol ................................................................................ 258 3.2.3 Les virtuts de Gueràssim: un model per als professionals de la salut ........................................................................................................ 259 4. L’ètica del tenir cura en Tolstoi: algunes reflexions finals .................................. 264 Conclusions .............................................................................................. 269 Bibliografia ................................................................................................................. 277 Annexos ..................................................................................................
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