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Quadrastichus Erythrinae Kim www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim 1. Descripción taxonómica Reino: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Clase: Insecta Orden: Hymenoptera Familia: Eulophidae Género: Quadrastichus Quadrastichus erythrinae. Hembra (derecha), Macho (izquierda). Especie: Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim Autor: nbair Fuente: http://www.nbair.res.in/Biocontrol_Agents/Insects/Invasives/Quadrastichus_erythrinae.htm 2. Nombre común Español: Inglés: Erythrina gall wasp Sinonimias 3. Origen y distribución Se cree que Quadrastichus erythrinae es na- tiva de África, pero esta información aún es incierta. Los primeros especímenes fueron descritos de localidades en Singapur, Mau- ritius y Reunion en el año 2004 (Kim et al). Es un organismo de amplia distribución: Asia (China, India, Japón, Malasia, Filipinas, Sin- gapur, Sri Lanka, Taiwán, Tailandia y Viet- nam), África, América del Norte (Estados Unidos), América del Sur (Brasil) y Oceanía (Hong-Mei Li, 2006). 4. Estatus en México Actualmente Quadrastichus erythrinae se reporta por Palacios-Torres et. al., 2017 para el norte de Oaxaca, México (Loma Bonita), a 27 m.s.n.m. En esta localidad se observaron Loma Bonita, Oaxaca, primer registro de Q. erythrinae para México. peciolos y hojas con daño causado por la avispa agalladora. Fuente: Palacios-Torres, 2017. www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” 5. Hábitat y hospederos Q. erythrinae habita en regiones tropicales, en donde hospeda específcamente al género Erythrina. Las 115 especies descritas en el planeta del género Erythrina se distribuyen en Sudamérica, Centroamérica, Antillas y África occidental. El mayor número de especies de Erythrina se encuentra en el sureste de México (27) y en la América Central (Pino, et al, 2003). Especies de Erythrina presentes en México E. chiapasana Krukoff. E. brevifora Moc. & Sessé ex DC. E. coralloides A.DC. Fuente: https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/show- Fuente: http://www.naturalista.mx/tax- Fuente: http://www.naturalista.mx/tax- image/223041/ a/274114-Erythrina-brevifora a/206531-Erythrina-coralloides E. fabelliformis Kearney. E. fokersii Krukoff. E. goldmanii Standley. Fuente: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profle?sym- Fuente: https://ambergriscaye.com/photogal- Fuente: http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/ bol=erf7 lery/161108.html phylo_fab.htm E. herbacea L. E. horrida DC. E. leptorhiza DC. Fuente: https://foridata.com/Plants/Fabaceae/ Fuente: http://herbanwmex.net/portal/taxa/index. Fuente: http://www.conabio.gob.mx/malezas- Erythrina+herbacea/41 php?taxon=4668&taxauthid=1 demexico/fabaceae/erythrina-leptorhiza/fchas/ pagina1.htm www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” E. mexicana Krukoff. E. standleyana Krukoff Fuente: http://sdbgdocents.org/Bloom_board/ Bloom_Board_December_11/pages/image/imagep- age9.html Erythrina berteroana Urb. Fuente: http://entheology.com/plants/erythri- na-berteroana-pito-coral-tree/ Erythrina americana Miller Las siguientes especies de Erythrina Descripción y Ciclo biológico también son nativas de México: E. foren- ciae Krukoff, E. lanata Rose, E. montana Quadrastichus erythrinae es un insecto Rose & Standl, E. oaxacana (B.A.Kru- perteneciente al orden Hymenoptera, koff) B.A.Krukoff, E. oliviae Krukoff, E. presenta un dimorfsmo sexual; en donde petraea Brandegee, E. pudica Krukoff & las hembras alcanzan una longitud de 1.4 Barneby, E. sousae Krukoff & Barneby, E. a 1.6 mm, con una coloración café oscura tajumulcensis Krukoff & Barneby, E. tux- con manchas amarillas. La cabeza es de tlana Krukoff & Barneby, E. batolobium color amarilla con excepción de la parte Barneby & Krukoff, E. berenices Krukoff lateral cuya coloración es café. Posee an- & Barneby. tenas café pálido. Pronoto café oscuro. Escutelo en forma de V o en ocasiones de Además de las especies señaladas en triangulo invertido (https://www.cabi. el listado anterior, en México también org/isc/datasheet/46220). Hembra (Derecha) y macho (Izquierda) podemos encontrar las siguientes espe- de Q. erythrinae. cies exóticas del mismo género: E. fusca En los machos se presenta un cuerpo de 1 (Centroamérica), E. subumbrans (Asia, a 1.5 mm de longitud, la coloración varía Fuente: http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/eryth- Oceanía), E. variegata (Australia, Asia, entre el blanco pálido y amarillo pálido rina_gall_wasp_268.htm Madagascar), E. abssinica (África) y E. opuesto al de las hembras. La cabeza y bidwillii (Australia). las antenas son de color pálido, las ante- nas poseen 4 segmentos funiculares en el macho y tres en las hembras (https:// www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/46220). www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” Antena del organismo macho: Se observan cua- Antena del organismo hembra: Se observan tro segmentos funiculares, con tamaño asimétri- tres segmentos funiculares, con tamaño co entre longitud y ancho. asimétrico entre longitud y ancho. Fuente: http://www.nbair.res.in/Featured_insects/images/ Fuente: http://www.nbair.res.in/Featured_insects/images/ quadrastichus-erythrinae28.jpg quadrastichus-erythrinae27.jpg La avispa agalladora de la eritrina comple- ta su ciclo de vida (huevo a adulto) en un periodo aproximado de 20 días. Una avispa hembra de un día de edad puede contener cerca de 60 huevos maduros en sus ovari- os. Las hembras adultas producen cientos de huevos que son ovopositados en tejidos suculentos y jóvenes, preferentemente ho- jas y peciolos (Heu et al. 2006 en Doccola et al., 2009: https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/ pubs/ja/ja_doccola001.pdf). Las larvas de la avispa se desarrollan en el interior del tejido e inducen a la formación de agallas en peciolos y foliolos de la planta. A medida que la infestación progresa, las Larva de Q. erythrinae en el interior de Orifcios de emergencia. hojas se rizan y deforman, mientras que los agalla. peciolos presentan tumoraciones. Una vez Fuente: http://www.nbair.res.in/Featured_insects/ completado el proceso de alimentación, la Fuente: http://www.nbair.res.in/Featured_insects/ images/quadrastichus-erythrinae26.jpg larva pupa dentro de la agalla. Las avispas images/quadrastichus-erythrinae1.jpg emergen cortando el tejido y generando orifcios de emergencia (Yang et al. 2004; Heu et al. 2006). severos su muerte (Yang et al., 2004). 6. Daños causados Este organismo genera agallas en el te- jido de hojas o tallos jóvenes cuando ovoposita. A medida que la infestación progresa, se puede observar deformación y “enchinamiento” de las hojas. Debido a esta condición, el hospedante puede su- frir defoliación con la consecuente reduc- ción de su vigor, crecimiento y en casos Deformación de hojas causado por Q. Defoliación de eritrina. erythrinae. Fuente: http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/eryth- Fuente: https://www.forestryimages.org/browse/ rina_gall_wasp_268.htm detail.cfm?imgnum=5179059 www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” Deformación de hojas y peciolos. Defoliación de eritrina. Fuente: https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/nelsons/glos- Fuente: http://www.pestnet.org/fact_sheets/eryth- sary/Gall_galling.htm rina_gall_wasp_268.htm Distribución de Q. erythrinae. Fuente: CABI, 2017 Distribución y alerta de América (EPPO 2017); en Guadalupe, 2017), Malasia (EPPO 2017), Maldivas Martinica (Etienne y Dumbardon 2013) y (Global Invasive Species Database 2017), El insecto se ha dispersado gradualmente Puerto Rico (Jenkins et al. 2014) en el Ca- Filipinas (EPPO 2017), Singapour (Kim et a los continentes África, América, Asia y ribe. En Suramérica está presente en Brasil al. 2004), Sri Lanka (EPPO 2017), Taiwán Oceanía. En África, se reporta en Mauri- (Culik et al. 2014). En Asia, se reporta en (Yang et al. 2004), Tailandia (EPPO 2017), tius, Reunión (Kim et al. 2004), Seychelles China (Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Xiang- Vietnam (EPPO 2017); Fiji (Global Invasi- (EPPO 2017), África del Sur (Global Inva- gang, Aomen (Macao)) (EPPO 2017), India ve Species Database 2017), Guam (EPPO sive Species Database, 2017), y Tanza- (Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Bengal) 2017), Micronesia, Nueva Caledonia, Ton- nia (EPPO 2017). En América, se reportó (EPPO 2017), Japón (Ryukyu Archipela- ga, y Vanuatu (Global Invasive Species Da- en Florida y Hawaii en los Estados Unidos go y Okinawa) (Uechi et al. 2007, EPPO tabase 2017) en Oceanía. www.gob.mx/conafor www.conabio.gob.mx www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/invasoras “Elaborado en el marco del proyecto GEF Especies Invasoras” 7. Forma de dispersión La avispa agalladora de las eritrinas no es capaz, de volar por si misma distancias largas entre las regiones donde actual- mente tiene distribución. Así, su expan- sión es resultado de actividades huma- nas. Los sitios donde actualmente ocurre son disyuntos y la mayoría de ellos están en la categoría de islas. El aumento en la introducción de eritrinas como árboles de ornato en los diferentes países, causa un incremento en el potencial de dispersión de la avispa agalladora misma (Li et al., 2006). 8. Controles recomendados nae, ya que es efciente, específca y no se ha observado que dentro de su com- Corto plazo: Control químico usando in- portamiento compita o ataque a otros yecciones en el fuste. Estudios en Hawaii insectos o plantas (www.femingarbo- indican efectividad en el uso de Imidaclo- retum.org/PPFinal.pdf). prid a través de la técnica de endoterapia vegetal (www.femingarboretum.org/PP- Otra actividad a considerar es el con- Final.pdf). trol cultural a través de la remoción de ramas y ramillas infestadas así como el Largo plazo. El control biológico es una reemplazo de la especie hospedante para solución potencial y efciente para el el caso de escenarios urbanos (www.fe- control de la avispa agalladora de la mingarboretum.org/PPFinal.pdf). eritrina. El organismo potencial para su control es la especie Eurytoma erythri- 9. Bibliografía CABI. 2017. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/46220 Doccola, J. J., S. L. Smith., B.
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