Music Genre and Music Festival Locations
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Music genre and music festival locations The implementation of music genre in outdoor music festival policy Author: Koen Theodoor Segers Number: 11415509 Supervisor: R.C. Kloosterman Master Thesis Human Geography Track: Economic Geography Date: 11-6-2018 Word count: 22.856 MUSIC GENRE AND MUSIC FESTIVAL LOCATIONS ABSTRACT Literature shows that music festivals have become very popular amongst a wide range of people, causing festivals to be organized to a large extent. Besides bringing producers and consumers together and acting as an intermediary between different actors, festivals also affect the local environment in which the festival resides. Furthermore, the location of festivals is important to their economic impact. However, local planners and policy makers often ignore the use of festivals as a tool of development. The aim of this research is to study the relationship between music genre and the locations of outdoor music festivals in Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht (the G4). Also, the extent to which outdoor music festivals are taken into account in local development is discussed. The results of this research show that policy regarding outdoor music festivals differs between the cities of the G4. These policies are location and context-specific. Furthermore, experts in the field of event policy say that it is difficult to take into account different music genres in event policy. However, there are similarities in outdoor music festival locations displaying certain music genres in the cities of the G4. What can be concluded from this research is that there is an obvious pattern of dance festivals being organized away from the inner-city limits. The reason for the locations of dance non- dance festivals is subject to requirements and conditions that are constructed by policy- makers. In particular, loudness of sound and the geography of the city (e.g. parks) are important aspect which explains the location of dance and non-dance festivals. It is difficult to use festivals as a tool for local development. However, by granting subsidies to festivals organizers who support policy goals, local development is realized. Key words: Policy, Festivals, Music genre, local development. THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MUSIC GENRE IN OUTDOOR MUSIC FESTIVAL POLICY 1 MUSIC GENRE AND MUSIC FESTIVAL LOCATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... 1 List of tables and figures ............................................................................................................ 5 1.Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 6 2. Theoretical framework ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Background theory ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1.1 The importance of the cultural industry ................................................................... 10 2.1.2 Policy perspectives in the cultural industry ............................................................. 12 2.1.3 The cultural industry and agglomeration ................................................................. 13 2.1.4 Social implications of agglomerations in the cultural industry................................ 14 2.2 The music industry ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2.1 Developments in the music industry ........................................................................ 15 2.2.2 Agglomerations and the music industry .................................................................. 16 2.2.3 Policy and the music industry .................................................................................. 17 2.3 Music festivals ................................................................................................................ 17 2.3.1 Defining music festivals .......................................................................................... 17 2.3.2 Development and functions ..................................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Organizational field ................................................................................................. 23 2.3.4 Music genre .............................................................................................................. 24 3. Contextual policy framework ............................................................................................... 26 3.1 Event policy of Amsterdam ............................................................................................ 26 3.2 Event policy of Rotterdam .............................................................................................. 29 3.3 Event policy of The Hague ............................................................................................. 30 3.4 Event policy of Utrecht ................................................................................................... 31 3.5 Comparison of policy goals in the G4 ............................................................................ 33 4. Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 34 4.1 Research design .............................................................................................................. 34 4.1.1 Research Questions .................................................................................................. 34 4.1.2 Conceptual Scheme .................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Research Methods ........................................................................................................... 36 4.2.1 Units of Analysis ...................................................................................................... 36 4.2.2 Sampling .................................................................................................................. 37 4.2.3 Data Collection ........................................................................................................ 38 4.2.4 Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 41 THE IMPLEMENTATION OF MUSIC GENRE IN OUTDOOR MUSIC FESTIVAL POLICY 2 MUSIC GENRE AND MUSIC FESTIVAL LOCATIONS 4.3 Critical reflection ............................................................................................................ 42 4.3.1 Ethics ........................................................................................................................ 42 4.3.2 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 42 5. Results .................................................................................................................................. 44 5.1 Quantitative analysis ....................................................................................................... 44 5.1.1 Descriptive analysis of cases.................................................................................... 44 5.1.2 Music genre of festivals in the G4 ........................................................................... 47 5.2 Geographical Analysis .................................................................................................... 51 5.2.1 Amsterdam ............................................................................................................... 51 5.2.2 Rotterdam ................................................................................................................. 54 5.2.3 The Hague ................................................................................................................ 57 5.2.4 Utrecht ...................................................................................................................... 60 5.3 Qualitative analysis ......................................................................................................... 63 5.3.1 Expert 1: policy in Amsterdam ................................................................................ 63 5.3.2 Expert 2: policy in Rotterdam .................................................................................. 66 5.3.3 Expert 3: policy in The Hague ................................................................................. 67 5.3.4 Expert 4: policy public/private sector ...................................................................... 69 5.3.5 Expert 5: festival organizer ‘Dance’ ........................................................................ 70 5.3.6 Expert 6: festival organizer ‘Pop’ ............................................................................ 71 5.3.7 Expert 7: festival organizer ‘Classical’ .................................................................... 72 6. Discussion ............................................................................................................................ 74 6.1 Policies and music festivals ............................................................................................ 74 6.1.1 Differences in policy ...............................................................................................