National Museum of Korea

1. Prehistoric and Ancient History Gallery 1

2. Prehistoric and Ancient History Gallery 2

- 1 - Prehistoric and Ancient 1. The Paleolithic Age, the First Culture History Gallery 1 in History

We have now arrived in the Paleolithic Room. During the Paleolithic Age, humans started to use fire, invented tools, and developed a culture. The first humans inhabited Korea from about 700,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers and led a nomadic lifestyle, moving from place to place to find sufficient food and seeking shelter in caves or on the banks of rivers. The people of the Paleolithic Age initially used natural stones as tools, but gradually began to break and shape them to remove their efficiency. Large, clumsy tools were used at first, but over time the tools were refined and a variety of sharper and smaller tools were developed for different purposes. During the later period of the Paleolithic Age, the stone tools were used in conjunction with pieces of timber or horn. As stone working techniques became even more developed, it was possible to reproduce the same tool.

- 2 - Prehistoric and Ancient 2. The Making of Chipped Stone Tools History Gallery 1

[Narration] These are stone tools from the Paleolithic Age. [Tourist] They’re tools? They look like normal stones to me. [Narration] They do, yes, but they really are chipped stone tools that Paleolithic people made and used for many different purposes. [Tourist] How did they chip the stones? [Narration] The simplest method they used was to smash one stone with another stone and hope for the best! Later on, they used stone hammers or horns to chip the stone in a more directed, controlled manner. [Tourist] I see. What did they use the chipped stone tools for? [Narration] They were used for hunting and skinning animal carcasses for leather and fur to make clothes. The stone on the left is quartzite. Since it is a very hard type of stone and is found all over Korea, quartzite was the most practical stone for tool-making during the Paleolithic Age. The stone on the right is obsidian. Obsidian was commonly used to make arrowheads because it has a propensity to break into thin, sharp shards. [Tourist] So, you’re saying that Paleolithic people exploited the properties of different types of stone to invent new tools? [Narration] That’s right. They realized that different types of stones were suited to different uses. Obsidian naturally forms on the edges of lava tracts, so it is very common in volcanic regions, such as Japan. These stones were often excavated in Korea as well, suggesting that the peninsula’s Paleolithic inhabitants traded with peoples in other countries and imported their goods.

- 3 - Prehistoric and Ancient 3. Hand-axe History Gallery 1

[Narration] These exhibits are hand-axes which date from the early days of the Paleolithic Age and represent the beginnings of tool development. [Tourist] But they look more like natural stones than axes. [Narration] At first glance they look like round, blunt stones, I agree. However, look carefully at the edge of the stone. Except for the handgrip part, the edge and the end of the stone are sharp. Paleolithic people used the hand-axes to skin animals and butcher carcasses into transportable chunks of meat. They were also used to dig the ground. [Tourist] So they were actually very useful tools. [Narration] Yes, they were. Although they look similar to natural stones, hand-axes were the first typical tools crafted by humans. They have been found not only in Asia but also in Africa and Europe, which indicates that they were an important tool widely used by early humans across the world.

- 4 - Prehistoric and Ancient 4. Tanged Points History Gallery 1

Do you see the stone point at the end of the long spear? This is what is called a stemmed point. The stemmed point is the long, pointed spike of the stone that is inserted into the shaft of a spear. When stones were chipped, Paleolithic people oriented the stone so that the sharpest part formed the point of the spear and the stemmed point attached the stone to the shaft. They ranged in size from the length of a finger to over 10 centimeters. Spears were useful for both short- and long-distance hunting. They ensured a safe distance between beast and hunter and, moreover, a well-thrown spear had great speed and accuracy. The stemmed point was common in both Korea and Japan, indicating the possibility of early cultural exchange between the two countries.

- 5 - Prehistoric and Ancient 5. The Neolithic Age, The Beginning of History Gallery 1 Settlement

We are now in the Neolithic Room. About 10,000 years ago, dramatic climate change came to an end and the Earth’s climate stabilized. Mild, favorable weather conditions meant an abundance of food for everyone. This signaled the end of the nomadic way of life and the people of the Neolithic Age began to develop their own new culture. The most significant difference from the Paleolithic Age was the invention of ground stone tools. The people of the Neolithic Age adopted a more settled existence and agriculture began to flourish as a result. They farmed both crops and livestock and manufactured pottery vessels to store and cook agricultural produce. The Neolithic Age in Korea began around approximately 8,000 years B.C. Neolithic people lived by the sea or on river banks where water and food were in abundant supply. In this Neolithic Room, we will see a wide range of artifacts recovered from tombs, residences and shell mounds and through them acquire an understanding of the way of life of Neolithic people.

- 6 - Prehistoric and Ancient 6. Hunting History Gallery 1

These exhibits are Neolithic hunting tools. Tools used for hunting were developed to enable greater speed and accuracy, allowing people to hunt small, fast mammals, birds and even marine animals. Bows and arrows were the most commonly used hunting weapons of the day. The small stones next to the spears are arrowheads. They were attached to arrow shafts. Small, sharp arrows were useful to hunt from a distance while swords and spears were more effective when hunting at close range. The arrowheads were made of stone or from the bones of deer and boars, and were most often found in shell mounds. Neolithic people were not wasteful: they used the meat of a hunted animal for food and its bones as materials for tools. In addition to using arrows, Neolithic people hunted with the stone spears on your right. Can you imagine how difficult hunting with equipment like this would have been? Let’s now move on to the next spot.

- 7 - Prehistoric and Ancient 7. Harpoons, Composite Fishing History Gallery 1

[Narration] These are examples of Neolithic Age fishing equipment. Fishing began around 8,000 B.C in Korea. Before agriculture developed, fishing was an important means of living, along with hunting and gathering. The Neolithic people settled down near the seashores or riversides. [Tourist] Ah, I see. How did they catch fish? Umm, is the one on the right a fish hook? [Narration] Yes, they are a fish hook and a harpoon, popular fishing equipment in the Neolithic Age. These tools seem to have been used to catch big fish or see animal such as cod, tuna and whales in the East and South Sea. The object of the middle is a whale bone discovered amongst relics of the Neolithic Age. Have a close look and you will find something stuck to it. Do you recognize it? [Tourist] Umm, is it a harpoon? It looks like a harpoon, doesn’t it? [Narration] Yes, it is a harpoon, made of a whale bone. This relic supports the assumption that whaling took place in those days. [Tourist] Oh, The look so simple but they’re incredible! [Narration] Yes, they are. During the prehistoric age, people’s lives were enhanced by tools crafted from natural objects. Our prehistoric ancestors were skilled at taking advantage of the properties of natural resources.

- 8 - Prehistoric and Ancient 8. Japanese Pottery, Obsidian History Gallery 1

Some unique relics are displayed here. Take a look at the shiny black stones. They are obsidian, a type of stone generally found in regions where there is volcanic activity. As obsidian is a product of lava flow, the mineral composition of the stone varies from region to region. Most of the obsidian found in Korea originates from the volcanic areas in the northern part of the peninsula and Japan. They relics lying above them are examples of Japanese-style Neolithic pottery that were excavated from shell mounds on the south coast of Korea. The shell bracelets, fishhooks and teeth of red deer are Korean in style but were also common in Japan. From these objects, we know that cultural exchange took place between Korea and Japan during the prehistoric period. Travel between the two countries occurred by sea, and there is a prehistoric rock painting in the southern region of Korea, depicting Neolithic people at sea on a boat, whaling. It is surprising to think that people traveled so far by boat in those days.

- 9 - Prehistoric and Ancient 9. Dongsam-dong, Busan. Shell mounds History Gallery 1

[Female student] Wow… what are these? [Narration] These are shell mounds that were found in the ground in Dongsam-dong, Busan. Shell mounds, or middens, were a kind of Neolithic trash pile, used by people to dispose of their household waste. The middens became a repository for animal remains and fish bones and sometimes even harbored evidence of graves, houses and cooking fires. Shell middens such as these are a treasure trove for archaeologists. [Female student] The many clam shells in the mound indicate what the Neolithic people ate, right? What kind of shellfish did they eat most? [Narration] Oyster shells are the most common shellfish found in the shell middens. Occasionally, deep sea shells such as conch and abalone are found as well. [Female student] How were they able to gather shellfish from the bottom of the sea? [Narration] We suppose the Neolithic inhabitants of coastal areas were skilled divers, due to the fact that their skulls indicate osteoma of the external auditory canal. This is a type of ear problem caused by extended periods of diving: even modern day divers exhibit the same condition.

- 10 - Prehistoric and Ancient 10. Changnyeong Bibong-ri Boat History Gallery 1

[Narration] As you have seen, the Neolithic people made the most of their marine resources. Do you want to learn about the kind of boats they made, too? [Female student] Yes, I’d love to, but I actually saw rock engravings on Bangudae Cliff at Daegok-ri, Wulju. [Narration] Actually, the Neolithic boat depicted in the rock engravings on Bangudae Cliff was discovered. [Female student] Are you serious? [Narration] The boat lying in front of us is the oldest boat found in the history of the world. It dates back to 6,000 B.C. The log boat was excavated from Bibong-ri, Changnyeong in 2004 and was made from a two hundred year old pine tree. [Female student] 6,000 B.C! That is incredible! [Narration] During a second field excavation in 2010, a 180-centimeter-long oar was also recovered. Though the artifacts found in Bibong-ri, Changnyeong are currently inland, they prove that the area was coastal during the Neolithic period.

- 11 - Prehistoric and Ancient 11. Saddle Quern, Milling Stone History Gallery 1

[Narration] Acorns were found in Korea alongside Neolithic relics. Neolithic people ground acorns using a saddle quern and a milling stone and cooked them in clay vessels. Listen to this conversation, which could have taken place in the kitchen of a Neolithic household. [Man] Darling, I feel like eating acorn porridge today. I brought some acorns home a few days ago. [Woman] Sure. I’ve already prepared them by soaking them in water. [Man] Why do you have to soak them? [Woman] Don’t you know? Soaking removes the bitterness from the acorns. [Man] Ah, okay. But how can we possibly grind all of these? [Woman] We’ll use this. Put a handful of acorns on the milling stone and roll it back and forth until they are finely ground. [Man] Ok, I will. Will you use the acorn flour to make porridge? [Woman] Of course! While you grind them, I’ll get some water for the pot. When you’ve finished, could you light a fire as well? Then we can boil them right away. [Man] Of course I will. Ah, I’m so hungry. Let’s do it quickly! [Narration] Many tools were invented out of necessity and to make the daily chores of the Neolithic people more convenient.

- 12 - Prehistoric and Ancient 12. Stone Knives, Stone Ploughs, Stone Pestles History Gallery 1

This room contains farming tools from the Neolithic Age. The Neolithic people smoothed and shaped stones to use for specific purposes. The tools look similar but they are shaped slightly differently depending on their purpose. The ones on the right are stone knives. They are flat stones with a sharp end designed to pick kernels out of the ears of grain. The Cylindrical objects below them are pestles, which were used to grind grains and plant fibers. The long, flat stones next to them are stone ploughs, which were used to dig over the ground and plough fields. Using different tools for different purposes signified a technological development in farming, which in turn accelerated the pace of change in society. Agricultural settlements formed, resulting in villages and eventually cities. The value of farmed produce led to the privatization of properties and naturally divided the population into social classes. The agricultural development which occurred during the Neolithic Age dramatically changed the course of human history.

- 13 - Prehistoric and Ancient 13. Comb-pattern Pottery History Gallery 1

The Neolithic Age began around approximately 8,000 B.C. The comb-pattern pottery vessels are the most representative type of pottery from Korea's Neolithic Age. Similar kinds of pottery have been found throughout Northern Europe and Siberia, although the Korean comb-pattern pottery date from a different period and the manufacturing technique and pattern construction are also unique. Thus the Korean comb-pattern potteries are believed to have evolved independently in Korea. The use of fire brought about considerable changes to both food preparation and the digestibility of foodstuffs during the Neolithic Age. These vessels were used for cooking and food storage. They were very convenient to use, as they had pointed bases and therefore were easy to be planted firmly on the ground. The inscription of patterns on pottery designed for everyday use indicates that the people of the Neolithic Age had an appreciation of aesthetics.

- 14 - Prehistoric and Ancient 14. The Advent of Pottery History Gallery 1

[Narration] This room exhibits pottery vessels that are typical of the Neolithic Age. [Tourist] I see, but this pottery looks so simple and rough. [Narration] Although they are not very elaborately made, this pottery signifies a great change in the way of life of prehistoric humans. Agriculture began in the Neolithic Age. Up until then, people depended on hunting and gathering for their survival, but the emergence of agriculture brought about a dramatic change in their lifestyle, along with social and cultural advances. Thus it is known as the Neolithic Revolution. Farming, compared to hunting and gathering, was sedentary and resulted in an accumulation of produce. Neolithic people invented pottery vessels to cook and store food. [Tourist] Now they look different to me. By the way, why is the bottom of the vessel pointed like an egg? [Narration] These pots were usually sunk into the ground to prevent them from tipping over, so the pointed base made that easier to do. [Tourist] I see. There are also some patterns on the surface. [Narration] Yes, it is called the comb-pattern. Although it is very simple, it attests to the aesthetic sense of Neolithic people.

- 15 - Prehistoric and Ancient 15. Shell Mask, Clay Figurine History Gallery 1

[Narration] People have a natural affinity with beauty and are attracted to beautiful objects as well as to beautiful people. Neolithic people were no different in this respect. As food production increased and life became more stable, they enjoyed leisure time and artistic pursuits. Clay figurines and shell masks and pottery decorated with faces are good examples of early art. [Tourist] Where is the clay figurine? This one just looks like a stone. [Narration] Yes, it does. It’s only 3.6 centimeters tall, but if you look closely you will see that the figurine has large breasts and a slim waist. [Tourist] Ah, I see now. It looks similar to the Venus of Willendorf figurine found in Austria. [Narration] It does. Figurines emphasizing the breasts and hips of the female body were common in ancient cultures all over the world. They symbolize fertility and abundance. [Tourist] I understand. And there is a shell and a piece of pottery with a funny faces on them. [Narration] Yes, this is a depiction of a human face that has been cut into a shell. The Neolithic people made accessories and figurines out of bones, horns and shells, like these two examples. They reveal the aesthetic sense of the Neolithic people and their belief that spirits dwelled in humans and natural objects alike.

- 16 - Prehistoric and Ancient 16. The Bronze Age, Political Party Formation History Gallery 1

[Narration] We have now arrived at the Bronze Age Room. The Bronze Age, which began around the 10th century B.C., is defined by the manufacture and use of bronze objects composed of copper and zinc. The earlier development of agriculture resulted in the establishment of villages and, along with the privatization of property, bronze craft led to a further stratification of society. We will now see the first relic in this room, a Bronze ritual artifact. [Tourist] Um, it’s tiny and broken. [Narration] Ha-ha! It looks humble but this artifact is the most famous one in this room. [Tourist] Really! Why is that? [Narration] Look at it closely. The patterns are indistinct but you can still see them. The upper right of the artifact shows a man plowing a field, and on the lower right, there is a man holding up a hoe. Let’s walk round the case and see what’s on the back. There’s a handle and a bird sitting on the branch of a tree. As you may know, murals describing early human’s lifestyle are quite common. But this is the only bronze artifact in Korea that shows how people lived in the Bronze Age. [Tourist] I see. But I’ve never seen this kind of decoration before. What was it for? [Narration] Judging by the holes on the top, which allowed the object to be hung, it is believed to have been used as a type of charm to wish for a successful harvest. Since bronze was still precious and rare, only the nobility could afford such objects. In addition, the depiction of farming on the artifact indicates just how important agriculture was to this ancient society.

- 17 - Prehistoric and Ancient 17. Crescent-shaped Stone Knife History Gallery 1

[Narration] Now we have moved on to the attractive crescent-shaped stone knives. [Tourist] Stone knives! Were they used to stab something? [Narration] No, these were specially made for farming. [Tourist] Oh, they are so small! [Narration] They were made to be held in the hand. People of the Bronze Age ground the rounded part of stones to sharp edges to cut the ears of grains. They were designed to remove and separate every grain. [Tourist] They remind me of the painting, Les Glaneuses, by Millet. By the way, what are these holes in the middle? [Narration] The two holes were threaded with string to form a handle for holding the knife more securely. Besides crescent-shaped stone knives, many different farming tools were used during the Bronze Age. Before bronze and iron farming tools were developed, wooden and stone tools were commonly used. However, as farming techniques developed, tools became more functional and elaborate.

- 18 - Prehistoric and Ancient 18. Ground Stone Tools, Bronze Weapons History Gallery 1

This relic is a ground stone tool from the Bronze Age. You might think it strange that a stone tool is exhibited in the Bronze Age Room. But during the Bronze Age, bronze wares were generally used only by the nobility, whilst peasants and commoners still had to make do with stone tools. In fact, the discovery of tools that were used for carving and working timber indicates that wooden tools were still produced in great quantities. Some of these stone tools were made for use during rituals. This stone sword was originally just a large stone. Imagine how much delicate work was required to grind and shape both the sword and the hilt. This sword, which was excavated from a tomb, indicates the high status of the owner. As bronze production increased, the contents of tombs gradually shifted from ground stone objects to bronze ware.

- 19 - Prehistoric and Ancient 19. The Pottery of the Bronze Age History Gallery 1

This plain pottery is representative of the Bronze Age. During the Neolithic Age, comb-pattern pottery was common. But around 1,500 B.C., plain pottery began gaining popularity. Why did the design of pottery regress from patterned to plain? This is because the focus switched to functionality during the Bronze Age. Many types of vessels were manufactured for different purposes, such as cooking, storing food, and as burial items. This type of pottery generally had a flat base and a concave neck, but the details differed by region and period.

- 20 - Prehistoric and Ancient 20. The First Korean Kingdom, Gojoseon History Gallery 1

This is the Gojoseon Room. It displays artifacts from Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom. The legend of ‘Dangun’ the founder explains how this ancient kingdom came into being. A long time ago, the son of heaven, wishing to govern our planet, descended to earth with 3,000 servants, including the masters of wind, rain, and clouds. One day, a bear and a tiger came to visit him and asked him to make them human. He told the bear and tiger that they must remain for 100 days in a cave, existing on a diet of just mugwort and garlic. Although the tiger quickly gave up, the bear endured the trial and its wish was granted. The bear was transformed into a woman and married the son of heaven. Their son was Dangun who founded the Gojoseon kingdom. Myths about the spiritual founder of a nation are common in Korea, as well as in other neighboring countries such as Mongolia, Japan and China. They symbolize the sacredness of a nation and the absolute power of its leader. Gojoseon was based on a highly developed bronze culture, and acquired even greater strength after adopting iron production. The independent culture of Gojoseon flourished until its collapse in 108 B.C., but it continued to influence later nations on the peninsula. The first Korean kingdom, Gojoseon, is deeply rooted in the spirit of the Korean people, even today.

- 21 - Prehistoric and Ancient 21. The Bronze Dagger Culture of Korea History Gallery 1

[Narration] Let’s take a look at some Korean bronze ware now. This room exhibits relics from the Korean Bronze Age. And bronze swords are the most representative artifacts of them. First, I’d like to draw your attention to the violin-shaped sword on your left. This sword was made in what is now China, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, during the Early Bronze Age. [Visitor] Um, I am confused. Do you mean it is from China? [Narration] Not exactly. During the Bronze Age, Korea was so powerful that it occupied some parts of mainland China where this sword was made. [Visitor] But geographically, didn’t Chinese techniques and styles influence Korean Bronze Ware, just like they influenced the earthenware of the Neolithic Age? [Narration] No, they didn’t. Chinese Bronze swords were constructed as a single piece, whereas the blade and the hilt of Korean Bronze swords were constructed separately. You can see this feature on the bottom of the sword. [Visitor] Ah, I see. This sword looks unique but I doubt it’s very useful, is it? [Narration] Ah, that is because the sword was not designed to serve a practical purpose. In the Bronze Age, powerful men carried these swords at their sides as a symbol of power. That’s why these swords were so impressively crafted. By comparison, Korean bronze swords made in the Late Bronze Age were more practical. You can see some examples of these on the right. They have sharper and straighter blades.

- 22 - Prehistoric and Ancient 22. Gojoseon and the Han Dynasty History Gallery 1

Here are some relics that reflect Gojoseon’s relationship with the Han Dynasty of China. Due to its advantageous geographic location in the north of the peninsula, Gojoseon acted as an intermediary for trade between China and other parts of the Korean peninsula. The development of Gojoseon was enhanced by its control and domination of the trade route. At that time, the Han Dynasty of China was frequently attacked by the Huns, who were based in the north of China, and became increasingly preoccupied by the threat of attack by an alliance between Gojoseon and the Huns. Therefore, the Han Dynasty opposed Gojoseon’s role as a trading intermediary and eventually invaded the kingdom. Gojoseon fought against the Han army for a year. However, as the war continued, internal conflicts within the government of Gojoseon weakened the kingdom, which ultimately led to its collapse in 108 B.C. Even after the fall of the kingdom, the traditions and culture of Gojoseon continued with its absorption into Goguryeo.

- 23 - Prehistoric and Ancient 23. Buyeo and Samhan History Gallery 1

Before Korea’s tribal societies developed into kingdoms, different regional political groups were established on the peninsula. Each group developed an independent culture. This room exhibits artifacts from these cultures ranging from the time of the collapse of Gojoseon in 108 B.C. through to 400 A.D. Different political structures developed in different parts of the peninsula. In the north were early ancient kingdoms including Buyeo. In the south, there were three groups of nations called Samhan, each of which consisted of dozens of different tribal states. Besides that, there were two chiefdoms composed of numerous communities. Let’s take a look at the culture of each group.

- 24 - Prehistoric and Ancient History 24. Buyeo , Okjeo , Dongye Gallery 1

Let’s talk about the political groups in the north of the peninsula. There were three kingdoms called Buyeo, Okjeo and Dongye. Buyeo was a developed state located in the north of the peninsula, and it maintained diplomatic relationships with China from as early as the second century. It had both a judicial and a federal system that distributed governmental power between the king and officials. The people of Buyeo held harvest festivals to ask for blessings from the heavens and enjoyed both dancing and singing. However, Buyeo was absorbed and unified into the emerging power, Goguryeo, in 494. Okjeo and Dongye were located in what is now North Korea. There was a special custom in Okjeo. A man brought his future wife to his home and they lived together from a young age. When the girl became an adult, the groom sent wedding gifts to the bride’s family and they married officially. This was a form of compensation for the labor the woman performed in her husband’s home prior to marriage. Another unique tradition from Okjeo was to build a family tomb. In Okjeo, when people died, the bodies were buried in temporary tombs first and then their bones were gathered later and moved to their individual family tombs. Dongye also had its own unique customs. When Dongye people married, they only chose unrelated spouses who originated from other regions. Tribes were not permitted to violate regional borders and if they did, a fine of cattle or horses was levied. Murderers were punished by death. Just like Buyeo, both Okjeo and Dongye were absorbed into Goguryeo in the second century.

- 25 - Prehistoric and Ancient 25. Samhan, the Confederacy of the History Gallery 1 Southern Korean Peninsula

In the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, there were three groups of nations called Mahan, Byeonhan and Jinhan. They are collectively known as Samhan, or Three Han kingdoms. The people of Samhan used a variety of bronze and iron tools. In particular, they employed iron implements for agricultural use. During May and October, the months of sowing and harvesting respectively, the people of Samhan held festivals of singing and dancing to pray to their gods for a successful harvest. Among Samhan, Mahan had a unique custom. In each village the Mahan people established a sacred place called a sodo for worship and prayer, and hung bells and drums from the trees there. A sodo was also a place of refuge - a criminal could hide there and he or she would be safe due to the distinct separation of religion and state. The concept of sodo is similar to the asillie or asylum of Greece and Rome. The English word ‘asylum’ retains the same meaning, a sanctuary or place of refuge and protection. During the third century, Samhan absorbed power from its neighbors and Mahan had developed into the Baekje Kingdom, Jinhan into the Silla Kingdom, and Byeonhan into the Gaya Confederacy. So to speak, it was the beginning era of the Three Kingdoms Period.

- 26 - Prehistoric and Ancient 26. The Ancient People and Birds History Gallery 1

Here we can see some pottery wares that are shaped like birds. From the Bronze Age onward, people in the Korean peninsula made diverse bird-shaped vessels because birds were believed to act as messengers between the earth and the heavens. For example, Bronze Age people believed that birds delivered grain seeds in the spring to enhance the harvest and that they guided the spirits of the dead to heaven. So, rituals honoring birds were commonly held in this period, and bird- or duck-shaped potteries and bronze ware with bird designs have been found in the Samhan regions. These particular exhibits are similar to kettles, having hollow bodies into which water or liquids could be poured. The bird-shaped pottery vessels were used as ceremonial items or burial goods.

- 27 - Prehistoric and Ancient 27. Goguryeo, ‘The Nation of the Continent’ History Gallery 1

This room exhibits relics from Goguryeo, an ancient kingdom that was located in the north of the Korean peninsula. About 1,300 years ago, there were three kingdoms in ancient Korea. Goguryeo occupied northern Korea and north-eastern China and Baekje occupied the south-western part of the peninsula. Silla occupied the south-east. The 700-year history of conflicts and alliances between these countries is known as the Three Kingdom Period. Goguryeo was founded in 37 B.C. and fell in 668 A.D. During the golden age of Goguryeo in the fifth century, it extended its territory over the northern part of the peninsula and even into Manchuria. Thus, Goguryeo is also known as the ‘continental nation’. Goguryeo was able to expand its territory thanks to its well equipped and highly skilled cavalry. Equestrian relics and the murals found on the walls of ancient tombs demonstrate the courage of the Goguryeo people. Even today, Goguryeo is remembered by Koreans as a courageous and adventurous kingdom. Goguryeo also protected the Korean peninsula from invasion by neighboring tribes. Whilst the Baekje and Silla kingdoms in the south strengthened and developed themselves, Goguryeo defended the peninsula from marauding neighbors. Additionally, Goguryeo became a powerful trade intermediary in northeast Asia and exercised a degree of international influence. Now let’s move on to learn some more about Goguryeo.

- 28 - Prehistoric and Ancient 28. Living Necessities (Life in Goguryeo) History Gallery 1

(The iron wood-burning stove)

Just like the murals found inside the pyramids of Egypt, many murals have been found on the walls of Goguryeo tombs. Vivid paintings depicting scenes from daily life, cavalcades, battlefields, hunting expeditions and dances reveal a great deal about the way of life of the Goguryeo people. Occasionally some of the relics depicted in these murals are actually unearthed. The iron wood-burning stove in the middle of the exhibition room is a good example of this. The mural shows how the stove was used. A fire was lit and tended through the hole in the front of the stove, and steamers for cooking were placed over the hole in the top. Similar pots for steaming were found in the Goguryeo military base in Seoul. A pair of spiked objects designed to be attached to the soles of boots is displayed in the glass case on your right. These big shoe-like objects with sharp, protruding spikes look clumsy and uncomfortable, so what were they used for? Yet again, the mural answers the question. An armed soldier on horseback is depicted wearing spiked shoe-covers. They were worn as protective equipment to prevent enemy foot soldiers from getting too close during battle. The tomb murals of Goguryeo provide us with vivid descriptions of life in the kingdom.

- 29 - Prehistoric and Ancient 29. Weapons of Goguryeo History Gallery 1

The Goguryeo kingdom of the northern Korean Peninsula adopted an aggressive expansionist policy and occupied the largest territory in the Korean history. Especially, on the basis of a great military strength, Goguryeo fought against the Chinese invasions for hundreds years and it has been recognized as a symbol of independence in the minds of Koreans today. Goguryeo’s territorial expansion was possible at this time because Goguryeo used highly advanced weapons and military tactics. This exhibit is a weapon employed by the cavalry of Goguryeo. Initially, Goguryeo troops used short weapons such as swords, but they gradually began to use more advanced weaponry such as spears and arrows. They converted their infantry into cavalry, and became a major power of northeast Asia during the 5th century, similarly to the later military of the highly successful Mongol Empire in the 13th century. After the political situation in the north stabilized, King Jangsu expanded Goguryeo’s territory southward and extended its frontier into the Han River area. Under the King’s plans for expansion, the Han River was the most important point in the region. Indeed, the entire Han River region was of great tactical importance, linking both north and south, and east and west of the peninsula. The land was fertile and supplies were abundant. It also provided a means of transport to the west coast, where important trade links with China had been established. Therefore, all the ancient Korean kingdoms fought to gain and maintain control of the area. These farming tools, which were found in the Han River region, belonged to Goguryeo troops. The bronze pot on the right was found in the south-east of the peninsula, the domain of the former Silla kingdom. The name of a Goguryeo king is inscribed on the lid, and thus it is assumed to have been introduced to Silla from Goguryeo. This reflects the increased power of Goguryeo over its neighboring kingdoms.

- 30 - Prehistoric and Ancient 30. The Mystical Kingdom, Baekje History Gallery 2

We have now entered the Baekje Room, which exhibits artifacts from Baekje, one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. Baekje was established in 18 B.C. and was located in what is now modern-day Seoul. The 4th century was a golden period for Baekje, as it strengthened its royal authority and expanded into both the north and south of the peninsula. Centered on the Han River area, Baekje developed seaborne trade with China, Japan, various south-east Asian countries, and India. Later, it suffered greatly from the invasion by Goguryeo and was forced to relocate its capital city to the southern area. However, Baekje revived itself by strengthening the royal authority and leading the cultural development. The sixth century was the heyday of Baekje culture, when the capital was transferred to a broader plain, the royal authority was strengthened, and Buddhist culture became established. Baekje’s splendid culture is best represented by the elegant and gentle image of its Buddha statues and the sublime beauty of crafted metal objects such as incense burners and other accessories. The culture of Baekje was influenced and enhanced by frequent exchanges with neighboring countries. It quickly acquired the advanced culture of China and transferred it to Japan and other countries. Baekje also had a great effect on the formation of Buddhist culture in Japan. Until its collapse in 660, Baekje developed a strong Buddhist culture and established its reputation within East Asia.

- 31 - Prehistoric and Ancient 31. Feature of Baekje Envoy to Yang History Gallery 2 Dynasty

[Narration] Can you see the picture behind the exhibit? It is a replica of the Liang Dynasty’s picture of foreign envoys in China. This picture depicts foreign envoys on a visit to China in the sixth century. It offers detailed information about China’s neighbors, expressed from a Chinese perspective. [Tourist] But why is a Chinese painting exhibited in the Museum of Korea? [Narration] It’s on display because it depicts an envoy from Baekje. Can you guess which one he is? [Tourist] Is he the one painted in dark colors? [Narration] Yes, you’re right. The envoy from Baekje is shown wearing a traditional Korean hat, overcoat and leather boots. Compared to the barefoot envoys from Uighur and Japan, he looks very refined and elegant. This painting implies that Baekje was more civilized than its neighboring countries at the time. [Tourist] I see. What does the handwritten inscription next to the painting mean? [Narration] It is a brief description about Baekje and its exchange with China. It also says the people of Baekje held their arms by their sides when walking and kept one leg bent when bowing. This painting provides invaluable and detailed information about Baekje culture and customs.

- 32 - Prehistoric and Ancient 32. Craftworks of Baekje History Gallery 2

[Narration] These relics are crafted objects excavated from the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong in Gongju, which was the former capital of Baekje. [Tourist] Were they found inside the tomb? [Narration] Yes, they were. The custom of the time was to bury treasure in tombs along with the dead, so these ancient tombs were like treasure houses. But they also attracted many grave robbers. The Royal Tomb of King Muryeong is the only tomb of a Baekje king to have been found undisturbed. It was excavated in 1971. [Tourist] Oh, what was inside it, then? [Narration] It was full of amazing relics representing splendid culture of Baekje. There were stone animal figurines designed to serve as tomb guardians, and gold crowns and accessories belonging to the king and queen. The ornament displayed here was designed to adorn the king’s gold cap. The decorative design was punched into the gold plates and they were then attached to each side of the gold cap. [Tourist] It looks like a small fan with flame motif. [Narration] Yes, it is. But if you look at it closely you will also see a vase of flowers in the middle, and twisting leaves and vines. Besides these gold cap ornaments, earrings, necklaces and many other accessories for decorating the coffin were found. Most of them were

- 33 - made out of glass, jade and gold. Some of them were extravagant, while others were simply and elegantly designed. Many other delicate relics were excavated from the Royal Tomb of King Muryeong, further demonstrating the advanced craftsmanship and aesthetic sensibility of the Baekje people. They are now kept in the Gongju National Museum.

- 34 - Prehistoric and Ancient 33. Sataekjijeok Stele History Gallery 2

[Narration] This stele was erected by a noble of Baekje named Sataekjijeok. He held a senior governmental post which is similar to a modern prime minister. [Tourist] It looks like graph paper. There are many lines and letters. What does it all mean? [Narration] After his resignation, Sataekjijeok lamented the rapid passage of time. He then built a temple in order to devote the remainder of his life to Buddhism. [Tourist] He lived a wealthy, honorable life as a prime minister, so what did he regret? [Narration] Wealth and power are of little significance when you’re getting old and weak. Even a wealthy and powerful man, such as Sataekjijeok, regretted that time had passed so quickly. It is a life lesson for all of us.

- 35 - Prehistoric and Ancient 34. Architectural Art of Baekje History Gallery 2

These exhibits are patterned bricks and roof tiles from the Baekje Kingdom. The holes in their edges were made so they could be linked together and secured. The bricks are decorated with various designs including clouds, landscapes, and goblins. These designs were symbols of the Baekje people’s wish to live in harmony with nature. The bricks are very picturesque and faithfully reflect the philosophy, religion and art of the Baekje people. Next to the patterned bricks are some stones decorated with beautiful lotus motifs. Surprisingly, they are roof-end tiles. The architecture of Baekje was characterized by great artistic elegance and skill. Baekje people could enjoy these beautiful roof tiles because craftsmen were honored and supported by the government at that time. The craftsmen who produced the highest quality items were called ‘Masters’ and offered special official posts. They were encouraged to develop their techniques and pass on their professional skills to younger disciples. Furthermore, some of the craftsmen were dispatched to Japan to pass on their techniques, so Baekje influenced the cultural development of ancient Japan.

- 36 - Prehistoric and Ancient 35. The Gaya Room History Gallery 2

This is the Gaya Room. Gaya was the name of the confederacy that existed in southern part of the Korean Peninsula during the third century. Unlike the other ancient Korean kingdoms –namely, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla– Gaya consisted of individual polities located near Nakdong River. In Korean history, Gaya is known as the ‘Iron Empire’. Gaya was a leading producer of iron, and its iron manufacturing processes were superior to the techniques employed by any other kingdom. In addition, thanks to Gaya’s geographical situation, it was very easy to transport goods by river and sea routes. Therefore, many buyers from neighboring countries travelled to Gaya to purchase iron. Gaya traded not only with other kingdoms in Korea, but also with China, Japan and northern nomadic groups via sea routes. Gaya established a unique and independent iron culture, manufacturing many iron products including farming implements, weapons such as swords and spears, horse accessories, armor and helmets. Distinctive pottery and earthenware figurines are also representative objects of Gaya. For over 500 years, Gaya had accomplished the cultural development through its own advanced iron culture.

- 37 - Prehistoric and Ancient 36. The Iron Empire, Gaya History Gallery 2

In an age of stone, wood and bronze, iron was a significant innovation on the Korean Peninsula. Indeed, the rise and fall of a nation came to depend on the strength of its iron weaponry. Gaya led the iron revolution and produced many kinds of iron objects, including weapons, farming implements, and horse harnesses. Can you see the flat, axe-shaped lump of iron? It is an iron ingot. Such ingots could be used simply as an axe by attaching a handle, or further processed if heated and hammered. The iron ingot was a suitable medium for the mass production of iron objects. Being small and easy to transport and store, they were commonly exported to neighboring countries and kingdoms. Indeed, Gaya exported high-quality ingots to Japan in the second century. Ingots were also used as a form of currency. On the right you can see tools for processing and refining iron. The process involved heating a piece of iron, hammering it, and sharpening blades on a whetstone. The small chimney-like object is called a tuyère. Tuyères were used to inject oxygen into a furnace or kiln fire to increase the temperature. Higher temperatures produced stronger pottery and excellent quality ironwork. With abundant iron and advanced manufacturing skills, Gaya traded its commodities and became a wealthy and powerful confederacy, just like the countries of the oil-rich Middle East today.

- 38 - Prehistoric and Ancient 37. Armor of Gaya History Gallery 2

Here you can see a suit of iron armor and an iron helmet from Gaya. Up until the third century, wooden or leather armor was used to protect the body during battle. From the fourth century, however, the people of Gaya began making armor and helmets out of iron. This early protective equipment was made by linking shaped iron plates together. Iron armor from Gaya was consistent in design and style throughout the Gaya territory. It indicates that the armor was manufactured in large quantities and distributed to soldiers. However, such iron clothing, made with nails and leather, was heavy and thus restricted a soldier’s movement. For this reason, lighter, less restrictive iron-scale armor was quickly adopted upon its invention in the fifth century, particularly as it was much more convenient for soldiers on horseback. This suit of armor and helmet from Gaya differs from those worn in Greece or Rome. The bronze helmets of ancient Greece had openings for the eyes and mouth, while Roman armor only protected the shoulders and torso with layers of metal scales. Based on an abundance of iron and advanced iron manufacturing skills, the Gaya confederacy developed more effective military equipment and increased its military strength.

- 39 - Prehistoric and Ancient 38.Earthenware Figurines of Gaya History Gallery 2

These are earthenware figurines from Gaya. Such figurines were made to resemble people, animals such as horses and deer, and diverse objects including wagons, shoes, ships, houses and so forth. These figurines were used as burial goods, and were designed to pray for the spirits of the dead and to wish for a peaceful afterlife. Similar goods to these were also buried with pharaohs in the pyramids of Egypt. Horses and deer were believed to act as messengers between heaven and earth, so animal-shaped figurines were commonly buried with the dead. Ducks, birds, ships, shoes and wagon wheels were also believed to help the spirits of the dead to ascend to heaven. The figurine in the middle is shaped like a grain storage building, symbolizing the god of the grain harvest. Can you see the mouse in the grain storage building and the cat that’s hunting it? It seems that the need to protect grain from mice has always existed! These earthenware figurines are profound works of art which illustrate the way of life and the sensibilities of the Gaya people and demonstrate that Gaya has its own unique culture.

- 40 - Prehistoric and Ancient 39. Overseas Exchange of Gaya History Gallery 2

These relics are foreign goods discovered in the former Gaya territory. Gaya was located in the south of the Korean Peninsula and took advantage of its extensive coastline to export its ironware and to actively trade with other countries. Can you see the pinwheel-like relics on the left? They are ornaments that were used to decorate the shields of soldiers. Many have been found in Japan, so how did these examples end up in Gaya? Actually, they are believed to have been a gift, and indicate that Gaya and Japan enjoyed close ties. The bronze pot in the middle was used by horse-riding nomads from China. This type of pot was usually hung from a horse’s saddle when travelling, and was used to cook lamb or horse meat. It has been suggested that this was the original ‘hot pot’. Its presence in Gaya indicates that there was vigorous interaction between Gaya in the southernmost part of the Korean Peninsula and the nomadic tribes in the northern part of the peninsula. In addition to these artifacts, Persian glass wares and unique bronze bells have also been found in Korea. These relics show that Gaya traded and interacted with countries all over the world.

- 41 - Prehistoric and Ancient 40. Gaya in the Gaya Polities History Gallery 2

Gaya was a confederacy of six territorial polities located along the southeast coast of the peninsula. Individual polities coexisted independently but dealt with critical issues together. Geumgwan Gaya was a powerful trading nation and exported iron. Abundant iron ore and advanced iron making techniques made it possible to produce outstanding ironware. Moreover, it had an international trade port that enabled access to China and Japan. These advantageous conditions made it possible for Geumgwan Gaya to become the first ruling power of the confederacy. Ara Gaya, which was located to the west of Geumgwan Gaya, was a rich state with broad swathes of arable land. It was geographically isolated from other regions and thus developed a unique, independent culture. However, Ara Gaya was influential enough to hold international assemblies with Baekje and Japan. After the collapse of Geumgwan Gaya in the sixth century, Dae Gaya became the leading power of the confederacy. Dae Gaya was able to establish its authority thanks to an abundant supply of iron ore. Giant tombs provide evidence of wealth and indicate that powerful political leaders existed in Dae Gaya. Furthermore, Dae Gaya earthenware has been found in other regions, attesting to the broad influence of the polity. There were also other Gaya states, each complete with its own culture. None of the states annexed any of the others, and each maintained its original ruling party and culture. However, because they did not unify into a single nation, the Gaya Confederacy ultimately fell to Silla, a much stronger military power.

- 42 - Prehistoric and Ancient 41. The Thousand-year Silla Kingdom History Gallery 2

This is the Silla Room. Silla was one of the three ancient kingdoms of Korea. In fact, the thousand-year-long Silla dynasty was not only one of the longest reigning kingdoms in history, but was also the first unified kingdom of Korea. The sixth century was the golden age of Silla. Although it was established later than the other two kingdoms, Silla was able to flourish largely because of the diplomatic prowess of its leaders and the unity of its people. The Hwarangdo, an elite group of male youth who excelled in intelligence and courage, led the kingdom as loyal subjects of the ruler, while Buddhism served as a unifying force. Silla continuously broadened its territory and gained greater power. And as its power grew, the resplendent culture of the kingdom also flourished. Feeling threatened by the rapid rise of Silla, the two other kingdoms on the peninsula formed an alliance and invaded Silla. But Silla, thanks to its strategic alliance with the Tang Dynasty of China and the leadership of the great commander Kim Yu-sin, defeated the invaders and went on to found the first unified kingdom on the peninsula. Now let’s begin an exploration of the thousand-year history of the kingdom with the story of its culture and art and the life of its people.

- 43 - Prehistoric and Ancient 42. Crown of Silla, the Sense of Glamour History Gallery 2

We now will see the most splendid exhibit of the museum. Buddhism and gold are perhaps the two most representative features of the Silla culture. This room shows gold relics dating from the heyday of the Silla kingdom. The luxurious gold crown dominates the room. As a powerful kingdom, Silla produced many gold crowns. This crown is regarded as the greatest work of Silla art because it was made of the thickest gold plate and embellished with numerous luxurious ornaments. The Gold Crowns of Silla were shaped like branches, just like the laurel wreaths of Roman emperors, but the decorative symbolism was different. While the laurel wreath is a symbol of victory and glory, the upward-reaching tree motif of this gold crown symbolizes divinity. The round, gold ornaments represent leaves, and the crescent-shaped jade ornaments signify fruit. As such, these ornaments represent Silla’s desire for prosperity and perpetuation. Silla produced many of these kinds of luxurious gold ornaments. The kingdom was often referred to as the ‘Gold Nation’ because, in addition to the crowns, Silla craftsmen also produced many gold accessories, belts, necklaces and earrings. The amount of gold excavated from the tombs of Gyeongju, the capital of Silla, is impressive, even by international standards.

- 44 - Prehistoric and Ancient 43. Gold Belt of Silla - the King’s Authority History Gallery 2

This is the gold belt of a Silla king. It was found with the gold crown that we saw earlier. The belt was not designed for practical use but rather as an ornament to display the authority of the king. A similar tradition also existed in Medieval Europe. To show wealth, Europeans also decorated their belts with jewels during the Middle Ages. As a symbol of power, the gold belt was highly decorative. The part of the ornament encircling the waist consists of two thin gold plates. Small, round, gold decorations are strung together with gold thread. Just like a belly dancer’s costume, the glamour of the belt is enhanced by many pendant decorations. Interestingly, numerous ornamental decorations inspired by diverse everyday items are attached to the belt by short gold strings. This derived from the customs of nomadic tribal peoples, who often carried various daily tools on their bodies. Each ornament has a different meaning and purpose. For example, a medicine pouch in a net symbolizes the wishes for health while a gold fish charm stands for fertility and eternal life.

- 45 - Prehistoric and Ancient 44. Silla, Kingdom of Gold History Gallery 2

The gold relics in this room were all crafted during the 5th and 6th centuries when the gold culture of Silla was at its height. Silla was recorded in the Chronicles of Japan as the ‘splendid kingdom of gold and silver’. The gold culture of Silla was complemented by distinguished metal craftsmanship. The golden cap was made of thin and intricately patterned gold plates. It is as delicate as if it had been made by weaving gold threads. The gold plate ornament on the side was used to accentuate the splendor of the crown or cap. This ornament depicts a butterfly with its wings extended in flight. On the front of the golden cap, there is a hole into which the butterfly-shaped ornament could be attached. Imagine how perfect the crown would have looked adorned with the butterfly ornament! Can you see the small, glistening gold spangles? These were originally attached to the gold crown. When the King wore the crown, these spangles would have made a dazzling display, shining with the King’s every step. As we can see, members of the royal family and the nobility of the Silla kingdom loved to use gold items not only during rituals but in their daily lives as well.

- 46 - Prehistoric and Ancient 45. Horse Rider-shaped Vessels History Gallery 2

This room contains earthenware from the Silla kingdom, including earthenware figurines representing humans, animals and other creatures. Silla earthenware was buried in tombs to honor the souls of the dead and to wish for a peaceful afterlife. This equine figurine has a hollow body and a spout situated under the horse’s chest from which liquid could be poured. As such, it is believed to have served as a kettle in rituals and as a burial object for a tomb. Let’s have a closer look at it. The rider is wearing armor like a medieval knight and the horse is also decorated. The two figurines look similar but there are differences between them. The figurine on the left is more extravagantly decorated than the other one. The horse has a flowing mane and a horn like that of a unicorn. The rider on the left is wearing armor and a conical hat, while the one the right is ringing a bell as if to lead the way. These details indicate the different social status of the two men. The man on the left is thought to be a nobleman and the other his servant.

- 47 - Prehistoric and Ancient History 46. The Life and Death of Silla People Gallery 2

[Tourist] Oh, this jar is decorated with figurines. [Narration] Yes, these small figurines are called tou in Korean, which means ‘clay figurine’. Tou do not only represent humans, but they can also be shaped like animals or even tools. They were usually made individually, although occasionally they were attached to pottery as is the case here. Let’s take a closer look at each of them. [Tourist] Oh, I found a snake catching a frog. And there’s a man holding a spear. But they are all very simple. [Narration] The expressions of tou are simple and abstract. Silla people may have wanted to express their wishes simply; for example, this person might have dreamed of being a skillful hunter. [Tourist] Are there figurines shown doing other things? [Narration] Of course! Silla people crafted human figurines singing, dancing, mourning, making love and exposing their genitals. There are also animal figurines representing tigers, eagles and turtles. Most of them symbolize wishes for fertility and prosperity. [Tourist] They are simple and cute. But the jar with figurines must be very fragile. [Narration] Usually, these clay dolls were made to be buried with the dead. Tombs were decorated in such a way as to reproduce the features of daily life in the hope that the spirits of the dead would enjoy themselves in the next world. This custom was also found in ancient Egypt, where people used to bury their dead with a figurine named ‘The Answer Man’ to accompany them into the afterworld. There are many more clay figurines in Gyeongju National Museum. If you have the chance, please pay a visit to the museum to see the exhibits.

- 48 - Prehistoric and Ancient 47. The Stele Built to Honor the Expedition History Gallery 2 of Silla’s King Jinheung

[Narration] This is the stele that Silla erected on the summit of Bukhan Mountain in Seoul. [Tourist] Is it? Why did they put the stele on the top of the mountain? [Narration] This stele is a monument to commemorate the expedition of King Jinheung. He had it erected after personally surveying the area. It may be regarded as being analogous to the act of raising a flag on the top of a mountain. [Tourist] Who was King Jinheung? [Narration] King Jinheung, one of the greatest kings of Silla, was responsible for the most aggressive expansion of Silla territory. During the 6th century, King Jinheung crushed the Gaya Confederacy and proved the strength of the Silla kingdom by attacking Baekje and Goguryeo in succession. Under his leadership, Silla occupied more than half of the Korean Peninsula. King Jinheung ordered the construction of these monuments to attest to his success. [Tourist] That’s amazing! [Narration] King Jinheung’s policy of territorial expansion ultimately triggered Silla’s unification of the three kingdoms. [Tourist] I see. And what is written on the monument? [Narration] The stele was defaced and is now unreadable. However, according to research, the stele recorded the king’s expedition to the Han River and his visit to the Bukhan Mountain region. A list of government officials who assisted the king was also recorded on it. The Han River, which flows through the middle of the peninsula, was strategically important, so all three kingdoms fought to control the area. Silla’s control of the river was critical to the strength of the kingdom.

- 49 - Prehistoric and Ancient 48. Wooden Tablets-The Letters of Silla History Gallery 2

Please look at these small pieces of wood. These wooden tablets served as the “notepads” of Silla. Long, thin pieces of wood were used to write on instead of paper. Paper was available in Silla at that time. Indeed, Silla used paper hundreds of years before Europe. However, these wooden tablets were used for short memos before the use of paper became widespread in Silla. They were easy to obtain and reuse after washing and shaving away the previous writing. Ancient Egypt and European countries also used papyrus stems prior to paper becoming more widely available. The wooden tablets were used for a multitude of purposes, from making personal notes to administrative documents of the government. Thus they are an important historical aid to understanding the administration of ancient Silla society. These exhibits document tax payments in the Silla kingdom, recording the names and addresses of taxpayers and the quantity of grain they paid as tax. In addition, the wooden tablets also record information about palace guards, lists of medicines and their dates of manufacture, and lists of food and their dates of production. They record much valuable information about the life and society of Silla.

- 50 - Prehistoric and Ancient 49. Cremation and Funeral Urn History Gallery 2

This relic is a funeral urn, and was designed to hold the ashes of a dead person after cremation. Silla accepted Buddhism as its national religion, so Buddhist cremation rites were widely adopted. In most cases, the ashes were placed in urns after cremation and buried underground. A single funeral urn with a lid was generally used, but some of them comprised both an inner and an outer urn. The outer urn was usually highly decorated with beautiful patterns and had a knob on the lid, whilst the inner urn was rather simple and did not have a handle. Stamped patterns on the outer urn were very fashionable in Silla. Funeral customs can be significant indicators to understand the changing culture of a nation, as they are very conservative and change very slowly. Therefore, funeral urns excavated in Silla area demonstrate that Buddhism exerted a strong influence on Silla people's lifestyle.

- 51 - Prehistoric and Ancient History 50. The Planned City, Seorabol Gallery 2

Now let’s look around the 1000-year-old city of Gyeongju, the capital of Silla. If you look at the picture closely you will see the way the roads are laid out in rows, forming a grid pattern. Gyeongju was well-planned and divided into neat areas. There was a palace, a residential area with a temple, a royal tomb complex, and an industrial iron and earthenware manufacturing area. Eighth-century Gyeongju was a flourishing city comparable to Constantinople, Baghdad and Chang’an. In the middle under the painting of Gyeongju, you will see a crescent-shaped tract of land. It is the Silla palace known as Wolseong, meaning ‘moon-shaped palace’. The palace was built on a low hill along the river, which served as a natural moat to impede intruders. Silla engaged in active cultural exchange with neighboring and western countries. This affected the foundation of aristocratic culture in Silla as many Silla nobles built ponds in their gardens and decorated their houses with gold. As you can see in the picture, Gyeongju played an essential role as a planned city in leading the ancient society, and the marvelous culture of Silla flourished with Gyeongju as the heart of it. Large amount of relics representing the past glory of Silla has been excavated in Gyeongju, and thus, Gyeongju is often referred to as the treasure house of Silla Dynasty.

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