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The Natural Enemies of the Chaff Scale, <Emphasis Type="Italic">

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The Natural Enemies of the Chaff Scale, <Emphasis Type= THE NATURAL ENEMIES OF THE CHAFF SCALE, PARLATORIA PERGANDII COMSTOCK, IN ISRAEL (*) BY Uri C-ERSON The chaff scale, Parlatoria pergandii COI~ISTOCK [Homoptera: Coccoic[ea: Diaspididae] is a pest of mature citrus groves along the coastal plain of Israel. Though usually considered to be a minor pest (EBELING, 1959) the chaff scale has also been known to cause economic damage (~[ERRILL, 1953; DEAN, 1955 a.o.). Research carried out in Israel on this scale insect and some of its natural enemies was summarized by HARPAZ (1961), while ROSEN (1965) added data concerning its parasites. GERSON (1964) found that the populations of the chaff scale in Israel are intermingled with those of the tropical grey chaf scale, Parlatoria cinerea HADDEN. Sampling and reporting procedure The sampling methods of the chaff seale population and its natural enemies are described in detail elsewhere (GERsON, in prepa- ration). It may be sufficient to note here that all samples were obtained from mature citrus trees, aged 25-30 years or more. The samples were collected from all above-ground parts of the trees, namely leaves, fruit and bark of trunk and limbs. On fruit, the various areas, i.e., calyx, sides and style, were examined and recorded separately. The activity of the natural enemies is reported in two ways. The presence of parasites or specific predators may be expressed as per unit of the host (or prey) population. Non-specific, free living predators, however, are not found in conjunction with their prey, hence their presenee was merely estimated. This was done by counting all live predator specimens seen during regular examinations of samples of 400 live Parlatoria females. This wilt be discussed later. (*) This research has been financed in part by Grant No. FG-Is-227 made by the United States Department of Agriculture under P.L. 480. ESTOMOP}IAGA,X~ (Z), I967, 97-IO9 98 u. GERSON Predators Chilocorus bipustulatus (L.) [Col. Coccinellidae]. This polyphagus predator is an important enemy of citrus scale insects in Israel (AvlDOV, 1961). Its habit of congregating on the trunk and main limbs of citrus trees (RosEN & GERSON, 1965) is probably related to the great abundance of live Parlatoria on these parts throughout the year. The phenology of C. bipustulatus was recently studied by ROSEN & GEI~SON (1965). They found that the populations of this predator reached their peak in midsummer, declined during autumn and winter. They also pointed out (loe. eit.) that this predator may play a more important role in limiting scale-insect populations than at that time realized. The fact that C. bipustulatus appears to be the main vector of the predaceous mite, Hemisareoptes coeeophagus MEYER (GEaSON, 1964) lends much support to the above suggestion regarding the economic importance of Chiloeorus. Lestodiplosis sp. [Dipt. Ceeidomyiidae]. All members of this large genus are predaceous during their larval stage. They feed mainly on members of their own family (BAa~'ES, 1928), but have also been reported to attack scale insects (BARNES, 1930). The reddish, long-necked larva of Lestodiplosis usually' lies under the cover of the scale, its mouth-parts touching the body of the scale. Otherwise, the larva is curled up, there. Pupation takes place at the site of feeding. Monthly observations at many groves did not reveal any definite seasonal trends in the abundance of this predator; however, it appears to be slightly more numerous in spring and autumn. The exact determination of this species is rather difficult (W. NIJVELDT, personal communications, 1963-1965), and there is some indication that more than one species or genus is involved. Hemisarcoptes coccophagus MEYEIt [Acar. Astigmata : Hemisar- coptidae]. This predaceous mite is a specific enemy of armoured scale insects, disseminated, during its hypopal stage, by Chilocorus bipustulatus. During the present investigation it was found that H. coccophagus is abundant in the summer months, both as a scale-insect predator and as a Chilocorus-borne hypopus. Like all other chaff-scale pre- dators, it attcks its prey mainly on the trunk and main limbs of the trees. A fuller discussion of this species is presented elsewhere (GEasoN, 1967). NATURAL ENEI~IIES OF Parlatoria pergandii 99 Cheletogenes ornatus (CANESTRINI ~% FANZAGO) [Acar. Prostigmata : Cheyletidae]. C. ornatus, a well-known enemy of scale-insect crawlers (McGaE- aoa, 1956; GEaSON, 196~), is not an active predator, but rather prefers to ambush its prey. It is usually found under empty scales. Chele- togenes seizes the passing crawler by its powerful palpi and sucks it up dry. Year-round samplings show (Fig. 1), that this predator appears in greatest numbers during the summer months. It may at times be the most abundant mite species on citrus bark, but is seldom found on the leaves or fruit. Cheletomimus berlesei 0UDEMANS [Acar. Prostigmata : Cheyle- tidae]. According to EBELING (1959), this speeies is an important predator of the latania scale, Hemiberlesia lataniae (SIGN). On eitrus it was found to be less abundant than C. ornatus, though it may be the dominant aearine predator of scale insects in selected groves. I !1" I t I I I I I I I I,] I vl Ivl I,xl I x, I ~1 I,, II IV Vl Vlll • 2 --T-T-- ~ 4- ~o o Chetetomimus ber~eaei ~. -- 5aniosulus nudu5 cu 3 ~2 1 III V VII rX XI I Ill FIG. 1, Seasonal abundance of Cheletogenes ornatus on citrus bark (a = Mash'mia Shalom; b = Kefar Warburg), "expressed in terms of 5 distinct categories (0 = no mites; 1 = up to 5 mites; 2 = up to 20 mites; 3 = up to 80 mites; 4 ~ more than 80 mites). FIG. 2, Seasonal abundance of Cheletomimus berlesei and Saniosulus nudus on citrus bark, at Rosh I-IaNiqra, expressed in terms of categories as in Fig. 1. 100 U. GERSON The seasonal trend of a C. berlesei population is presented in Fig. 2. Like the other chaff-scale predators herein discussed, i~ is most abundant during summer, on the bark of the trees. Saniosulus nudus SUMMEaS [Acar. Prostigmata : Eupalopseltidae]. S. nudus is an active, quick moving predator of chaff-scale crawlers. The prey is held by the anterior legs of the mite as it inserts the che- lieerae into the crawler's body. Feeding may proceed for about 30-40 minutes, until the prey is sucked dry. It is then pushed off the ehelicerae with the mite's long palpi. The mite was not seen to feed successfully on an adult Parlatoria because it seemed unable to pene- trate cuticle of the female. The predator is less abundant, on eitrus than the aforementioned cheyletid mites. The population trends of S. nudus are also presented in Fig. 2, whence it can be seen that this predator is most numerous on citrus during summer. S. nudus was also found to be feeding o-~ the crawlers of various other Diaspidids in this country. S. nudus was first described by SUMMERS (1960) from 2 females obtained in Mexico and Texas. Apparently no other mention of this species occurs in the literature. DEAN (1955), however, discusses a very close association between cha//scale and a mite (undeseribed genus, ]amily Stigmaeidae)... observed/eeding on first stage scale and scale eggs on citrus in Texas. The present writer examined a specimen of this Stigmaeid, kindly forwarded by Dr. Herbert A. DEAN, of Weslaco, Texas, and found it to be Saniosulus nudus SUMM~ItS. Eupalopsis maseriensis (CANESTRINI • FANZAGO) [Acar. Prostig- mata : Eupalopsellidae]. This uncommon predator was mainly found in one isolated citrus grove. Its feeding habits are similar to those of Saniosulus. Parasites Aphytis hispanicus (MERcET). Prospaltella inquirenda SILVESTRI [Hymenoptera : Aphelinidae]. These two species are the dominant parasites of the chaff scale on citrus in Israel. They were first recorded in this country by RosEN (1965), who also mentioned two other, less abundant Aphytis spp. as attacking P. pergandii. The population trends of A. hi.spanicus and P. inauirenda were studied from samples collected at various observation plots along the coastal plain. All scMes were exarrAned ~.nd dissected in the laboratory under a stereoscopic microscope and the percentage of live and parasitized scales determined. From these vzlues the rate NATURAL ENEMIES OF Parlatoria pergandii 101 of active parasitism was calculated, i.e. the percentage of live scales containing living parasites from the total of parasitized and unparasi- tized (live) scales of a given instar. Initially, the sample from each plot consisted of 1,000 scales. Later, as it was found that both parasites attack mainly the Parlatoria females (Table 1), samples of 400 living females were counted. All Figures (3-10) pertain to active parasitism in Parlatoria females only. PARASITE POPULATION TRENDS ON CITRUS LEAVES AND BARK. Table 1 and Fig. 3-6 show the active parasitism rates and trends of the parasites when they attack leaf-infesting scales, whereas Fig. 7-8 pertain to parasitization of scales on the bark. 3 4 3G I I E I i I I I I I I ~h~ ] Prospaltella Wo 25 20 10 I III V VII IX XI II IV Vl VIU X XII FIo. 3-4, Rate of active parasitism by Aphytis and ProspalteUa in chaff scale populations on citrus leaves. -- 3, Y[adera; 4, Kefar Warburg. Table 1 Percentages of active parasitism in population samplings of 1,000 chaff scales on citrus leaves (Hadera). SECOND LARVA FE,~IALE MALE PUPA ~[ONTII Live scales Active parasitism in % Live scales Active parasitism in % Live scales Active parasitism in % in % Aphytis Prospaltella Total in % Aphytis Praspaltella Total in % Aphytis Prospaltella Total JANUARY ....... 13.7 -- -- -- 23.3 '13.7 9A 23.1 7.0 7-- -- -- FEnaUARY ...... '15.5 -- -- -- 30.6 7.5 t~.2 t'I.T 7.6 -- -- -- MARClt ...
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