An Analysis of Totalitarianism an Its Impact Found in Yevgeny Zamyatin’S We

Home , Lenin (1916 icebreaker), Yevgeny Zamyatin

AN ANALYSIS OF TOTALITARIANISM AN ITS IMPACT FOUND IN YEVGENY ZAMYATIN’S WE

A THESIS

DWI RISTA KUSUMA PERANGINANGIN

REG. NO. 140705122

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AN ANALYSIS OF TOTALITARIANISM AN ITS IMPACT FOUND IN YEVGENY ZAMYATIN’S WE

A THESIS

DWI RISTA KUSUMA PERANGINANGIN REG. NO. 140705122

SUPERVISOR CO-SUPERVISOR

Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum NIP.195612141986012001 NIP. 195805171985031003

Submitted to Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara Medan in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from Department of English

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA MEDAN 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Approved by the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara (USU) Medan as thesis for The Sarjana Sastra Examination

Head, Secretary,

Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A, Ph.D Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A, Ph,D NIP. 19540916 198003 2 003 NIP. 19750209 200812 1 002

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Accepted by the Board of Examiners in partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra from the Department of English, Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara, Medan

The examination is held in Department of English Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara on February 08th, 2019

Dean of Faculty of Cultural Studies University of Sumatera Utara

Dr. Budi Agustono, M.S. NIP. 196008051 987031 001

Board of Examiners

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D.

Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd.

Dr. Siti Norma Nasution, M.Hum.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA AUTHOR’S DECLARATION

I, DWI RISTA KUSUMA PERANGINANGIN, DECLARE THAT I AM THE

SOLE AUTHOR OF THIS THESIS EXCEPT WHERE REFERENCES IS

MADE IN THE TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS CONTAINS NO

MATERIAL PUBLISHED ELSEWHERE OR EXTRACED IN WHOLE OR

IN PART FROM A THESIS BY WHICH I HAVE QUALIFIED FOR OR

AWARDED ANOTHER DEGREE. NO OTHER PERSON’S WORK HAS

BEEN USED WITHOUT DUE ACKNWOLEDGMENTS IN THE MAIN

TEXT OF THIS THESIS. THIS THESIS HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED FOR

THE AWARD OF ANOTHER DEGREE IN ANY TERTIARY EDUCATION.

Signed : Dwi Rista Kusuma Peranginangin

Date : February 08th, 2019.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA COPYRIGHT DECLARATION

NAME : DWI RISTA KUSUMA PERANGINANGIN

TITLE OF THESIS : AN ANALYSIS OF TOTALITARIANISM AND

ITS IMPACT FOUND IN YEVGENY

ZAMYATIN’S WE

QUALIFICATION :S-1/SARJANA SASTRA

DEPARTMENT :ENGLISH

I AM WILLING THAT MY THESIS SHOULD BE AVAILABLE

FORREPRODUCTION AT THE DISCRETION OF THE LIBRARIAN

OFDEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH, FACULTY OF CULTURAL

STUDIES,UNIVERSITY OF SUMATERA UTARA ON THE

UNDERSTANDING THATUSERS ARE MADE AWARE OF THEIR

OBLIGATION UNDER LAW OFTHE REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA.

Signed : Dwi Rista Kusuma Peranginangin

Date : February 08th, 2019

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my deep and sincere gratitude to the almighty God,

Jesus Christ, for all His unexpected blessing and mercy through all the way, I could finally finished this thesis with all the tears, blood and sweat.

Here, I would like to express my very special gratitude to my lovely parents, my father H. Perangin-Angin, S.Pd and my mother M.S. Atok. I could never be who

I am without your hard work, unconditional love and support. Thank you for giving me a chance to live with my own choice, listening to my grievance, beat those 60

KM road almost every day, and still being a great parents at home. All of this I dedicated specially for both of you.

For my one and only brother, Candra Billy Kusuma Perangin Angin, thank you for being someone who influence me in many positive things and also for being my number one supporter. I also would like to thank my Grandmas, my Godfather, my Godmother, Firdaus Patras Gumolung, and my lovely Mami Lin for all the great advice, love and their frequently phone call which always makes my heart warm.

I would like to express gratitude to Dra. Diah Rahayu Pratama, M.Pd as my supervisor and Drs. Siamir Marulafau, M.Hum, as my co-supervisor for the knowledge, kindness, patience, support and help until I finally finished this thesis.

Also Prof. T. Silvana Sinar, M.A., Ph.D, the Head of Department of English and

Rahmadsyah Rangkuti, M.A., Ph.D, the Secretary of Department of English, I would like to thank them for their advice and encouragement during my study in this faculty and also to Mr. Sukirno a.k.a Bang Kibot for his help in many things especially the administration matter.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Here, I would love to send my special gratitude, love and appreciation through this people:

For Pasukan Koya 2011/2014, Ka Anggie, for the never ending great advice,

Bang Dedhad, Kevin, Aip, Uwa, Bre, Thia, Windi, Pira, Andi, Adam, Hufnul, Ipan,

Teguh, Hafman, Bima, Anwar. C‘manalah 2014, dinda, yola, dila, ika, cut, and 2017 kids, thank you for the memories that we shared, all the bad and good times through our ups and downs, may this universe reunite us one day in a better situation. All of the committee of The 35th IMSI‘S anniversary ―Bring On The Festivity”, thank you for the hard work and perseverance.

Gres, Icha and Titin for their ‗we got your back‟ term, and also their help in my darkest time, the non-stop prayer since several years ago and up until now. Thank you for being 24/7, let‘s faced the new chapter and seize our dreams together!

Uti and Daniel, for being someone who understand my situation and my weirdness, and also became a place for me to lean on. Let‘s take a moment to remember all the days we spent just to finish this thesis! Thank you for accompanying me this almost last two years, may God bless and protect you forever.

Bang Saut Maruli Simorangkir, for his writing that help me to develop my own thesis, we will meet again someday and may you live in peace in the arms of

Jesus Christ. Christbirth Tobing for being here, there and everywhere, help me in the way that others can not see, and also for the love and patience. My three little kittens,

Samar Rio D. Axl, Anti-Gravity C. Dot and Raya K. Edward thank you for always protect and love me unconditionally.

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In the end, I would like to appreciate all of the musicians and writers which their works help me while working on my thesis, may all of their works will leave something in this universe. For John, Paul, George, Ringo, Barasuara, Jonsi, Emily

Dickinson, Hamlin Garland, Roald Dahl, Leila S. Chudori as well as Donny

Dhirgantoro, thank you for being awesome!

I also realize this thesis still far from perfection, but I hope that this thesis still give the reader knowledge and a lot of new information.

“There is nothing you can do, that can‟t be done”-All you need is love, The Beatles.

The Author

Dwi Rista Kusuma Peranginangin

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRAK Skripsi ini berjudul ‘An analysis of Totalitarianism and its impact found in Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We.’ Skripsi ini adalah analisis tentang sebuah sistem politik yang disebut Totalitarianism, bagaimana rezim totaliter berkuasa atas masyarakatnya dan dampak sistem ini terhadap masyarakatnya. Semua warga negara di identifikasi dengan gabungan huruf dan angka serta dikelilingi oleh dinding kaca raksasa di tempat bernama One State, di mana penguasa mengambil kendali atas kehidupan pribadi dan publik masyarakatnya. Skripsi ini terdiri dari lima bab yaitu pendahuluan, kajian pustaka, metode penelitian, analisis dan temuan, serta kesimpulan dan saran. Dalam Bab I, menjelaskan tentang latar belakang penelitian, dilanjutkan dengan rumusan masalah, tujuan, ruang lingkup penelitian, dan kegunaan penelitian. Dalam Bab II, dijelaskan tentang teori yang digunakan dalam tesis ini. Dalam Bab III, dijelaskan metode penelitian yang digunakan dan juga prosedur penelitian. Dalam bab IV, ini adalah analisis tentang karakteristik totaliterisme dan dampaknya dalam novel We. Dalam Bab V, ini terdiri dari kesimpulan skripsi ini serta saran yang dapat meningkatkan kualitas skripsi ini di masa depan.

Kata kunci: sistem politik, totaliterisme, Yevgeny Zamyatin.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA ABSTRACT The thesis is entitled ‘An analysis of Totalitarianism and its impact found in Yevgeny Zamyatin’s We.’This thesis is analyzing a political system named totalitarianism. This thesis is an analysis of a political system named totalitarianism, how the totalitarian regime ruled under their citizens, and the impacts of this system to its citizens. All the citizens are only known by mix letter and numbers, and also surrounded by giant glass wall in a place named OneState, where the ruler take control over private and public life of its citizens. This thesis consists of five chapters including introduction, review of literature, research method, analysis and findings, as well as conclusion and suggestion. In chapter I, it explains about the background of the study, followed by problems, objectives, scope and significance of the study. In chapter II, it explains about the theory that is used in this thesis. In chapter III, it explains the method of research which was used and also the research procedure. In chapter IV, it is the analysis about the characteristics of totalitarianism and its impact in the novel We. In chapter V, it consists of conclusion of this thesis as well as suggestions which can improve the quality of this thesis in the future.

Keywords : politic system, totalitarianism, Yevgeny Zamyatin.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHORS’S DECLARATION ...... v COPYRIGHT DECLARATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii ABSTRAK ...... x ABSTRACT ...... xi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xii CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ...... 1 1.2 Problems of the study ...... 7 1.3 Objectives of the study ...... 7 1.4 Scope of the study ...... 7 1.5 Significances of the study ...... 8

CHAPTER II – REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Review of literature ...... 9 2.2 Novel ...... 10 2.2.1 Character ...... 10 2.2.2 Dystopian literature ...... 11 2.3 Literature and sociology ...... 12 2.4 Totalitarianism ...... 14 2.4.1 Characteristics of totalitarianism ...... 16 2.4.2 Impacts of Totalitarianism ...... 17 2.5 Review of related studies ...... 19

CHAPTER III – RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research design ...... 20 3.2 Data and source data ...... 20 3.3 Data collection...... 21 3.4 Data analysis ...... 21 CHAPTER IV – ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.1 The characteristics of totalitarianism ...... 22 4.1.1 An elaborate ideology ...... 23 4.1.2 Led by one man ...... 26 4.1.3 Secret police ...... 29 4.2 The impact of totalitarianism ...... 32 4.2.1 Frustrated ...... 32 4.2.2 Rebellion ...... 34

CHAPTER V – CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ...... 39 5.2 Suggestion ...... 40

REFERENCES ...... 41 APPENDICES i. Author’s Biography and works ii. Summary of the novel

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UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Literature is a form of human expression. According to Wellek and Warren

(1956: 3) the literature mirrors and expresses life that is even more ambiguous. It means that the literature is come up from the events happen in the society. In literature, the author presents a work to delivers his/her ideas to the reader. Here, we can understand that in every work has its own characteristic and authors‘ objective. It is obvious that the author‘s ideas in a work can be very influential to the readers‘ mindset.

Based on its physical form, literature divided into three genres, namely: poetry, prose and drama. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs (1995:2) classify prose into two, fiction prose and nonfiction prose. Nonfiction prose produced essay or biography, while fiction prose includes myth, parables, romances, novels, and short stories. Originally, fiction means anything made up, crafted, or shaped and the story is based on author‘s creation and imagination.

In this research the writer chose a novel as an object of the study. Novel is a kind of fiction prose. It is defined as a fictitious prose narrative of considerable length and complexity, portraying characters and usually presenting a sequential organization of action and scenes. The elements of novel which build up a complete and good story are theme, character, plot, setting, point of view, structure and style

(Roberts and Jacobs. 1993: 51). These elements are regarded as a tool to analyze the structure of a novel. In this research the writer just explained some elements which

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA support this analysis. Theme is the basic story that dominated the subject matter of a literary work. The theme is the first point in compiling the work of literary authors.

This theme is to be conveyed and solved by the writer through his story. The theme became the basis of development of the whole story; the theme was nature animates all parts of the story from beginning to end. Plot is known as the foundation of a novel or story which the characters and settings are built around. It is meant to organize information and events in a logical manner. When writing the plot of a piece of literature, the author has to be careful that it does not dominate the other parts of the story. Robert and Jacobs (1993:4) says that character may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray character that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate. It means that it is character‘s power in the story.

In novels, a lot of authors giving their ideas about the life of society in the future, in bad way or in a good way. It is known as utopian literature and dystopian literature. Utopian literature is a future society where everything looks perfect in all aspects, such as politics, laws, economic and conditions. While dystopian literature is a visualization and thought experiment of a world where society has failed to achieve utopia. In dystopia all things are made to looks perfect but actually dystopia is only a lens into a desolate, an undesirable future. The Oxford English Dictionary also describes dystopia as “an imaginary place or condition in which everything is as bad as possible.” In other words, nobody wants dystopian societies to come true. A lot of dystopian authors are really creative to portray their ideas about how society in the future and that is why discussing about dystopian novel is more interesting than

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA utopian literature. How the dystopian literature can connected and related to the society is also one thing that make dystopian literature is important to be analyzing.

There are several example of dystopian novel, such as ―1984” by George

Orwell, ―Brave New World” by Aldo Huxley, ―Hunger Games” by Suzzane Collins, and ―We” by Yevgeny Zamyatin. We a novel written by Yevgeny Zamyatin published around 1921 and it is believe as a critic to Uni Soviet regime that time.

Yevgeny Zamyatin is a Russian novelist, playwright and satirist, he was born in

1884, and he was heavily influenced by Russian revolutions and pushed for industrialization. When Zamyatin worked on drafts of We, a state repression descended over Russia, Zamyatin vigorously protested the deteriorating civil rights situation. When he finished We in around 1920 to 1921, Uni Soviet claimed that it was a slander and never let the book be published until 1988.

In this novel, Zamyatin portrayed a single state named ―OneState‖ that set in the future, after two hundred year war. Citizens are known only by their number, and the main character is D-503, an engineer working on a spaceship that aims to bring the glorious principles of the revolution to space. This world is ruled by the

Benefactor, and monitored over by the Guardians. The guardian works as a secret police, they spy on citizens, who all live in apartments made of glass so that they can be perfectly observed. All of the inmates should trust in the system and it is absolute.

One day D-503 meet a woman who introduced him to all the things that banned in One State. The woman also show D-503 a group called MEPHI, that efflorescent in sideline of One State who wants to break the glass wall of One State so everyone could reunited. As One State loyal inmates, D-503 cannot let any of this

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA happen, even he know the he really want the woman, where actually love is banned in One State. But not that long, D-503 got an operation that burns all of the emotions out of his brain. The benefactor vanish the woman, and D-503 feeling more confuse about how the woman still giving a smile after getting hurt psychically and mentally.

Wellek (1981:94) emphasize that literature is social institution; its medium is language, a social creation. Thus, it is an expression of social living through language. He furthers says that literature represents life, which is, in large measure social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual has also been member of society, possesses a specific social status. Thus, he at least summarize a life history he perceives in his position as an individual and social being, in his work. That is why the author of the novel imitates and reflects the social problem in his novel based on his experience because he is as individual and social; being in the society. From the explanation above, it can be conclude that literary works have a close relation with society where literary works may represent the social condition the social condition of the society at the same literary works are written.

We the novel written by Yevgeny Zamyatin contains a political concept that often find in almost dystopian novel. It is Totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is a political system of government that prohibits opposition parties, restricts individual opposition to the state and its claims, and exercises an extremely high degree of control over public and private life, and there is nothing against the government.

Here, the writer wants to analyze about totalitarianism and its impact that found in

Yevgeny Zamyatin‘s novel entitled We. Arendt (1958) stated that “totalitarian movement aspire to conquer the globe and bring all countries on earth under their

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA domination.” The word ―total‘ in Totalitarianism refers to the type of government that attempts to assert total control over the lives of its citizens through coercion and repression. Everyone in the state is forced to follow agenda dictated by the party in governance. There would be one person that must obeyed by everyone in state. All the decisions will be taken by the figure. Totalitarianism also pursues some special goal such as industrialism or conquest to the exclusion of all others. Hannah Arendt

(1958) says that there are six characteristics of Totalitarianism, which are an elaborate ideology, led by one man, secret police, control of communication, control of weapons, and central control and direction of the entire economy. While G. Barry

Morris (1974) stated that there are four impacts of inmates or society under totalitarian regime, which are hostile, aggressive, frustrated and rebellion.

The totalitarian government first appeared shortly after World War I. Joseph

Stalin is one of a totalitarian leader. Starting in the late 1920s, Joseph Stalin launched a series of five-year plans intended to transform the Soviet Union from a peasant society into an industrial superpower. His development plan was centered on government control of the economy and included the forced collectivization of

Soviet agriculture, in which the government took control of farms. Millions of farmers refused to cooperate with Stalin‘s orders and were shot or exiled as punishment. The forced collectivization also led to widespread famine across the

Soviet Union that killed millions. Stalin ruled by terror and with a totalitarian grip in order to eliminate anyone who might oppose him. He expanded the powers of the secret police, encouraged citizens to spy on one another and had millions of people killed or sent to the Gulag system of forced labors camps. During the second half of the 1930s, Stalin instituted the Great Purge, a series of campaigns designed to rid the

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Communist Party, the military and other parts of Soviet society from those he considered a threat.

Additionally, Stalin built a cult of personality around himself in the Soviet

Union. Cities were renamed in his honor. Soviet history books were rewritten to give him a more prominent role in the revolution and mythologize other aspects of his life. He was the subject of flattering artwork, literature and music, and his name became part of the Soviet national anthem. His government also controlled the Soviet media. The way Stalin ruled the Uni Soviet, inspired Zamyatin to write down his critic and ideas about what will happen in the future with the government that time.

Zamyatin says that "True literature can only exist when it is created, not by diligent and reliable officials, but by madmen, hermits, heretics, dreamers, rebels, and skeptics." Naturally, Zamyatin faced more harassment and punishment for his political views than any of his peers in dystopian literature. Zamyatin faced it in both pre- and post revolutionary Russia. He even arrested and exiled a second time in

1911, because of his works. But then, he never gave up to write anything satirical or critical. That is a soul of someone that feels the repression, but denied to give up.

Zamyatin believe that it is impossible to remove all the rebels against the system, even if it is a great system with great pursue, but no one can take any freedom from a man. Through We, Zamyatin portrayed the future of the government by mirroring in the present time, how the government will tear the society, take the freedom from everyone, organized anything upon it, but there is always a rebellion behind it. From the late 1920s, Zamyatin already predicts how the world will form if human choose to keep in silence and still following the wrong fashion in that time. It

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA will be a real dystopian world if no man wants to fight against something that actually should be fight.

1.2 Problems of the study

Based on the background presented, in this study researcher put forward the

formulation of the problem as follows:

1. What are the characteristics of Totalitarianism portrayed in We?

2. What are the impacts of Totalitarianism portrayed in We?

1.3. Objectives of Study

Dealing with the problems above, this thesis tries to find out the answer of

those questions, they are:

1. To find out what are the characteristics of totalitarianism portrayed in We.

2. To find out what are the impacts of the Totalitarianism portrayed in We.

1.4. Scope of The Study

Giving a limitation in the explanation of problem is definitely needed in discussing certain problem in a certain field. Through this scope of analysis, it will be much easier for the readers to figure out the problems and the ideas systemically.

Thus, the author will only focus on the characteristics of totalitarianism and its impact as portrayed in Yevgeny Zamyatin‘s We. The characteristics are an elaborate ideology, a single party typically led by one man and a terroristic police.

While the impacts are frustrated and rebellion.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 1.5 Significances of the Study

This thesis is expected to give significances that are useful for the readers.

Just like any other thesis, this thesis also has significances. This analysis hopefully could give worth significances where:

1. This thesis could help the readers who interested in analyzing the literary

works, especially in analyzing novels

2. This thesis could be used for the research dealing with the discussion about

political concept especially Totalitarianism

3. This analysis practically could be used as a consideration for the readers who

are interested in the same subject

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER II

LITERARY REVIEW

2.1 The Review of Literature

Literature has been widely known by many people and experts. The word

‗literature‘ is derived from the word „littera‟ in Latin which means letter. It refers to the written or printed words. However, now, the term ‗literature‘ is more focused and restricted to merely imaginative works, which comes up from the imaginative mind of the story writers.

Many experts and linguists give their own definitions about literature that can give a better explanation to the reader; for example, Greil Marcus and Werner Sollor

(2009) says that “literary means not only what is written but what is voiced, what is expressed, what is invented, in whatever form”

In the book Theory of Literature by Rene Wellek and Austin Warren (1949), they explain that the definitions, therefore, usually include additional adjectives such as aesthetic or artistic to distinguish literary works from texts such as newspapers, scientific textbooks, magazines, legal documents, brochures, and so on. They also explain that literature then can be said as a creative writing by an author with aesthetic values which makes literature regarded as an art. Literature as a writing form differentiates its form from other art products, and its aesthetic or artistic values make it different from other writings.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.2 Novel

This word comes from the Italian, Novella, which means ‗the new staff that small‘. The novel developed in England and America. The novel was originally developed in the region from other forms of narrative nonfiction such as letters, biographies, and history. But with a shift in society and development time, the novel is not only based on data nonfiction, author of novel can change according to the desired imagination. Sumardjo (1998:29) said that, novel is a story with the prose form in long shapes, this long shapes means the story of novel form intrinsic and extrinsic.

2.2.1 Character

Characters can be defined as people created by playwright, and imagined by the audiences. They must fiction and non-fiction. The characters usually presented by description and through their action, speech, and thoughts. A well-developed character is one that has been thoroughly characterized with many traits shown in narrative. Character development is very important in character-driven literature, where stories focus not on events, but on individual personalities.

Kennedy (1991:47) said that character is an imagined person who is exists in the story. However, characters in novel have been specially created by the author.

Characterization is the author‘s ways of describing his characters in a literary work or author‘s mean of differencing one character to another. Characters are closely related to the point because character means action, while the action from the plot of literary work. An author may show the characters in two general ways, they are: (1) directly, telling his reader the characters qualities, and (2) through action, that shows the characters deeds by which characters may be revealed.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA There are some characters that viewed from the role aspect and the importance level of characters in a story, they are:

a. Major Characters

Round character is a character with complex and many-sided moral qualities and personal traits. Round characters can be classified into two kinds of characters; protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist is the central character in the story, whereas, antagonist is the force in the story that is conflict with protagonist.

b. Minor Characters

A flat character is a minor character in a work or fiction that does not undergo substantial change or growth in the course of a story. Flat character has only one or two distinguishing moral qualities or personal traits. The characters are play a supporting role to the major or main character that, as a rule should be round.

2.2.2 Dystopian literature

Jan Pospisil (2015) in Historical Development of dystopian literature stated thatthe word dystopia was used for the first time by J. S. Mills in 1868 in his political speech on the state of Ireland, where he used the word in contrast with the term utopia. In that speech, Mills severely criticizes the government‘s policy on Irish property stating that “What is commonly called Utopian is something too good to be practicable; but what they [the government] appear to favour is too bad to be practicable.” By merely coining the word to contrast what had been thus far called

Utopia, he delimited its basic concept. The Oxford English Dictionary describes dystopia as “an imaginary place or condition in which everything is as bad as possible” It will be argued that despite the fairly long development of dystopian

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA literature, the definition of the term does not necessarily need to be more complex than the one proposed by this entry. As dystopia is defined as being the reverse of utopia, the latter term must be elaborated on prior to attempting to define the former.

Utopia is a fictional village created by Thomas More in his eponymous book. It represents his concept of an ideal society. More thus created the framework for future ―utopian‖ novels.

National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE) also listed the characteristics of dystopian literature:

1. Propaganda is used to control the citizens of society. 2. Information, independent thought, and freedom are restricted. 3. A figurehead or concept is worshipped by the citizens of the society. 4. Citizens are perceived to be under constant surveillance. 5. Citizens have a fear of the outside world. 6. Citizens live in a dehumanized state. 7. The natural world is banished and distrusted. 8. Citizens conform to uniform expectations. Individuality and dissent are bad. 9. The society is an illusion of a perfect utopian world.

2.3 Literature and sociology

Sociology derives from the Greek „Socius‟ (society) and „logos‟ (science) which means the study of all aspects of human and their relation in community.

Basically sociology is a field of knowledge which concern about human act, human interaction to their social and to other human. Moreover, as stated in Dictionary of

Social Sciences (2002: 453), the term of society was first used by Auguste Comte in

1830s to propose a synthetic science that would unite all knowledge about human activity. Sociology was trying to figure out how society is descent, how it progresses,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and how they constantly. By studying social institutions and all economic problems, religious, political, etc. All of which constitute the social structure we can get the way about humans adapt to their environment, about the mechanism of socialization, acculturation. So it can be concluded that through sociology we can get a deeper understanding about human because we may figure out the way of human adaptation to the nature, the sociological mechanism of human and other things.

In general, the object of Sociology is society. A society is a group of humans or other organisms of a single species that is delineated by the bounds of cultural identity, social solidarity, functional and others. Members of society are may not come from one ethnic group or races. A society may be a particular ethnic group, such as the Bataknese or Javanese; a nation state, such an Indonesia; a party, such

PDIP or Golkar; a broader cultural group, such as a Eastern society; or even a social organism such as an ant colony. It can be concluded that there can be a classification in society because it‘s a human being to find out the most convenient to them where they might think they belongs to. The sense of belonging, the feeling of one big family based on tribes, nationality, and other things leads a classification in society.

Then the classification in the society is naturally arranged by the society itself.

Literary sociology comes from sociology and literature. Literature is a reflection of society. Through literature, the author reveal of the problems of life.

Literary works receive influence from society and also is able to make an impact on society. Sociology can be defined as the science or systemic knowledge about the life of human groups in relation to other human beings is generally called society.

Literature presents a picture of life, and life itself is a social reality. In this sense, life includes relationships between people, between people with individuals,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA between people, and between the events that occur in someone‘s mind. However, the events that occur in someone‘s mind that often the material of literature, is a reflection of someone‘s relationship with other people or with the public and foster particular social attitudes or even to trigger certain social events.

2.4 Totalitarianism

Arendt (1958) discovers that, totalitarianism is defined by its emphasis on constant movement, which takes away the agency of individual men by making them merely cogs in a grand motor of history or nature. Through analysis of the tools and organization of totalitarianism, Arendt finds that its essence is terror and its purpose is to stamp out the spontaneity of the human spirit totally. In the midst of this darkness, Arendt still is able to maintain hope that humanity might be able to overcome such horror through the spontaneity of political action contained in the birth of a new generation.

Arendt does argue that the ‗totalitarian methods of domination‘ are uniquely suited to programs of mass extermination (Arendt 1979: 440). Moreover, unlike previous regimes of terror, totalitarianism does not merely aim to eliminate physical life. Rather, ‗total terror‘ is preceded by the abolition of civil and political rights, exclusion from public life, confiscation of property and, finally, the deportation and murder of entire extended families and their surrounding communities. Arendt argues that the origins of totalitarianism in the twentieth century have been too simplistically attributed to nationalism, and totalitarianism has been too easily defined as a government characterized by authoritative single-party rule. Arendt also

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA argues that scholars and leaders have mistakenly equated nationalism and imperialism.

Arendt rejects the notion that a dictatorship is necessarily totalitarian.

Dictatorships can be totalitarian, but they are not inherently totalitarian. Totalitarian governments are characterized by their replacement of all prior traditions and political institutions with new ones that serve the specific and singular goal of the totalitarian state. Totalitarian governments strive for global rule and are distinguished by their successful organization of the masses. In fact, Arendt argues that totalitarianism is significantly less likely to originate in locations with small populations.

Arendt also argues that modern totalitarian regimes are defined by their use of terror. Totalitarian terror is used indiscriminately; it is directed at enemies of the regime and obedient followers without distinction. Arendt argues that, for modern totalitarian regimes, terror is not a means to an end, but an end in itself. Arendt states that modern totalitarian regimes used alleged laws of history and nature that noted for example, the inevitability of war between chosen and lesser races, to justify terror. Arendt also argues that the bourgeoisie‘s rise in power eroded the political realm as a space for freedom and deliberative consensus and contributed to the amenability of populations to totalitarianism. According to Arendt, the appeal of totalitarian ideologies is their ability to present a clear idea that promises protection from insecurity and danger. After World War I and the Great Depression, societies were more receptive to these ideas. These ideas are fictional and the success of totalitarianism hinges on the regime‘s ability to effectively obscure the distinctions between reality and fiction. One way this is accomplished is through propaganda.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.4.1 The characteristics of Totalitarianism

Based on The Origins of Totalitarianism (1958) Hannah Arendt mentions the characteristics of totalitarianism:

1. An elaborate ideology, consisting of an official body of doctrine covering all

vital aspects of man‘s existence to which everyone living in that society is

supposed to adhere, at least passively; this ideology is characteristically

focused and projected towards a perfect final state of mankind, that is to say,

it contains a chiliastic claim, based upon a radical rejection of the existing

society with conquest of the world for the new one.

2. A single mass party typically led by one man, the ―dictator‖ and consisting of

a relatively small percentage of the total population (up to 10 percent) of men

and women, a hard core of them passionately and unquestioningly dedicated

to the ideology and prepared to assist in every way in promoting its general

acceptance, such a party being hierarchically, oligarchically organized and

typically either superior to, or completely intertwined with, the governmental

bureaucracy.

3. A system of terror, whether physical or psychic, effected through party and

secret police control, supporting but also supervising the party for its leader

and characteristically directed not only against demonstrable ―enemies‖ of the

regime nbut against more or less arbitrarily selected classes of the population;

the terror whether of the secret police or of party-directed social pressure

systematically exploits modern science, and more especially scientific

psychology.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4. A technology conditioned, near complete monopoly of control, in the hands

of the party of the government, of all means of effective mass

communication, such as the press, radio and motion picture.

5. A similarly technologically conditioned, near complete monopoly of the

effective use of all weapons of armed combat

6. A central control and direction of the entire economy through the

bureaucratic coordination of formerly independent corporate entities,

typically including most other associations and group activities.

2.4.2 The impact of Totalitarianism

The influence of social, political and economic systems which interact upon the individual is a major concern related to human behavior. This concern is derived from the realization that the human being is significantly affected by characteristics of his environment. Normal behavior is often perceived in term ofthe existing traditions, attitudes, customs and values of the society. G. Barry Morris (1974) stated that the emotionally stable individual, for the most part, is perceived as being inner- directed, authentic, spontaneous, creative, integrated, rational, productive and transparent. All of those characteristics will find in society who lives without firm pressure from the country, nor society who lives under democratic or liberal government.

In totalitarian regime, all of the society of inmates will never have a private life, and also all of their action will be watching by the government.Based on

Classical conditioning theory that human or animal will learning a new behavior via the process of association.At first the society under totalitarian regime unconsciously

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA think that the country already make their best to lead them to the right way, but slowly the instinct of human will arise and the society will start to wonder and feel uncomfortable. When they finally conscious, that will change their behavior because they finally understand that the country just run a dehumanizing condition on them.

According to G. Barry Morris (1974), in an attempt to remain "human" these individuals may reject the enforced codes of conduct, and become frustrated, hostile, aggressive and rebellious. For instance, some prison inmates react negatively to their forced adaptation to the regulations of the correctional institute, and become rebellious.

Non-conforming behavior of this nature is usually attributed to the psychologically disturbed and in all likelihood would not be tolerated by the governing institutions. Extinction of non-conforming tendencies would result and reconditioning would ensure adaptation. These personality traits have been related to the inmate's unwillingness to accept the dehumanizing conditions of the institution.

Inmates who reject the institution are, for the most part considered emotionally disturbed. Evidence to the contrary, however, has indicated that non-conforming inmates are more psychologically healthy than conforming inmates.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2.5 Review of Related Studies

- Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The origin of totalitarianism. Schocken Books.

This book helps the writer to understand the origin of totalitarianism. It contains three chapter ―anti-semitism‖, ―imperialism‖ and ―totalitarianism‖, and the first two chapter is the most important contribution to totalitarian movement. This book also explain the characteristics of totalitarianism that help the writer to clearly understand about totalitarianism.

- Friedrich, C J. & Brzezinski, Z. K. 1956. Totalitarian dictatorship and

autocracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

This book helps the writer to understand the characteristic of totalitarianism.

- Pospisil, Jan. 2015. “The Historical Development of Dystopian Literature”.

Faculty of Arts. Palackeho V Olomouci University. Czech Republic

This journal explain about dystopian literature, the general concept and its origins.

There is also an analysis of dystopian works that helps the writer get a clear explanation.

- Morris, G. Barry. 1974. Irrational beliefs, life orientation and temporal

perspective of prison inmates. Ph.D thesis, University of Alberta.

This journal contains the impact of inmates under the totalitarian regime. First the author explain about the healthy behavior of person who live normally and compared it to the person who live under the repression state especially totalitarianism.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

3.1 Research Design

The method that is used in analyzing the data of We is library research in

collecting the data and also qualitative research. Library research is an activity in

collecting the data by visiting the library, collecting the source data that related to

the object of research, learning and quoting the data from books, documents, and

internet as well. In other word, this research does not do research in a field. Its

scope is broader than just a field. There are 4 characteristics of this research

according to Zed (2004:4): first, the researcher dealing directly to the text;

second, library or reference data is ready-made; third, library or reference data

generally is a secondary source; fourth, library or reference data is not limited by

space and time.

Descriptive qualitative research is a research procedure that produces descriptive data such as words, notes that related to the meaning, value and definition according to Bogdan and Taylor (1975:5). This research does not need any calculation in the process. It does not emphasize on the quantum or amount, so it more emphasis on quality in terms of natural because it involves understanding, concepts, values and characteristics inherent to the object of other research.

3.2 Data and Data Source

The data source of this study is basically divided into two; primary and

secondary data. Primary data is derived from the novel .The source data of this

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA research is the novel We written by Yevgeny Zamyatin. This novel was published

in 1921 which consists of 195 pages. The data of this research is words, phrase,

and sentence portrayed totalitarianism in it.

Secondary data is derived from books, the internet as well as journals to

find relevant information related to totalitarianism. The primary and secondary

data are all written in words form. Therefore, the data to be used are in form of

word, phrases and sentences.

3.3 Data Collection Procedure

In collecting the data, there are several steps to take. Firstly, the writer reads the novels to comprehend the stories thoroughly. Secondly, the study involves gathering data from related books, journals and articles related to totalitarianism.

Then thirdly, the writer will go through the collected data thoroughly to get the necessary information found in the data for any further explanations. This involves underlining important data, classify the similarities and differences of oppression found in both novels as well as quoting parts from the novels to provide evidence of what is stated. Finally, all the collected data will be selected and organized accordance to its use to carry on with further analysis.

3.4 Data Analysis Procedure

After collecting all the data, the next step is to analyze all those selected data to prove what are written in the objective of this thesis and finally the writer can draw the conclusion for this thesis. The descriptive method is applied in analyzing the data. Descriptive method is used to describe the main data from the novel. Those main data are presented in the form of quotation to prove the analysis.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

We is a novel written by Yevgeny Zamyatin, a novelist from Russia. Wetells about a world where everything is ruled by a single leader, a world where you will be watch 24 hours per day, and 7 days per week. A world where you are identified as a mix number and letter, a world where happiness means no freedom, a world where dreams are disease, your physical needs like having sex is organized by the government, you cannot eat your favorite food because there is only one kind of food, even you will live in a room made of glass so you will not plan harm activities that banned by the government. Yevgeny Zamyatin as the writer of the novel, used the main character point of view. His name is D-503, an engineer working on a spaceship that will be launched by OneState to fulfill their goals, which is to dominate the world. Everyone in OneState is invited to compose treatise, epic poems, manifestos, odes, or other compositions dealing with the beauty and grandeur ofOneState and it will be carried by the Integral, so any kinds of creatures out there will understand how great and strong OneState is. D-503 also wrote a lot of letters, but he called it "records" and every day he will write every moment he experience at

OneState.

“I, D-503, Builder of the Integral, am only one of the mathematicians of the One State. My pen, accustomed to figures, does not know how to create the music of assonances and rhymes. I shall merely attempt to record what I see and think, or, to be more exact, what “We” think (precisely so—”We” , and let this “We” be the title of my record”

(Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:4)

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA In OneState, each cipher must follow every rule that has been made. If anyone is caught planning a rebellion, they will be sent to be eliminated in a high- pressure machine, while everyone who does things that marks as an abnormal behavior such as dreaming, smiling, or self-consciousness, they will be facing a surgery called The Great Operation where a part of their brain related to passion and creativity is removed.

Totalitarianism a political concept that become the theme of this novel, is regulates all aspects of human life starting from private to public life and also determines which things are good and which things are bad. Thus, every cipher will no longer have spontaneity in themselves, because everything has a benchmark in their environment. In this novel, the ruler want each cipher to live like machines, so that they will live according to the program determined by the authorities. There is no spontaneity or rebellion, all of this happened to make an easier way for the ruler to achieve the goals without having to get resistance from the ciphers. OneState itself has a tagline:

“Long live OneState, Long live Numbers, Long live the Benefactor!”

4.1 The characteristics of totalitarianism of the main character

After analyzing the novel, the writer finds three general characteristics of totalitarianism along with two impacts. The characteristics are an elaborate ideology, led by one man, and secret police, while the impacts are frustrated and rebellion.

4.1.1 An elaborate ideology

When it comes to speak of ‗ideology‘ it refer to the regime‘s official perspective on reality: a set of ideas that is considered to hold the key to the past, the present and the future. OneState is portrayed as a country in this novel and contains

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA and ideology. As we know, every government needs an ideology as a benchmark.

Ideology is also needed to give direction and purpose to the life that is aspired to.

According to Koento Wibisono, there are three important elements in ideology, namely beliefs, myths and loyalty. One of the ideological elements namely loyalty is the thing that is shown by the main character, through their thoughts and behavior. In

OneState there is also an ideology, and the ideology is happiness without freedom.

The ruler gives everything Ciphers need to be happy, except freedom. As it looks in the following quote:

“Those two, in paradise, we‟re given a choice: happiness without freedom, or freedom without happiness. There was no third alternative. Those idiots chose freedom, and what came of it? Of course, for ages afterward they longed for the chains. The chains—you understand? That's what world sorrow was about For ages! And only we have found the way of restoring happiness. ... No more of that confusion about good and evil. Everything is simple—heavenly, childishly simple. The Benefactor, the Machine, the Cube, the Gas Bell, the Guardians—all this is good, all this is sublime, magnificent, noble, elevated, crystally pure. Because it protects our unfreedom—that is, our happiness.

The quotation above portrays how OneState chose happiness without freedom than freedom without happiness. The words "those idiots" refer to their ancestor, D-

503 believe that when their ancestor choose freedom it will never bring happiness to their live and they even will live in sorrow because they chose it. Thus when the ruler give happiness without freedom, D-503 believes that this is the best for them, because there is no need to discuss which ones are good and bad, because everything has been determined by the authorities, and as a citizen in OneState all they can do is

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to follow what the ruler dictated.Then, for the ciphers happiness is when their freedom is prohibited.

“And happiness ... well, after all, desires torment us, don't they? And, clearly, happiness is when there are no more desires, not one . . .” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:177)

In the quotation above, it is also explained that desire is one of the factors that causes the destruction of the people, and to achieve happiness they have to release their desire. In other words they believe to reach happiness is to lay down their life to the hand of the Benefactor, they will be shaping into the perfect shape of what the ruler want.

D-503 also explained, that to suppress the desire to do criminal things, human can be compared with the aero and its speed. When the speed lowered to zero the machine automatically stop the motion. Same with human being, he believe that when human‘s freedom is being restrain it will lowered the possibility to do some kind of criminal cases, or it will be easier to avoid the criminal attitude.

“Freedom and crime are linked as indivisibly as ... Well, as the motion of the aero and its speed: when its speed equals zero, it does not move; when man's freedom equals zero, he commits no crimes. That is clear. The only means of ridding man of crime is ridding him of freedom” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:36)

In quotation above, the ruler of OneState is succeed to form ciphers‘ mindset, where they believe human is equal to machine. Ciphers are compared with machines, and are expected to live like machines. Where the engine moves after the program and

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA the engine certainly move without error, it is something very perfect for OneState itself.

“Why is the dance beautiful? Answer: because it is nonfree movement, because all of the fundamental significance of the dance lies precisely in its aesthetic subjection, its ideal nonfreedom.” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921: 6)

As a loyal, indoctrinated Ciphers of OneState, D-503 believes that happiness comes from complete subjugation to a greater power. D-503 holds that freedom and the uncertainty it brings lead to fear and frustration. The only answer is to allow one's self to be controlled. When he sees machines working, he admires their perfect subjection to a pre-planned motion. Machines, by definition, have no free will: they simply complete the actions they are programmed to perform. D-503 dreams of a day that humans can achieve the same total subjection.

4.1.2 Led by one man

In democracy government, the president and vice president becomes an icon of the State and leads the State to progress and develop, but its performance is monitored by the highest council, as for Indonesia we called it as Majelis

Permusyawaratan Rakyat and Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat. While in a totalitarian government, there is only one person who has power over the entire community. In

OneState, the place where the novel sets, someone who is in charge of all aspects of the lives of its inhabitants, and who fully controls their life , is called The Benefactor.

D-503 personally highly appreciates The Benefactor and considers that everything that has been done by The Benefactor is true and brings D-503 to the present. These quotations below will show how Benefactor praised as God;

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “Long live the One State, long live the numbers, long live the Benefactor!” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:4)

Their live is rely on The Benefactor‘s hand because the ciphers believe that it is the only way to achieve happiness and protection:

“Tomorrow we once more place the keys to the unshakable fortress of our happiness into the hands ofthe Benefactor” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:132)

“And to expel the warped bolt, we have the skilled, heavy hand of the Benefactor and the experienced eyes of the Guardians.” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:15)

The quotations above shows how The Benefactor became the center in cipher‘s life. The Benefactor is seen as a figure of God in religion, which produces everything that is good and must be obeyed by its commands. Every activities carried out by the ciphers in OneSatet is routine and repetitive. The Benefactor is the person who organizes every basic thing in OneState, such as the Table of Hours, Personal Hours, or Maternal

Norm. Where each activity from Ciphers will be arranged and directed in the Table of

Hours, as in the morning starting from they wake up, chewing their food ie petroleum, working, going to the auditorium to carry out Taylor exercise then they will go to bed.

While for Personal Hours, some of them will say ―lower their blinds" in or walking along the avenue. other words having sex with other people with the beat of marching on, or just sitting in their desk and still doing their work

“Every morning, with six-wheeled precision, at the same hour and the same moment, we— millions of us—get up as one. At the same hour,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA in million-headed unison, we start work; and in million-headed unison we end it And, fused into a single million-handed body, at the same second, designated by the Table, we lift our spoons to our mouths. At the same second, wecome out for our walk, go to the auditorium, go to the hall for Taylor exercises, fall asleep....”

In the shade of OneState, none of the Ciphers is a person, only one from a group. Therefore they declare themselves as "We" not "I". The Benefactor is present to take every individuality in each Ciphers, then instill the thought of all Ciphers that they are a part of something. Ciphers are formed into machines to live without a single mistake, predictable and also completely happy.

Each day has its own schedule, and each editor will move according to a set schedule, except in each of their personal hours, where they will be given one hour and twice a day. In Personal hours, every time you are free to do things they need to do outside of a predetermined schedule.

“Twice a day, from sixteen to seventeen, and from twenty-one to twenty-two, the single mighty organism breaks up into separate cells; these are the Personal Hours designated by the Table. In these hours you will see modestly lowered shades in the rooms of some; others will walk with measured tread along the avenue, as though climbing the brass stairs of the March; still others, like myself now, are at their desks.”

Sexual activities are not prohibited in OneState, and each Ciphers can engage in sexual activity at the personal hours. Each Ciphers has a partner for sex day, and is allowewd more than one. Every time a woman will end up in a man's room for sexual activity, he will give a pink ticket as a sign. And the purpose of sexual activity

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA or sex day is not to increase the number of Ciphers from OneState, or to have fun, but to be a part of their biological needs.If the ciphers experiences a pregnancy, then he will be forced to have an abortion.

The Benefactor itself ruled quite firmly, where OneState itself owns Gas Bell, also known as The Benefactor machine, which aims to eliminate every cipher who did not comply with established regulations. When the D-503 gets caught taking

Integral, The Benefactor contacts him via telephone. He also met The Benefactor.

“D-503? Ah…You‟re speaking to the Benefactor. Report to me immediately!” Dink: he hung up. Dink. (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921 : 2013)

D-503 is a loyal ciphers and trust to build the Integral for the state, but for the

Benefactor betrayal is a kind of crime he could not tolerate. He lead D-503 to the Gas

Bell, to make D-503 confess who lead him to do the betrayal. In the end, The

Benefactor convincedD-503 to believe that the life they have in OneState is perfect and D-503 should not do the betrayal again.

4.1.3 Secret Police

In order to run the country The Benefactor has secret police. Here in

OneState the secret police called as guardian. As the OneState's architecture mainly depends on glass, all buildings are transparent. The view is best captured by D-503's words describing a typical morning in the OneState

“There we‟re no longer any boundaries between sky and earth”

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA

“…We had nothing to hide from another”

Indeed Ciphers has nothing to hide as everything is communal, shared, and, most importantly, identical. The transparent made of glass buildings, help the secret police to monitored all activities in OneState. Ciphers only allowed to lower the blinds in personal hour but especially in sex day. Besides that times, no one can ever lower their blinds.

“At all other times we live behind our transparent walls that seem woven of gleaming air—we are always visible, always washed in light we have nothing to conceal from one another. Besides, this makes much easier the difficult and noble task of the Guardians” (D-503, 1921:19)

Every letter they receive is also checked by the officer. There is a cipher who work to read all the letter that tended to other Ciphers, her name is U. After she already read all the letters, the guardian had to read the letter too. D-503 also mistaken someone who read his letter in the train as a guardian. The guardian who spy on cipher‘s life is not someone who dressed like a police nor have special uniform that make them different than other cipher, that is why D-503 can not make sure which cipher is a guardian nor only a normal cipher.

More than that, the same routine that could find in the Table of Hours is to be found in the system of a typical prison: waking up at a specific time, walking in a specific way, wearing the same clothes, eating the same food. All the ciphers must come to the guardian office to report any things that they do mistakenly or out of their daily routine. D-503 also comparing the ancient guardian and the guardians in

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA OneState, but while the ancestor had an invisible guardian, OneState‘s guardian is materialized in their daily life

... Be quiet! Look that way—you see, behind the wall?" "Yes, A shadow." "He follows me all the time ... I cannot. You understand—I must not. I'll write two words— you'll take the note and go alone. I know he will remain here." (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:185)

The guardian works in silence, they follow every cipher that looks distrustful behind their back. But OneState made with glass wall that make they can never be hide from anything. D-503 actually aware that he is followed by a guardian and it makes him move smoothly so the guardian will not find any kind of something distrustful.

“..eat, will you? They‟re watching you!” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921 : 211)

Even little strange activity can report as something harm, the guardian make

sure that every cipher function as what they are program.

Secret police is everywhere, to monitored everyone. The guardian is the eye

of Benefactor, they runs around the state, pay attention to all the Ciphers and keep

them to stays in the track.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 4.2 The impact of totalitarianism

Every action result a reaction. The Benefactor rule firmly hard, but he applied it smoothly. Here the writer chose to analyze two impact of totalitarianism that portrayed in We, which is frustrated and rebellion.

4.2.1 Frustrated

G. Barry Morris in his journal stated that “the human being is significantly affected by characteristics of his environment.” According to the characteristics of totalitarian political system which the writer already explain above, all the ciphers live with routines, exclusively monitored 24 hours per day and 7 days per week, surrounding by glass wall, ruled by whom they believe as a well doer called the

Benefactor and unconsciously sacrifice their self to the state. This is what all the ciphers know until the rest of their life. Also the propaganda about “Happiness without freedom” where they also believe as the answer to gain their happiness is to obliterate the desire, because desire drive human uncontrolled.

“And happiness ... well, after all, desires torment us, don't they? And, clearly, happiness is when there are no more desires, not one . . .” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:177)

One of character in this novel is D-503, he is one of the loyal ciphers in

OneState. He also the only one mathematician in OneState, which make him become one of the Integral builder.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA “I, D-503, Builder of the Integral, am only one

of the mathematicians of the One State”

(Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:4)

He grown up knowing OneState is the best place to live because the ancient people is so wild and live without any rules.

“I have read and heard many incredible things about those times when people still lived in a free, i.e., unorganized, savage condition. But most incredible of all, it seems to me, is that the state authority of that time—no matter how rudimentary —could allow men to live without anything like our Table, without obligatory walks, without exact regulation of mealtimes, getting up and going to bed whenever they felt like it Some historians even say that in those times the street lights burned all night, and people walked and drove around in the streets at all hours of the night” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:13)

That is why, when D-503 faced with new things, which is out of his habits and things that he knows about the state, he feels frustrated. The pressure of logic and feeling he have make him even more frustrated and difficult to accept this new situation.

What makes him clearly have a frustrated feeling is when he started to dream which is an abnormal things in OneState.

“what nonsense! Clearly I must be ill. I have never dreamed before. They say that with the ancients dreaming was a perfectly ordinary, normal occurrence. We, however, know that dreams are a serious psychic disease. Yes,

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA precisely: I feel some alien body in my brain, like the finest eyelash in the eye” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921 : 33)

His frustrated feeling become clearer when day by day he finally realized that he is fall in love with other cipher named I-330.

“There were two of me. The former one, D- 503, number D-503, and the other ... Before, he had just barely shown his hairy paws from within the shell; now all of him broke out, the shell cracked; a moment, and it would fly to pieces and ... And then ... what?” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:56) Here, D-503 cannot understand himself. He stated that he become two person in one body. The one when he is being loyal to the country and the other is D-503 who hardly fell in love with I-330. The frustrated D-503 cannot choose which one.

D-503 is a loyal cipher and work hard for OneState, whilst I-330 is a rebel woman and also a member of group who wants to destroy OneState. Just like Romeo and Juliet, it is hard to unify two different kingdom and have a tragic end. Even D-

503 often get frustrated, he still looking for I-330.

4.2.2. Rebellion

In OneState there is a group called MEPHI, that planed to broke the green wall of OneState so everyone will reunited again. This group works underground, some of them live secretly out of OneState, but some of them still live in OneState to runs their mission. One of them is I-330, a cipher which is loved by D-503 the builder of the integral. I-330 ask D-503 to go to the ancient house, where for the first time D-503 finally see the world without glass, a world besides OneState. The first

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA small rebellion that had taken by I-330 is when she refused to call the woman in

Ancient House as a cipher just like her, but she chose to call the woman as

Grandmother.

At the glass door, an old woman, all wrinkled, especially her mouth—nothing but folds and pleats, the lips sunk inward, as if the mouth had grown together somehow. It seemed incredible that she would still be able to speak. And yet, she spoke. "Well, darlings, so you've come to see my little house?" And the wrinkles beamed” "Yes, Grandmother, I felt like seeing it again," said I-330. (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:26)

When they entered the Ancient House, I-330 changed her clothes with old-fashioned dress, short, bright yellow and had on a black hat and black stockings. It was a style that their ancestor used to wear, but I-330 put it on and showed it to D-503. But D-

503 feels uneasy.

"Look, you are clearly trying to be original, but don't you ..." "Clearly," she interrupted me, "to be original is to be in some way distinct from others. Hence, to be original is to violate equality. And that which in the language of the ancients was called 'being banal' is with us merely the fulfillment of our duty. (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:30)

I-330 often breaks OneState laws without any hesitation. She drinks, smoke, and even missed her works. She did it tenderly that no guardians realized what she actually did, nor she also have some insiders who help her through everything.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA D-503‘s love for I-330 has changed him a little bit. He also influenced to do some rebellious thing just to make him stay close to I-330. Two days before the launched of the Integral, I-330 ask D-503 to join the rebellion. She tells D-503 to taking over the Integral and locked other ciphers in the dining room, so that the

Integral will demolish the green wall.

“I-330 flung everything at me immediately, without preliminaries. “I know: the Integral is to make its first, trial flight the day after tomorrow. On that day we shall seize it” “when the lunch bell will ring and everyone will go to the dining room, we shall remain in the corridor, lock them in, and the Integral is ours.... Do you understand— it must be done, at any cost. The Integral in our hands will be the weapon that will help us finish everything quickly, painlessly, at once” (Yevgeny Zamyatin, 1921:168)

I-330 as a part of MEPHI, become a leader of the rebellion. She manage a strategies to make their goals become true, to make the world become one again. She want D-503 also understand how this rebellion will result the better life than they have now in OneState. I-330 in her mind believes that stability is stagnation, she is sick of the daily routines that OneState had occurred. She also believe that all they need is a revolution.

"My dear—you are a mathematician. More— you are a philosopher, a mathematical philosopher. Well, then: name me the final number." "But that's preposterous! If the number of numbers is infinite, how can there be a final number?" "Then how can there be a final revolution? There is no final one; revolutions are infinite.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The final one is for children: children are frightened by infinity, and it's important that children sleep peacefully at night..." The revolution refers to the broken OneState, to make a new life without any giant glass wall around them, without the ruler of OneState, without any secret police, without identical unifs. I-330 need a revolution not only for them but for the children, the future. D-503 still with his believe on OneState could not accepted what

I-330 think.

I-330 is extremely dedicated to the rebellion, refusing to betray her cause even under torture. In the end when both of D-503 and I-330 got caught by the secret police they have to turn off the Integral and D-503 brought to the Benefactor to confess his relation with I-330. He almost jump to the Benefactor machine, but he passed it and the Benefactor decided all the ciphers will take the Great Operation as soon as possible. When I-330 finally brought to the Benefactor and put in the gas bell, she is still uphold the rebellion.

“In the evening of the same day, I sat (for the first time) at the same table with the Benefactor in the famous Gas Chamber. She was to testify in my presence. The woman smiled and was stubbornly silent.” Even she tortured by the gas bell but all she did is just giving the Benefactor an ear to ear smile. She never said a word, until she took her last breath. And that was the last great rebellion from I-330.

“Then she was pulled out, quickly restored with the aid of electrodes, and placed once more under the Bell. This was repeated three times—and still she did not say a word” Although I-330 passed away, actually she never died in vain. Her rebellion help MEPHI to slowly pulverize the giant glass. In the last records, D-503 ended

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA skeptically knowing parts of OneState filled with chaos and corpses, but still stated that OneState must get win.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion

Based on the result of analysis and finding of totalitarianism and its impact which have been conducted on the novel ofWeby Yevgeny Zamyatin, it can be concluded that:

1. Totalitarianism is a kind of political system where the state recognized no

limits to its authority and strives to control every aspect of public and

private life wherever feasible. Totalitarianism that found in the novel, only

have three characteristics out of six characteristics that stated by Hannah

Arendt. The first one is an elaborate ideology, the second one is led by

one man, and the last characteristics is secret police.

2. Here the writer also found that there are only two impacts out of four

impacts that mentioned by G. Barry Morris. The impact of totalitarianism

found in the novel, are frustrated and rebellion. Human being is

significantly affected by characteristics of his environment. Human

instinct also develop the behavior that appear under totalitarian regime.

When D-503 meet I-330 and experience all new things that I-330 showed

him, it make him get frustrated. He is one of OneState‘s loyal ciphers, he

knows all the laws in One State but when fall in love with I-330 it make

him frustrated and cannot chose which one he have to follow. In the end,

under the Benefactor control, he finally became One State loyal ciphers

again.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA If human be tamed with a number of orders and rules, then he will curious

and looking for opportunities with things were forbidden. That also works

with ciphers in One State, they works underground to bring down One

State, so it will start a new era where all the ciphers and other people who

live outside One State can reunited and live without artificial things and

firm government.

5.2 Suggestion

The writer here wants to suggest the reader to appreciate the freedom that you still have. Free will is very important thing in human life. When someone loses his free will he ceases to be a human, but more like a machine. However, how totalitarianism is use to rule a state is one thing that should be abolished, because it takes man free will in very extreme way. Hannah Arendt specifically explain the rise of totalitarianism from her era and stated that ―it will no more disappear with the death of Stalin, than it disappeared with the fall of Nazi Germany‖, but it does not rule out the possibility that totalitarianism will rise again. That is why, human should appreciate all the freedom that they still have.

The writer realizes that this thesis is far from perfection and still has many weaknesses and mistakes. Therefore the writer suggests the readers who interested in analyzing the works of Yevgeny Zamyatin ( We ) do further research.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA REFERENCES

Arendt, Hannah. 1995. Asal usul totaliterisme : jilid III. Jakarta : Yayasan Obor

Indonesia

Arendt, Hannah. 1958. The origin of totalitarianism. Schocken Books.

Bogdan dan Taylor, 1975 dalam J. Moleong, Lexy. 1989.Metodologi Penelitian

Kualitatif. Bandung: Remadja Karya

Creative Common Attribution. 2017. Dystopia. Retrieved from

Newworldencyclopedia.org/dystopia. (Accessed 25th July 2018)

Kennedy, X. J and Gioia, Dana. 2016. Literature: An introduction to fiction, poetry,

drama, and writing. New York: Pearson

Marcus, Greil and Sollors, Werner. 2009. A New Literary History of America. United

States: Harvard University Press

Mitchell, G. Duncan., 1979. A Dictionary of Social Science Second Edition. New

York: Aldine Publishers

Morris, G. Barry. 1974. Irrational beliefs, life orientation and temporal perspective

of prison inmates. Canada: University of Alberta.

Pospisil, Jan. 2015. “The Historical Development of Dystopian Literature”. Czech

Republic: Palackeho V Olomouci University.

Robert, Edgar and Jacobs, Henry E.. 1955. Literature: An Introduction to Reading

and Writing. New Jersey: Prentice – Hall, Inc.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Wellek, Rene and Warren, Austin .1956. Literature: Theory of Literature third

edition. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc.

Zamyatin, Yevgeny.1924. We. New York: E.P. Dutton.

Zed, M.. 2004. Metodologi Penelitian Kepustakaan. Jakarta: Yayasan Obor

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA APPENDICES

Yevgeny Zamyatin’s biography and works

Yevgeny Ivanovich Zamyatin was born on February 1 (January 20 in Old

Style) 1884, in Lebedyan, Tambov province, Russia. His father, Ivan Dmitrievich

Zamyatin was a Russian Orthodox priest and a schoolmaster. His mother, Maria

Aleksandarobna was a pianist. Young Zamyatin grew up at the family estate, where he read voraciously, and his mother played his favorite music of Frederic Chopin.

Young Zamyatin excelled in literature and mathematics. From 1896-1902 he studied at the Voronezh Gymnasium and graduated with the Gold Medal. He studied naval engineering at the St. Petersburg Polytechnical Institute from 1902-1908.

While a student he joined the Bolshevik (communist) party. In 1905 Zamyatin participated in the student demonstration against the Tsar Nicholas II and was arrested and exiled. In 1906 he returned from exile and continued his studies in

Finland. In 1908 Zamyatin graduated as a naval engineer, and worked at the

Department of Naval Architecture of Russian Imperial Navy in St. Petersburg. He was exiled to Nikolaev shipyard in 1911 but was amnestied in 1913. He continued his work and wrote several articles on ship construction. During WWI he was sent to

Engand and worked at shipyards of London, Glassgow, Sunderland, and Newcastle upon Tyne in 1916-1917, supervising the construction of icebreakers. There

Zamyatin was in charge of design and building of the largest Russian icebreaker "St.

Aleksandr Nevsky" (renamed icebreaker "Lenin" after the Russian Revolution of

1917).

Zamyatin's early stories 'Odin' (Alone 1908), 'Devushka' (Maid 1909) were published in magazines, while he lived in St. Petersburg illegally. His first book

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 'Uezdnoe' (A Provincial Tale 1912) satirized life in a small Russian town. It was praised by Maxim Gorky and other important literary figures. Zamyatin's anti- military story 'Na Kulichkah' (At The World's End 1913) was a satire on Russian military. The book was banned by the Russian military censorship and all copies were destroyed. Zamyatin was brought to trial and exiled to the Northern shipyard of

Kem. Later he was acquitted but the book remained under ban. After the Russian

Revolution of 1917, he returned from England to Russia, and again published his previously banned book 'Na Kulichkah'. Zamyatin called for salvation of culture, freedoms, and human values, because he was shocked by the deterioration of life after the Russian Revolution. From 1919-1925 Zamyatin worked with Maxim Gorky,

Alexander Block, and Nikolai Gumilev on the World Literature project, for which he edited Russian translations of such writers, as O. Henry, H. G. Wells, Jack London, and others. In 1921 Zamyatin became associated with the literary group

"Serapionovy Bratya" (Serapion Brothers), with such writers, as Mikhail Zoschenko,

Konstantin Fedin, Vsevolod Ivanov, Veniamin Kaverin, Yuriy Olesha, Nikolai

Tikhonov, and others. At that time Zamyatin fearlessly criticized Soviet policy of

"Red Terror" and intimidation of intellectuals.

In 1920 Zamyatin wrote his anti-Utopian novel 'My' (We), which was smuggled to Berlin, then to the United States and was first published in English in

1924. 'We' was the very first anti-Utopian novel ever written. In 'We' Zamyatin satirized a totalitarian police-controlled One State (or United State in some translations), where people have numbers rather than names, and every moment of their day is regulated by the Table of Hours. Tamed people live in glass homes and even sex is rationed with pink coupons. The One State is surrounded by a wall of glass and outside is an untamed wilderness of green jungle, where free people live.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA The main hero, named D-503, is a mathematician who is building a gigantic spaceship for One State, which will serve the plan of enforcing the "Happiness" of

One State all-over the Universe. D-503 is oblivious to real human feelings until he falls in love with I-330; she helps him develop a soul and imagination. She also connects him to a pro-freedom group living in the green jungle. Brainwashed D-503 is incapable of building a reliable relationship with I-330, he betrays her love and coldly watches her execution. With other obedient citizens of One State, D-503 is forced to undergo the "rewarding" Great Operation, which destroys the part of the brain which controls creativity, imagination and passion. That turns them back into

"happy" members of the perfect society, that is to say, a machine.

The publication abroad of We was one of the reasons for the repressive campaign launched against many writers in 1929. Zamyatin announced his withdrawal from the

Russian Association of Proletarian Writers (RAPP) and for all practical purposes ceased to be considered a Soviet author. He was no longer published, and his plays, which he had begun to write in 1923 and which had run successfully in theatres, were removed from the repertory. In 1931, after his appeal to Soviet leader Joseph

Stalin and the intervention of writer Maxim Gorky on his behalf, Zamyatin was granted permission to leave the Soviet Union for an extended stay abroad. He lived in Paris for the rest of his life. His literary productivity during those years was scant.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA Summary of We novel

We set 1,000 years after a revolution that brought the One State into power.

Citizens are known only by their number, and the story's protagonist is D-503, an engineer working on a spaceship that aims to bring the glorious principles of the

Revolution to space. This world is ruled by the Benefactor, and presided over by the

Guardians. They spy on citizens, who all live in apartments made of glass so that they can be perfectly observed. Trust in the system is absolute.

D-503 is a builder of spaceship in One State that believe he has a perfect life, he even pity the society in the past that live with freedom. Everything change when

D-503 meet I-330. I-330 doing things that breaking the rule of One State, she even ask him to join the MEPHI, a group of people outside of One State that want to break the glass wall of One State so everyone could reunited. At first, D-503 really hate her. As time goes by, D-503 finally found that all the things that he wanted is I-330, he fall in love with her. He started to dream, which in One State is a kind of disease.

Sometime after that, D-503 undergoes an operation—that everyone gets to go through—that completely burns all of the emotions out of his brain. When they are done, he cheerfully tells them all about MEPHI and his various zany undertakings with them. I-330 gets arrested, but not even torture gets her to break and she goes to her death without regrets. This should probably upset D-503, but that whole lobotomy thing really seems to work.

Meanwhile, MEPHI's been awfully busy and even with D-503's betrayal, their great work is underway. Parts of the wall have collapsed. Birds are returning to the city. Riots are breaking out and those pesky emotions the State is trying so hard

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA to stamp out seem to be reasserting themselves. D-503 expresses hope that the State will triumph, the novel ends with One State's survival in doubt.

UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA