Proc. of The International Conference of Environmental Sciences (ICES)

Effect of alternative insecticides sprayed with two flow rates against some scale insects on mango trees by using conventional motor sprayer at Qalubyia governorate, Egypt.

Nagwa A. Hassan1*, Sawsan G. Radwan1, Abd El Megeed E. Ammar2 and Omnia M.N. El-Sahn1 1 Department of Scale Insects and Mealybugs, Plant Protection Res. Inst., ARC 2 Department of Spray Technology Research, Plant Protection Res. Inst., ARC

ABSTRACT

Two field experiments were conducted on mango trees at El-Kanater El-Khairiya, Qalubyia Governorate. The first experiment is to survey the most assail insect pests started from January 2010 to December 2010 (one year). The results exhibit eight insect species belonging to three families; Diaspididae, Coccidae and Monophlebidae The white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis and the soft scale insect, Kilifia acuminata appeared with high density (40.60% & 38.78%) of scale insect population, causing sever reduction in quantity and quality of mango crop followed by Insulaspis pallidula (6.05%) , Parlatoria pergandii (4.60%) .The second experiment was done at the 23rd December (2010) based on three principles: The first principle : to compare between two flow rates spraying; low flow rate (3.600L /min) and high flow rate (7.400 L / min) by using mineral oils (alboleum with rate of 2.5% as a winter oil) , (diver 1.5% as a summer oil) and admiral 0.005% (Which is analog of juvenile hormone) for controlling four previous pests on mango trees. The obtained data show that the modified spraying (3.600L/min) produced larger numbers of droplets than traditional method (7.400L/min) with all tested insecticides but traditional spraying produced higher volume mean diameter (VMD) of droplets . Admiral has superior number of droplets (891 droplets /cm2) and has the most percent of stability (82.6%) when it compared with the other two tested insecticides. The second principle : study the effecting of the spraying flow rates on tested insecticides. The results showed that, alboleum oil has same reduction efficiency when sprayed by two flow rates (86.16% and 87.46% reduction) while, diver oil appeared best action when sprayed by high flow rate (89.42%) reduction. In contrary, the best action of admiral appeared with low flow rate spraying (90.90%) reduction. The third principle: Study of the susceptibility of the four insect species to tested insecticides with both flow rates, the results refer to susceptibility of different stages of insects were varied according to the spraying volume e.g. A. tubercularis was receding and reduced when insecticides sprayed by modified spraying volume (3.600 L/min.) while K. acuminata , P. pergandii and I. pallidula have changeable susceptibility whereat the highest reduction in all stages of insects occurred when they treated by mineral oils with classical flow rate (7.400 L/min.) but admiral recorded its maximum reduction with the low flow rate volume.

Keywords: scale insects, mango trees, spraying

21- 22 May (2013) - pp. 62 - 79 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

INTRODUCTION

Mango trees, Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) are considered of the most popular fruit in Egypt. Egyptian mango occupied economic importance in the world market for rich flavor and tasty. The total cultivated areas in Egypt has been rapidly increased and reached about 222838 feddans in 2011, producing yearly about 598084 tons (Economic Affairs Sector, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt). Mango trees are attacked by serious species of scale insects and mealybugs which belonging to the Superfamily Coccoidea (Family: Diaspididae, Coccidae and Monophlebidae). In general, these insects cause severe damage to mango trees by sucking out plant sap as food resource leading to shriveling of leaves and branches and impaired fruits; ultimately quality and quantity of yield are influenced. In addition a group of these insects like soft scale insects and mealybugs secreting excessive quantities of honeydew which accumulate on the upper surfaces of leaves encouraging the growth of the black sooty mould fungi (Steyn et al., 1993) causing a blocking to the respiration and photosynthesis processes. Also, the other group species of armored scale insects release phytotoxic substances while feeding (McClure, 1990). So, It was important to survey the most serious scale insects on mango trees. Among of these scale insects is the white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera : Diaspididae) which became recently a troublesome pest in all mango orchards in Egypt after it was restricted in Beni-Sweif and Minia Governorates (Radwan, 2003 and Abo-Shanab, 2012). The role of chemical control in reduction its abundance was discussed by some authors (Potenza et al., 1993; Labuschagne and Froneman, 1992; Villiers, 1992; Daneel and Steyn, 2004 and Lagadec et al., 2009). But, this insect have not wide controlling studied till now in Egypt, therefore, the present study is important to focus on this insect and the other three dominant insects (Kilifia acuminata, Insulaspis pallidula and Parlatoria pergandii) on mango trees and how to control them with a modern, economic and effective method. Using suitable sprayers or method of application is considered one of the most optimal chemical control programe for scale insects requires. Also, the sprayed spectrum of droplets could be considered as the vital factor affecting the biological and environmental results of application by means of pesticides. Osman (1983) found that droplet size plays an important role on the efficiency of the pest control programs. The main purpose of this work is to survey of scale insects and mealybugs infesting mango trees at El- Kanater El-Khairiya in Qalubiya Governorate, and to study the comparison between the efficiency of the two flow rates by using conventional motor sprayer; low flow rate (3.600 L/min.) and high flow rate (7.400 L/min.) by using some alternative insecticides in practical of controlling the most important insect pests.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

1- Surveying of the scale insects and mealybugs: The study was carried out in mango orchard (about one fedddan) located at El-Kanater El-Khairiya, Qalubyia Governorate. Mango trees (variety Langra) were about 15

63 Hassan et al years old and not received any insecticides through the duration of the study. Monthly samples of 30 infested mango leaves were collected randomly for one year (from January 2010 to December 2010) and transferred directly to laboratory. Samples were examined carefully by the aid of stereomicroscope binocular to identify the scale insect and mealybugs and their population were recorded. 2- The efficiency of two flow rates by using conventional motor sprayer against some scale insects on mango trees: An experiment was conducted in December,23th 2010 at the previous location (EL- Kanater El-Khairiya) on the same mango trees to study the comparison between the efficiency of the two flow rates spraying by using the tested alternative insecticides for controlling the four prevalent insects infesting mango trees.

Insecticides comprised: A- Mineral oils: 1- Alboleum oil: in a mayonnaise type formulated by Kafr El-Zayat Co. containing 80% mineral oil. The rate of application was 2.5 L. oil / 100 L. water. 2- Diver oil: A light mineral oil (miscible oil) produced by El-Helb pesticides and chemical Co. as emulsified concentrate formulation. It consists of 97% pure mineral oil + 3% emulsifiers to be emulsifible with water. The rate of application was 1.5 L./100L.water.

B- Insect Growth regulator (IGR): -Pyriproxyfen (admiral 10% EC): It is formulated by Sµmitomo Chemical Co., Osaka, Japan, containing 10% a.i.2-(1-methyl-2-pyridyloxy) propylether-4-phenoxy phenyl. Rate of application was 50cm3/100 L. water.

-Experimental design: Two tested flow rates were applied on mango trees which have similar age (15 years), size (height 5 X 7 m.) and infested with; Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead), Kilifia acuminata (Signoret), Insulaspis pallidula (Green) and Parlatoria pergandii Comstock. The mango trees were kept free away from any insecticidal contamination throughout one year before the experiment conduction. The selected area were divided into three identical plots (each plot contain 9 trees), the first plot was sprayed with the low flow rate 3.600 L./min, the second plot was sprayed with high flow rate 7.400 L./min. and the third plot was left as a control Twelve water sensitive papers (26X 76 mm) were obtained from Ciba Geigy, Switzerland, fixed on the upper, middle and lower levels of the tree in a diagonal line. At each level cards were mounted in north, south, east and west directions, respectively. Under each treated tree a wire holder of 30 cm high furnished with four water sensitive card were fixed inside ground surrounding each tested tree. The mean meteorological conditions during experiment were suitable for spraying operations. Tested treatments were distributed in randomized completely blocks design and each treatment were replicated 3 times. A spray gun was connected to the conventional motor pump by a 100 meter long hose the pump was capable to provide a pressure ranged between 20-30 Kg/cm2

64 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

The model of conventional motor sprayer was Genar and give effective swath width was washing spray , average working speed (1.2Km/h) - Examination of samples: 1- Measurements of the sprayed spots were carried out by a special scaled monocular strobin® lens (X15).according to Yates and Akesson (1963) and Trayford and Welch (1977) calculation of droplets were carried out on basis of that given by Gabir (2008) 2- Random samples of 30 infested leaves with scale insects were picked from each replicate (90 leaves/ treatment) immediately before spraying application and after two, four and six weeks from application. The samples were transferred to the laboratory for examination by the aid of stereomicroscope binocular. Living individuals (nymphs, adult females and gravid females) of the four studied insect on both surfaces of the leaves were classified and counted. Statistical analysis: Reduction percent of all treatments were calculated by the aid of the equation of Stafford and Summers (1963). Reduction % was statistically analyzed by using Costat program to estimate the differences between treatments and stages of all treatments and F value and L.S.D were calculated.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I- Survey of scale insects and mealybugs infesting mango trees: Data given in Table (1) indicate that eight insect species belonging to three families; Diaspididae, Coccidae and Monophlebidae were recorded heterogeneous distribution during the period from January 2010 to December 2010 at El-Kanater El- Khairiya in Qalubiya Governorate. Obtained data showed that the white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis and soft scale insect, Kilifia acuminata were the most dominant species; forming (40.60% and 38.78%), respectively. Surveyed species were arranged indescending order according to their abundance as follows; Insulaspis pallidula (6.05%) followed by Parlatoria pergandii (4.60%); Pulvinaria psidii (3.90%); Icerya seychellarum (2.52%); Hemiberlesia lataniae (1.83%) and Lindingaspis floridana (1.72%), respectively. The above mentioned data showed that, the main pests of mango trees were A. tubercularis and K. acuminata and the other recorded species represented below relative densities. These results are in agreement with those obtained by Nabil (2010) who, reported that, A. tubercularis and K. acuminata were main insects of all mango varieties (Shamama, Balady, Holman and Alphonso) in Sharkia Governorate. Also, A. tubercularis recorded (27.5%) of the scale insects on mango trees at Qalubiya Governorate (Bakr et al. 2009). The present finding are in accordance with those of the following investigators, Verma and Dinabandhoo (2005), Labuschage et al. (1995), Lagadec et al. (2009), Kwaiz (2009)), El-Metwally et al. (2011), who reported that A. tubercularis is a pest on mango trees. In this respect, Nada et al. (1990), El-Dash (1997), Kwaiz (1999), Elwan (2005), Mohammed (2010) who reported that K. acuminata, I. pallidula, H. lantaniae, L. floridana, P. psidii and I. seychellarum attacking mango trees.

65 Hassan et al

II- The efficiency of two flow rates by using conventional motor sprayer against some scale insects on mango trees: Aulcaspis tubercularis, Kilifia acuminata, Insulaspis pallidula and Parlatoria pergandii are serious pests on mango in Egypt and result in considerable financial losses due to downgrading of mango fruits. Their control have become problematic, so to address this problem our study was conducted based on the three principles, the first: aimed to evaluate low flow rate of spraying volume (3.600 L/min.) comparatively with the high flow rate of spraying volume (7.400 L/min.) to reduce the quantity of spraying solution. The second conceit aimed: to study the effect of the two spraying volumes on the efficiency of used insecticides for management of mango pests to minimize the hazards for human and environment by insecticides. The third conceit :to study the susceptibility and relative efficacy of the three tested scalicides against different stages of the target pest by the two volumes spraying. A-Evaluation of low flow rate of spraying volume (3.600 L/min.) comparatively with conventional high flow rate (7.400 L/min). Ground spray coverage on mango trees by conventional motor sprayer "Genar" with high flow rate 7.400 L/min. indicated that, the diluted washing of trees obtained by motor sprayer was found to be non homogeneous due to some sort of drizzling and irregular ground speed. The spray gun was adjusted to direct two thirds of the spray bulk to the upper half of the tree. Data in Table (2) showed that the average numbers of droplets /cm2 top, middle and lower levels of the tree were (droplets number ) 28, 27, 27 with alboleum oil 80% , 21, 26, 30 with diver oil and 31, 32, 30 per square centimeter with admiral 10% EC , respectively. Also, high flow rate 7.4 L/min. achieved generally the highest value for volume mean diameter (VMD) per droplet over most of the measured spots whereat the average of droplet volume ranged from 326-449 µm. This trend agreed with findings of Carman (1975) and Helmy et al., (1994). Ground spray coverage on mango trees by low flow rate volume 3.600 L/min. indicated that admiral 10% EC droplets deposited from conventional ground motor sprayer with flow rate 3.600 L/min. on mango leaves were sufficient in number and have suitable in size for control. The mean number and size of droplets (N/cm2 / VMD) were 57/219 µm, 65/218 µm and 61/228 µm on the top, middle and lower levels, respectively. In case of the spray with alboleum oil 80% and diver oil 97% spray spectrum was (51/254 µm, 61/266 µm, 44/274 µm) and (41/269 µm, 56/274 and 42/290µm) on upper, middle and lower levels, respectively. These results are in agreement with (Trayford and Welch 1977) who showed that the evaporation has a significant effect on water based droplets of less than 100 µm. and such droplets are unlikely to come to ground in the target area. Above 200 µm evaporation has little effect on trajectory swath pattern of spray.

B-The effect of two flow rates spraying on the efficiency of used insecticides for management of some mango pests: 1-Affection of alboleum oil Results complied in Table (3) showed both volumes spraying gave affirmative and mimics in their action comparatively , the average of the total reduction percentages in

66 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ………. population of the four controlled mango pests registrated 87.46% with the high flow rate of application (7.400 L/min.) and 86.16% with low flow rate (3.6 L/min.) . On the other hand, the total average number of synchoronized droplets/cm2 was 439 and 785 with high and low flow rates, respectively. Also, from the same table data denote the ratable percentages of losing droplets were 23.7% and 19.87% correlative with high and low flow rates applications, respectively. 2-Affection of diver oil: The assembled data from the same Table (3) showed that the highest potency in reduction of mango scales was 89.42% observed on mango trees which received diver oil with (high flow rate 7.400 L/min.) and the least percentage of mortality (76.75%) appeared on mango trees which sprayed with low flow rate (3.600 L/min.). Also, from the precedent data in the same table it must be pronounce that the number of droplets were preeminent in modified spraying (low flow rate) 710/cm2 while in classical flow rate (7.400 L/min) were 405 /cm2 . Also, the estimated loss percentages of droplets about 21.12 and 22.71 % were registrated with low and high flow rate of spraying, respectively. 3-Affection of admiral: Data in Table (3) determined the relative efficiency between the two tested flow rates against mango pests whereas data infer the low flow rate application of admiral (3.600 L/min.) outdo the high flow rate (7.400 L/min). However, the reduction percentages were 90.9 % and 87.75 % in case of modified spraying and classical spraying, respectively. Also, from the same Table it is worthy mentioning that the accompaniment numbers of droplets were 891/cm2 and 528/ cm2 with the modified and traditional spraying flow rates, respectively. The definitive percentages of losing droplets were 17.4% and 19.88% by modified and traditional spraying, respectively.

C- Susceptibility of the four insect species to insecticides in both two flow rates spraying: 1- a- Susceptability of Aulcaspis tubercularis : Data in Table (4) showed the different percentages of insect reduction which caused by the tested insecticides after spraying by the two flow rates. It could be concluded that the low flow rate (3.600 L/min) was more effective than the high flow rate (7.400 L/min) for each of the tested insecticides, the average percent of reduction on total population were 88.83%, 92.02 and 91.69% for alboleum oil, diver oil and admiral when modified of spraying applied while the average percentages of reduction on the total population of Aulcaspis tubercularis were 86.53%, 89.88 and 86.25% for alboleum oil , diver oil and admiral, respectively when classical spraying (7.400 L/min.) was applied. b -Persistence of bioactivity: Observation on the different intervals after spraying in relation to the tested insecticides efficacies against the different stages of A. tubercularis exhibited progress repression 2,4 and 6 weeks post treatment spraying with both flow rates but the modified spraying explicit higher persistent than traditional, whereas the recorded percentages of reduction by alboleum after 2,4 and 6 weeks post treatment were 86.3, 88.57 and 91.63% by low flow rate vis a vis 67 Hassan et al of 84.1, 85.33% and 90.17% with spraying by high flow rate and the registrated percentages reduction of modified spraying were 87.07, 94.13 and 94.93% with diver oil parallel with 89.57, 93.67 and 91.83 % with admiral after 2,4 and 6 weeks of intervals, respectively. Our results are agree with Labuschagne and Freneman (1992) they tested two growth regulators (buprofezin and pyriproxyfen) singly and in combination with 0.5% light oil against A. tubercularis. They proved that there was no difference in control between double spray of phenthoate and single spraying of either two growth regulators. Abo-Shanab (2012) assure summer oil diver was from the most effective oil for controlling A. tubercularis on mango trees in El- Beheira Governorate. 2- a- Susceptibility of Kilifia acuminata: Data in Table (5) assure the Kilifia acuminata were repressed with higher reduction percentages on its total population when treated with alboleum and diver oil by the classical flow rate of spraying 86.62 and 90.86%, respectively. However, the modified spraying has less virtue in struggle of this pest the average percent of reduction were 84.21 and 88.27% for alboleum and diver oils, respectively. But admiral transgressed the behavior of the two previous insecticides whereas the modified spraying transcend the traditional spraying (high flow rate 7.400 L/min), the registrated average percentages of reduction of K. acuminata were 91.31 and 85.75%, respectively. b-Persistence of bioactivity: Data in Table (5) revealed all tested treatments had a long residual activity till 6 weeks with both two manners of spraying trails, the best persistence for alboleum and diver when applied by the traditional spraying (high flow rate 7.400 L/min) accompany % reduction after 2,4 and 6 weeks were 83.97, 86.23 and 89.6% with alboleum, respectively and with diver were 89.83, 91.43 and 91.33%, respectively. Mean while, admiral have higher residual activity when sprayed by low flow rate (3.600 L/min.) and the recorded percentages of reduction after 2, 4 and 6 weeks were 90.3, 92.23 and 91.9 %, respectively. Our results were compatible with Abd El-Rahman et al., 2012 indicated that admiral was most effective treatment which gave 89.2% reduction against K. acuminata followed by diver oil showed 74.52% reduction After four weeks application on mango trees in Ismailia Governorate. Also, Kwaiz (1999) reported that summer oil (KZ oil and Shokrona oil) gave superior efficiency after 12 weeks of application (97.11 & 94.49%) against K. acuminata on mango trees in Qalubyia Governorate.

3- a- Susceptibility of P. pergandii: Data in Table (6) clearly indicated that the tested scalicides either oils or growth regulator produced satisfactory control against P. pergandii when sprayed by the two flow rates but oils renewed their preferrability to the classical spraying for controlling of this insect than modified one for all stages of insect. Whereas, the association average percent of population reduction were 85.61 and 88.91% with alboleum oil and diver oil, respectively. While reduction by modified flow rate exhibit 83.13 and 84.72% with explicit significant difference between them. But, antithesis action with admiral where through the insect was more susceptible when controlled after spraying by modified flow rate where by

68 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ………. the percentage of reduction to different stages of this insect reached 88.40% while it reached 87.23 % in traditional flow rate.

b- Persistence of bioactivity: The three insecticides exhibited a considerable residual activity against all stages of the tested insect after application intervals 2, 4 and 6 weeks reviewing to the data mentioned in Table (6) revealed the superior efficacy of tested scalicides after 6 weeks than the two other intervals. Also, from the obtained data in the same table proved lethal effect of the three tested insecticides which applied by the traditional flow rate uplift than low flow rate (3.600 L/min.) accompanied reduction percentages after 6 weeks were 89.69, 90.5 and 91.17% with alboleum oil, diver oil and admiral, respectively. Vis as vis 87.01, 88.4 and 90.98%.

4- a- Susceptibility of Insulaspis pallidula: The polled data in Table (7) published that I. pallidula was more susceptible to high flow rate (7.400 L/min.) than low flow rate (3.600 L/min.) inseparable percentages of the total population reduction was 91.07 and 88.36% for alboleum and diver, respectively with high flow rate while, the means mortality percent were 88.48 and 87.88% with low flow rate. On the other hand, the obtained data emphasized that admiral has mimics effective and virulent on susceptibility of I. pallidula when applied by the low and high flow rate flow rates. The percent reductions were 92.6 and 92.04%, respectively. b- Persistence of bioactivity: Data in the same table refer to the latent persistence of the three tested insecticides after 2,4 and 6 weeks intervals to the two tested spraying showed unremitting increasing in population reduction through the three intervals. The high flow rate (7.4 L/min.) produced higher persistence than the low flow rate with alboleum oil, the reduction% were 88.03, 92.87 and 92.3% through the three intervals, respectively, but there were repugnance diver oil occurred during 6 weeks interval whereas the low flow rate registrated the highest reduction 91%. Regarding to admiral its persistence uplift by the application of the modified spraying (3.600 L/min.) especially after 2 and 4 weeks intervals, there reduction percentages were 90.3 and 95.5, respectively. But the persistence was veered after weeks interval where at the classical spraying (7.4 L/min.) produced higher reduction percent 93.33%. These results confirmed with Moussa et al. (2012) found that admiral was the highest effective treatment (87.08%) while malathion was the least effective treatment (66.62%) percentage of reduction after four weeks spraying application on mango trees in Ismailia.

CONCLUSION

I- Eight species belonging to three families of Superfamily Coccoidea have been determined A. tubercularis, K. acuminata, I. pallidula and P. pergandii are heavily infesting mango trees and may cause considerable losses to mango crop. II- Trails for chemical control of the most important four species aimed to determine the appropriate flow rate for practical application under field condition and susceptibility of

69 Hassan et al

the four tested insects with the two sort of sprayer (high flow rate 7.400 L/min.) and low flow rate (3.600 L/min.). Data pointed to: According to evaluate low flow rate of spraying volume comparatively with high flow rate spraying volume: 1- Modified spraying volume (3.600 L.min) produced large number of droplets than traditional method with all tested insecticides but flow rate (7.400 L. min) produced higher volume mean diameter (VMD) ranged between 326-449 µm. 2- Admiral has supreme numbers of droplets (891 droplets /cm2) followed by (785 droplets/ cm2) with alboleum, then (710 droplets /cm2) with diver oil . 3- Also, admiral has most percentage of stability in the two flow rates of application; it recorded 82.6% with low flow rate and 80.12 % with high flow rate. According to the effecting of the spraying volume on tested insecticides: 1- Alboleum oil (winter oil) has same reduction efficiency when sprayed by two spraying volume 86.16 % with low rate and 87.46% with high flow rate. 2- Diver oil (summer oil) affected by the spraying volumes and its best action of insects reduction was concomitant with high flow rate of spraying (89.42%). 3- Admiral affected by the spraying flow rates and its best action when applied by low flow rate of spraying (90.9% reduction). According to the susceptibility of different stages of insects when sprayed by the two flow rates: 1- All stages of A. tubercularis were receding and reduced adequately when insecticides were sprayed by the modified spraying. 2- The susceptibility of K. acuminate, P. pergandii and I. pallidula have changeable reduction in all stages i.e. high reduction in all stage of insects occurred when sprayed by oils with the classical method but when sprayed by admiral with modified spraying utmost of reduction was registrated. Finally from the previously results, it must be explicit, low flow rate can be implemented for controlling program under field condition not only it exhibited mimics action in reduction of mango pests as high flow rate but also it can save stack of water, insecticides and time. In addition it less the hazards of insecticides on human and environment

REFERENCES

Abd El-Rahman, A.M.; S.F.M. Moussa; Y.Y. Mosleh and M.R.A. Mohamed (2012): The efficiency of certain chemical and non-chemical insecticides against the mango soft scale insect, Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) on mango trees in Ismailia Governorate. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 5(1):183-191. Abo-Shanab, A.S.H. (2012): Suppression of white scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) on mango trees in El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 5(3):43-50. Baker, R. F.; R. M. Badawy; S. F. Mousa; L. S. Hamouda and S. A. Atteia (2009):Ecological and taxonomic studies on the scale insects that infest mango trees at Qaliobiya Governorate. Egypt. Acad.J. biolog.Sci.,2(2):69-89.

70 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

Carman, G.E. (1975): Spraying procedures for pest control on citrus. Citrus, Techncl. Managr. N.4., Ciba-Geige, Switzerland, 28-34 (263). Daneel, M. and W. Steyn (2004): Evaluation of several products for control of mango scale (Aulacaspis tubercularis) on mangos. J. South Africa Mango Grower's Association, 24:15-17. El-Dash, A.A. (1997) : Adundance and bionomics of Lecanium acuminatum (= Kilifia acuminata) Signoret (Homoptera: Coccidae). Menufiya J. Agric. Res., 22(1): 155- 166. El-Metwally, M.M.; S.F. Moussa; N.M. Ghanium (2011): Studies on the population fluctuation and distribution of the white mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead within the canopy of the mango trees in eastern of Delta region at the north of Egypt. Egypt Acad. J. Biology. Sci., 4(1): 123-130. Elwan, E.A. (2005): Population dynamics of Maskell scale, Insulaspis pallidula (Green) (Homoptera: Diaspididae) on mango trees in Egypt. Egypt J. Agric. Res., 83(3): 1199- 1212. Gabir, I. (2008): Spraying application of pesticides with a special reference to the role of electorstatics (in Arabic) lecturers and notes, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., Egypt, 217 pp. Helmy, E. I.; S.M. El-Imery; N.A. Hasan and A.A. Hendy (1994): Comparison between aerial and ground applications against the purple scale insect Cournaspis beckii (Nwm). Bull. Ent. Soc. Econ. Ser., 21: 127-135. Kwaiz, F.A. (2009): Ecological studies on the mango scale insect, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Homoptera:Diaspididae) infesting mango trees under field conditions at Qualubia Governorate. Egypt. J. Agric. Res., 87(1):71-83. Kwaiz, F.A.M. (1999): Ecological and toxicological studies on the mango soft scale insect, Kilifia acuminata (Signoret) with special reference to insecticide residues in mango fruirs. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 171pp. Labuschagne, T.I. and I.J. Froneman (1992): Potential for the integrated control of the mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead. Yearbook South African Mango Grower's Association, 12:20-22. Labuschagne, T.I.; H. van Hamburg and I.J. Froneman (1995): Population dynamics of the mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Coccidea: Diaspididae), South Africa. Israel J. Entomol., 29:207-217. Lagadec, M.D.; C.E. Louw and C. Labuschagne (2009): The control of scale insects and mealybugs on mangos in South Africa using neo-nicotinoids. Acta Horticulture, 820:549-557. McClure, M.S.C. (1990): Impact on host plant, armored scale insect, their biology, natural enemies and control In: D. Rosen, ed. Elsevier, Amsterdam Mohammed, S.A.A. (2010): Ecological studies of scale insects infesting mango and guava trees and their control in Qalubyia Governorate. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., 216 pp. Moussa, S.F.M.; A.M. Abd El Rahman; Y.Y. Mosleh and M.R.A. Mohamed (2012): The effectiveness of some conventional and bio insecticides on the Maskell scale insect, Insulaspis pallidula (Green) on mango trees in Ismailia Governorate. Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 5(2):81-86. 71 Hassan et al

Nabil, H.A. (2010): Ecological studies on some species of scale insects, mealybugs and their associated parasitoids infesting mango trees in Sharkia Governorate. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac Agric, Zagazig Univ., 308pp. Nada, M.A.S. Abd-Rabou and G.E. Hussein (1990): Scale insects infesting mango trees in Egypt (Homoptera: Cocoidea). Proc. ISSIS,VI, part II:133-134. Osman, G. (1983): Determination and calculation of droplets in the control of agricultural pests. M.Sc. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Ain Shams Univ., 194 p. Potenza, M.R.; M.E. Sato; A. Raga and M.F. de S. Filho (1993): Chemical control of Aulacaspis tubercularis (Newstead) (Hemiptera : Diaspididae) in mango orchards (Mangifera indica L.) (Portuguese). Revista De Agricultura (Piracicaba), 68(3):315- 322. Radwan, S.G.A. (2003): Toxicological studies on some scale insects infesting mango and guava trees. Ph.D. Thesis, Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 221pp. Stafford, E.M. and F.M. Summers (1963): Evaluation control of San Jose scale. Hilgardia, 35(2):13-32 Steyn, W.P.; W.J. Du-Toit and E.A. De-Villiers (1993): Effect of insect growth regulator, CGA 211446, on the third instar of the heart shaped scale on avocados. Yearbook South African Avocado Grower' Association, 16:116-117. Trayford, R.S. and L.W. Welsh (1977): Aerial spraying: A simulation of factors influencing the distribution and recovery of liquid droplets. Agric Eng. Research, 22:183-196. Verma, S.P. and C.I. Dinabandhoo (2005): Armored scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae) associated with temperate and subtropical fruit trees in Himachal Pradesh. Acta Horticulture, 696:423-426 Villiers, E.A. de (1992): Effect of different spraying periods on the mango scale. Inligtings Bulletin Navorsingsinstituut vir Sitrus en Subtropiese Vrugte, 238: 24-27. Yates, W. E. and Akesson, N.B. (1963): Equipment and application techniques in relation to pesticides drift and residues. Agric. Engng. Dept., Univ. California, 1-4

Table (1): Survey and relative densities of scale insects and mealybugs infesting mango trees at Qalubiya Governorate. No. of alive scale insects and mealybugs/ 30 Families Scale insects and mealybugs leaves Total % Aulacaspis tubercularis 5508 40.60 Insulaspis pallidula 821 6.05 Diaspididae Parlatoria pergandii 625 4.60 Hemiberlesia lataniae 248 1.83 Lindingaspis floridana 233 1.72 Kilifia acµminate 5261 38.78 Coccidae Pulvinaria psidii 530 3.90 Monophlebidae Icerya seychellarum 342 2.52 Total 13568 100.00

72 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

Table (2): Distribution of Alboleum oil, diver oil and admiral watery spray insecticide sprayed by conventional ground motor sprayer with two flow rates on mango trees.

73 Hassan et al

Table (3):The relationship between the average number of the total droplets/cm2 and the average percentages reduction of target scale insects. Flow rate L/min. 3.600 7.400 Spray spectrum Total Rate% Total Average % Average % of average % of (Liter) average % of lost of the total % of lost % of the total stable number stable number of droplets/ reduction of droplets/ reduction of Treatments droplets/ of droplets/ droplets / cm2 the four cm2 the four cm2 droplets cm2 cm2 tested insects tested insects / cm2 Alboleum oil 80% 2.5 785 80.13 19.87 86.16 439 76.3 23.7 87.46 Diver oil 97% 1.5 710 78.88 21.12 76.75 405 77.83 22.71 89.42 Admiral 10 % 0.005 891 82.6 17.40 90.90 528 80.12 19.88 87.75 EC

74 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

Table (4): Effect of using alternative insecticides with two flow rates spraying volumes against different stages of Aulacaspis tubercularis

75 Hassan et al

Table (5): Effect of using alternative insecticides with two flow rates spraying volumes against different stages of kilifia acµminate

76 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

Table (6): Effect of using alternative insecticides with two flow rates spraying volumes against different stages of Parlatoria pergandii The number and% reduction in the population of stages at indicated intervals after spraying Average percent of reduction Spraying Treatments Rate/litre After 2 weeks After 4 weeks After 6 weeks Total population techniques N. A. A+E Mean N. A. A+E Mean N. A. A+E Mean N. A. A+E Mean

high flow rate 19 16 35 23.33 24 18 36 26.00 15 13 33 20.33 19.33 15.67 34.67 23.22 (7.400 L/min) 83 81.6 82.5 82.37a 85.20 84.60 84.60 84.79a 91.43 89.30 88.33 89.69a 86.54a 85.17a 85.14 85.61a

22 18 38 26.00 27 21 42 30.00 19 17 40 25.33 22.67 18.67 40.00 27.11 Low flow rate 2.5% 82.46

8 0 % (3.600 L/min) 80.3 79.3 81 80.20b 83.30 82.00 82.10 82.19b 89.10 86.07 85.87 87.01a 84.23a 82.99 83.13b a

A lboleum oil F. Value 11.42 25.39 3.70 0.41 0.83 0.91 11.7 LSD at 0.05 1.78 1.29 3.86 10.03 8.28 6.24 1.94

high flow rate 12 12 30 18.00 14 12 30 18.67 16 12 27 18.33 14.00 12.00 29.00 18.33 (7.400 L/min) 89.3 86.2 85 86.83a 91.30 89.70 87.20 89.4a 90.80 90.20 90.50 90.50a 90.47a 88.70a 87.57a 88.91a Low flow rate 14 18 55 29.00 15 21 35 23.67 18 17 30 21.67 15.67 18.67 40.00 24.78 1.5% (3.600 L/min) 87.5 79.3 72.5 79.77a 90.70 82.00 85.10 85.93a 89.90 86.07 89.40 88.46a 89.37a 82.46a 82.33a 84.72a F. Value 2.44 1.52 2.83 0.94 7.15 0.96 2.87 D iver oil 97% LSD at 0.05 12.55 7.81 3.38 3.15 6.49 14.76 6.87

high flow rate 18 16 40 24.67 17 14 27 19.33 13 11 28 17.33 16.00 13.67 31.67 20.44 (7.400 L/min) 84 81.6 80 81.87a 89.50 88.00 88.50 88.67a 92.50 90.90 90.10 91.17a 88.67a 86.83a 86.20a 87.23a Low flow rate 15 14 30 19.67 16 13 28 19.00 11 12 31 18.00 14.00 13.00 29.67 18.89 0.005% (3.600 L/min) 86.6 84 85 85.20a 90.10 88.90 88.10 89.03a 93.70 90.20 89.05 90.98a 90.13a 87.70a 87.38a 88.40a 1.05 F. Value 5.77 0.25 0.01 0.21 0.07 0.12

A dm iral 10% EC LSD at0.05 3.85 2.025 4.35 8.95 9.25 9.34 3.17 Control 112 87 200 133.00 162 117 235 171.33 175 122 283 193.33 149.67 108.67 239.33 165.89

77 Hassan et al

Table (7) : Effect of using alternative insecticides with two flow rates spraying volumes against different stages of Insulaspis pallidula

78 EFFECT OF ALTERNATIVE INSECTICIDES SPRAYED WITH TWO FLOW RATES ……….

ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﺑﺪاﺋﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺪات ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮭﺎ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯿﻦ ﻟﻠﺘﺼﺮف ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺼﯿﺐ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﻮﺗﻮر اﻟﺮش اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪي ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻮﺑﯿﺔ

ﻧﺠﻮى ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺴﻦ١، ﺳﻮﺳﻦ ﺟﺎب اﷲ رﺿﻮان١ ، ﻋﺒﺪاﻟﻤﺠﯿﺪ اﻟﺴﯿﺪ ﻋﻤﺎر٢ و أﻣﻨﯿﺔ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﺒﯿﻞ اﻟﺼﺤﻦ١ ١ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺑﺤﻮث اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺒﻖ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﻲ ٢ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺑﺤﻮث آﻻت اﻟﺮش ، ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ﺑﺤﻮث وﻗﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﺎت

أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﺗﺠﺮﺑﺘﺎن ﺣﻘﻠﯿﺘﺎن ﻓﻲ إﺣﺪى ﺣﺪاﺋﻖ اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﻨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ ﺑﻤﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻮﺑﯿﺔ. اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ : ﺗﻢ اﻟﺤﺼﺮ ﻷھﻢ اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟﺤﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺼﯿﺐ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌ ﺔ ﻟﻔﻮق ﻓﺼﯿﻠﺔ Coccoidea وذﻟﻚ ﻟﻤﺪة ﻋﺎم واﻟﺘﻰ ﺑﺪأت ﻣﻦ ﺷﮭﺮ ﯾﻨﺎﯾﺮ ٢٠١٠ ﺣﺘﻰ دﯾﺴﻤﺒﺮ ٢٠١٠ وأﺳﻔﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻋﻦ وﺟﻮد ٨ أﻧﻮاع ﻣﻦ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ واﻟﺒﻖ اﻟﺪﻗﯿﻘﻰ واﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺘﺒﻊ ﺛﻼث ﻋﺎﺋﻼت وھﻰ Diaspididae , Coccidae , Monophlebidae و ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺼﻮرة ﻣﺘﺒﺎﯾﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ . وأﻇﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﺣﺸﺮة اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء Aulacaspis tubercularis واﻟﺤﺸﺮة اﻟﺮﺧﻮة Kilifia acuminata أﻛﺜﺮ اﻟﺤﺸﺮات ﻛﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺷﺠﺎر ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ أﺿﺮاراً ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ ﻛﻤًﺎ وﻧﻮﻋًﺎ (٤٠.٦٠ و ٣٨.٧٨%) وﯾﺘﺒﻌﮭﺎ ﺣﺸﺮﺗﻰ P. pergardii واﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ اﻟﻤﺤﺎرﯾﺔ Insulaspis pallidula ( ٤.٦٠ و ٦.٠٥%) . اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﯿﺔ : أﺟﺮﯾﺖ ﻓﻰ ٢٣دﯾﺴﻤﺒﺮ ٢٠١٠ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻈﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﯿﻮﺑﯿﺔ – اﻟﻘﻨﺎﻃﺮ اﻟﺨﯿﺮﯾﺔ وﺗﮭﺪف ﻟﺜﻼث ﻧﻘﺎط : اﻟﮭﺪف اﻷول: اﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﯿﻦ ﻟﺘﺼﺮف ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺮش : اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻷول ذو اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ (٣.٦٠٠ ﻟﺘﺮ /دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ) واﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ ذو اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ (٧.٤٠٠ ﻟﺘﺮ/دﻗﯿﻘﺔ) وذﻟﻚ ﺑﺈﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﺸﺘﻮي (أﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﻮم ٢.٥%) واﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ اﻟﺼﯿﻔﻲ (داﯾﻔﺮ ١.٥%) وﻣﻨﻈﻢ اﻟﻨﻤﻮ اﻟﺤﺸﺮى (أدﻣﯿﺮال ٠.٠٠٥ %) وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺤﺔ اﻷرﺑﻊ ﺣﺸﺮات ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ اﻟﺬﻛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺷﺠﺎر اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ. وأﺷﺎرت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﻟﻰ : أن ﻋﺪد اﻟﻘﻄﯿﺮات اﻟ ﻤﺼﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺮش ذو اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺮش ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ وذﻟﻚ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ. ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﺣﺠﻢ اﻟﻘﻄﯿﺮات اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﺑﺎﻟﺮش أﻛﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ (٧.٤٠٠ ﻟﺘﺮ/ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ) ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﻄﺮﯾﻘﮫ اﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﮫ(٣.٦ ﻟﺘﺮ/دﻗﯿﻘﮫ). وأوﺿﺤﺖ أﯾﻀﺎ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻷدﻣﯿﺮال ﯾﺘﻤﯿﺰ ﺑﺎﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺪد ﻟﻠﻘﻄﯿﺮات/ﺳﻢ٢ ﻣﻊ اﻗﻞ ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻘﻄﯿﺮات وذﻟﻚ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﮫ اﻟﺮش ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﺠﻞ ٨٩١ ﻗﻄﯿﺮه / ﺳﻢ٢ وﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ١٧.٤ % ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺠﻞ ٥٢٨ﻗﻄﯿﺮه ﻟﻜﻞ ﺳﻢ٢ وﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺣﻮاﻟﻲ ١٩.٨٨% وﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻘﺎرﻧﺘﮫ ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼت. اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ: دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻲ ﺗﺼﺮف ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﺮش ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺪات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﮫ . أﻇﮭﺮت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻹﺑﺎدﯾﺔ ﻟﻸﻟﺒﻮﻟﯿﻮم ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺎرﺑﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ واﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﺠﻞ ٨٦.١٦ و٨٧.٤٦ % ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺪاد اﻟﻜﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﺤﺸﺮات ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺘﻮاﻟﻲ وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ ٦ اﺳﺎﺑﯿﻊ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮش (ﻧﮭﺎﯾﮫ اﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﮫ). ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ أﻇﮭﺮ زﯾﺖ داﯾﻔﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﺠﻞ ٨٩.٤٢ % ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﺧﻔﺾ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺮش ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ(٧٦.٧٥%)ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ اﻷدﻣﯿﺮال اﻟﺬي أﻇﮭﺮ ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪاﻣﮫ ﺑﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺣﯿﺚ ﺳﺠﻞ ٩٠.٩% ﻧﺴﺒﮫ ﺧﻔﺾ. اﻟﮭﺪف اﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ: دراﺳﺔ ﻣﺪى إﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﮫ اﻷرﺑﻊ ﺣﺸﺮات اﻟﻤﺴﺘﮭﺪﻓﮫ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﯿﺪات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮة ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﺮف . وأﺷﺎر ت اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ إﻟﻰ إﺧﺘﻼف إﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ اﻃﻮار اﻟﺤﺸﺮات ﻣﻊ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻟﻲ اﻟﺘﺼﺮف ﻣﺜﺎل ذﻟﻚ ﺗﻢ ﺧﻔﺾ أﻋﺪاد ﺣﺸﺮة اﻟﻤﺎﻧﺠﻮ اﻟﻘﺸﺮﯾﺔ اﻟﺒﯿﻀﺎء ﺑﻜﻔﺎءة ﻋﺎﻟﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺒﯿﺪات اﻟﻤﺨﺘﺒﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ اﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﮫ اﻟﺤﻮرﯾﺎت ﻟﻼدﻣﯿﺮال ﺑﻨﺴﺒﮫ ٩١.٢% ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎرﻧﮫ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻊ اﻟﺬي ﺳﺠﻞ ٨٠.٣% وذﻟﻚ ﺑﻌﺪ اﺳﺒﻮﻋﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮش .ﺑﯿﻨﻤﺎ أﻇﮭﺮت ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺸﺮة P. pergandii ، K. acuminata و I. pallidula إﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ة وﺳﺠﻠﺖ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺧﻔﺾ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ ﺑﺄﻃﻮارھﻢ اﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ إﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺰﯾﺖ اﻟﺼﯿﻔﻲ واﻟﺸﺘﻮي ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺮش اﻟﺘﻘﻠﯿﺪﯾﺔ (٧.٤٠٠ ﻟﺘﺮ / دﻗﯿﻘﺔ ) وﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻊ اﻷدﻣﯿﺮال ﻛﺎﻧﺖ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺨﻔﺾ ﺟﻤﯿﻊ اﻷﻃﻮار اﻟﺤﺸﺮﯾﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ اﻟﺮش ﺑﻄﺮﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﺾ (٣.٦٠٠ ﻟﺘﺮ/ دﻗﯿﻘﺔ).

79