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Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Household Travel Behavior In EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE USE ON HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN KUMASI, GHANA by Dennis Kwadwo Okyere APPROVED BY SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: Brian J. L. Berry, Chair Bobby C. Alexander Harold D. Clarke Euel W. Elliot Copyright c 2018 Dennis Kwadwo Okyere All rights reserved To my dear wife, Helina Sarkodie-Minkah, with heartfelt thanks for your unconditional love, support and understanding. To my beautiful kids, Michael and Michelle, for the inspiration. This achievement is yours! EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE USE ON HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN KUMASI, GHANA by DENNIS KWADWO OKYERE, BSc, MPhil, MS DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The University of Texas at Dallas in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICAL ECONOMY THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT DALLAS December 2018 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have seen the light of day if not for the support and encour- agement I received from several extraordinary people, a few of which are mentioned here. I owe much gratitude to my dissertation chair, Dr. Brian J. L. Berry, for his guidance, insight and mentorship, as well as spending time to review this work. He even provided substantial financial assistance in my data collection effort. I wish to thank my mentor, Dr. Kwasi Kwafo Adarkwa, of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana, for introducing me to the field of transportation planning. Your inspiring guidance and constant encouragement is what has brought me this far in my young academic career. I am also grateful to my committee members, Drs. Bobby Alexander, Harold Clarke and Euel Elliot. I became interested in mixed methods research when Dr. Alexander encouraged me to explore how results from the quantitative research approach would be explained by the qualitative data. I wish to thank Dr. Clarke for introducing me to structural equation modeling, and he became a great guide as I undertook my quantitative analysis. I am very thankful to Dr. Elliot for his helpful suggestions. I am grateful to other faculty members, in particular Dr. Karl Ho, for his meticulous comments and suggestions. Special thanks to Dr. Francis Bilson Darku who provided extraordinary support at various stages of the dissertation, including the questionnaire design, data analysis, editing earlier versions of the manuscript, among many other things. I am indeed grateful to you. I am also thankful to Messrs Eric Gaisie and Romeo Abraham for taking some time to read through and edit portions of this dissertation. v Messrs Eric Adabor, Yaw Yeboah Kwarteng, Joy Aryan Kizito, and Prosper Tornyeviadzie were of tremendous assistance in the collection of primary data for this dissertation. Mr. Yaw Yeboah Kwarteng also helped in the cleaning and translation of the qualitative data for which I am indeed greatly indebted. I would especially like to acknowledge my parents and siblings for their support, prayers and motivation. Finally, I acknowledge the unseen hand of the Almighty God which protected and directed me during my PhD training. October 2018 vi EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE USE ON HOUSEHOLD TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN KUMASI, GHANA Dennis Kwadwo Okyere, PhD The University of Texas at Dallas, 2018 Supervising Professor: Brian J. L. Berry, Chair This research addressed how the use of mobile phone affects travel behavior in a developing country context { Kumasi, Ghana { in light of the growing interest in research that seek to understand the relationship between telecommunication and transportation, which until now has been confined to countries that have experienced gradual evolution of the use of technology as they developed. Using mixed methods research, two studies were conducted to examine the relationship between the variables of interest and to identify the mecha- nisms that underlie the relationship. In the first phase of the study, 661 adults completed a cross-sectional survey to investigate primarily the nature of the relationship between mobile phone use and travel (e.g., substitution, complementary, neutral). Using structural equation modeling, results from the survey showed a positive relationship between the main study variables, that is, participants who used the mobile phone more often and for more appli- cations tended to travel more. This relationship was mirrored in an extension of the model where several demographic measures, including age, gender, educational level, family type, vehicle ownership, income, and location, were considered. In the follow-up interviews it was discovered that the participants believed the effect of mobile phone use on travel to be substitutionary, thus contradicting the conclusion from the survey analysis. The qualitative study was conducted as a sub-sample of the larger household survey, to dig deeper into vii the causal mechanisms by which mobile phone affected travel behavior. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants who had participated in the quantitative study and selected using a criterion sampling. The evidence from the qualitative interviews pointed to the fact that, although few participants felt their travel had enhanced, generally, mobile phone use had led to a reduction in the amount of travel participants made in their day-to-day activities, therefore serving as a substitute. These results showed that, clearly, there was a conflict between what people did as in the quantitative survey and what they believed was happening. Possible explanations of this occurrence and its implications to mixed methods research are discussed in the conclusion chapter of the dissertation. Also, from the interviews, barriers including the nature of ones business, poor infrastructure and service delivery, insecurity and mistrust, as well as poor network connection and reliability, were found to inhibit the full utilization of the more advanced applications of mobile phone by the participants. These barriers also provided some explanation into the results from the quantitative phase. Although the divergence in the results from both methods do not provide the basis for clear conclusions, the preponderance of evidence from the study tends to support the complementary thesis rather than the substitution thesis. To the extent that findings from the qualitative data have provided a behavioral understanding of the results from the quantitative data, the study has provided a comprehensive view of the relationship between telecommunication and transportation, thus addressing the limitations of the vast majority of previous studies. To leverage on the complementarity relationship in Ghana, several policy recommendations are addressed in the conclusion chapter of the dissertation. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v ABSTRACT . vii LIST OF FIGURES . xiii LIST OF TABLES . xiv CHAPTER 1 PURPOSE STATEMENT AND RATIONALE OF THE STUDY . 1 1.1 Purpose Statement . .1 1.2 Rationale of the Study . .2 1.3 Organization of the Study . .5 CHAPTER 2 STUDIES OF TELECOMMUNICATION { TRANSPORT NEXUS . 7 2.1 Introduction . .7 2.2 Historical Highlights and Growth in Communication Technologies . .8 2.3 Conceptual Considerations of Telecommunication { Transportation Relationship 13 2.3.1 The Impact of Transportation on the Demand of Telecommunication 13 2.3.2 The Impact of Transportation on the Supply of Telecommunication . 14 2.3.3 The Impact of Telecommunication on the Supply of Transportation . 15 2.3.4 The Impact of Telecommunication on the Demand of Transportation 15 2.4 Empirical Studies of Telecommunication { Transportation Relationship . 17 2.4.1 The Aggregate Level . 18 2.4.2 Disaggregate Level . 20 2.5 Theories on Technology Adoption and Use . 23 2.5.1 Innovation Diffusion Theory . 23 2.5.2 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) . 25 2.6 Summary of Chapter and Limitations of the Existing Literature . 26 CHAPTER 3 CONTEXT OF THE STUDY . 29 3.1 Introduction . 29 3.2 Locational and Demographic Characteristics . 29 3.3 Development of Telecommunication and Transportation in Ghana . 31 3.3.1 Pre-Colonial and Colonial Era . 31 ix 3.3.2 Post Colonial (Independence) Era . 35 3.3.3 The Constitutional and Present Era . 38 CHAPTER 4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY . 46 4.1 Introduction . 46 4.2 Chapter Organization . 47 4.3 Research Design Strategy . 48 4.4 Target Population and Unit of Analysis . 53 4.5 Study Variables and Data Types . 54 4.6 Quantitative Phase . 57 4.6.1 Questionnaire Development . 57 4.6.2 Sample Selection and Data Collection . 60 4.6.3 Data Processing and Analysis . 67 4.7 Qualitative Phase . 77 4.7.1 Participants . 77 4.7.2 Interview Procedures . 78 4.7.3 Data Processing and Analysis . 80 4.8 Reporting the Results . 81 CHAPTER 5 UNDERLYING PROCESSES OF MOBILE PHONE USE AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN THE KUMASI METROPOLIS . 82 5.1 Introduction . 82 5.2 Statistical Analysis Methods . 83 5.3 Organization of Chapter . 84 5.4 Background Characteristics of the Study Participants . 84 5.4.1 Residential Location Distribution . 85 5.4.2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics . 88 5.5 Analysis of the Measures of the Intensity of Mobile Phone Use in Kumasi . 91 5.5.1 A Portrait of Mobile Phone Ownership in Kumasi . 92 5.5.2 Usage of Mobile Phone in Kumasi . 96 5.6 Extracting Mobile Phone Use Factors { A Principal Component Approach . 102 x 5.7 Analysis of the Measures of Travel Behavior in Kumasi . 106 5.7.1 Trip Distance and Duration . 107 5.7.2 Mode of Travel . 110 5.7.3 Trip Purpose . 113 5.8 Extracting Travel Behavior Factors { A Principal Axis Factoring Approach . 116 5.9 Summary of Chapter . 119 CHAPTER 6 A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF MOBILE PHONE USE AND TRAVEL BEHAVIOR IN KUMASI . 121 6.1 Introduction . 121 6.2 Statistical Analysis Methods . 121 6.3 Organization of Chapter . 122 6.4 Specification of the Measurement Model . 123 6.4.1 Measurement Model for \Intensity of Mobile Phone Use" . 123 6.4.2 Measurement Model for \Travel Behavior" . 129 6.5 Causal Relationship between Mobile Phone Use and Travel Behavior .
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