MOUNTAIN FEVER in the 1847 MORMON PIONEER COMPANIES Jay A

MOUNTAIN FEVER IN THE 1847 MORMON PIONEER COMPANIES Jay A. Aldous

The cause of mountain fever has been debated for two individuals were debilitated from their long period years, but this query has additional interest because of of exposure and stamation Also, the American River the sesquicentennial year of the arrival of the Mormon near Saaamento is hardly in the mountains. Other pioneers in the Salt Lake Valley. Indeed, one may ask accounts place Elizabeth's death in the Siena Nevada what effect this disease had on the 1847Mormon pioneer Mountains during her escape from the camp at Truckee companies. This paper attempts to determine to what (Dormer) Lake. Whatever the cause of illness, both of extent the disease affected the progress of the 1847 pio- these victims succumbed. neer companies and, in particular, the Brigham Young Company. Rebecca Nutting Woodson, on her way to California in 1850, wrote: "When we was coming down the moun- The term mountain fever is apparently a catch-all tain there was several of us took sick with mountain term referred to in many western histories. One histori- fever I took it before we crossed the summit of the cal writer, George Stewart, speaks of this condition as Rockies."s This case would have occurred on the east "that vague disease called 'mountain fever,' which seems side of South Pass. Tbis victim lived, but her use of the to have meant any fever you had when you were in the term mountain fever indicates she would expect the read- mountains."l Additionally, Dr. Ralph T. Richards, in his er to be familiar with the illness. book, OfMedicine, Hospitals and Doctors, says the following about early intermountain medicine: "Careful Caroline Findley, wife of James, wrote, "Young search of the medical literature before the middle of the James, barely twenty caught 'mountain fever' and died last century [middle 1800~1failed to reveal any mention in Oregon at the journey's end on December 23, 1847."6 of 'mountain fever.' It seems to have been a term origi- nating in the minds of trappers and 'mountain men' and Cornelia Sharp, on her way to Oregon in the 1850s, was applied to any old illness that occurred in high alti- reported: "Parts of our family sick, ourselves tired and tu&s.'T In 1859, Henry Viard, while visiting mines in our cattle exhausted. Weakened by exposure, exposed to Colomdo, reported that "the so-called mountain fever cholera and measles, susceptible to dysentery, &pendent [claimed] many victims and caused many more to aban- upon unreliable water supplies, the ernigxants were wl- don their work and seek the plains."3 nerable to all manner of sores, stomach upsets, [and] mountain feverO7'7This account only mentions a condi- Other histories and journals of the West mention tion called mountain fever, and the writer assumes the mountain fever. Edna Shemood Faircbild, a grand- reader will be familiar with the illness. daughter of Lavina Graves, a suxvivor of the Donner Party, mte: "After leaving the mountaim, most of the In another report, a member of the Boston-Newton survivors suffered with mountain fevet Jonathan and Company was taken ill with mountain fever before arriv- Elizabeth Graves had it and both died. They were on the ing at South Pass. "West of Ft Laramie the Eleazr American River Ear Sacramento at the time."4 These Ingals party passed a tent pitched along the Sweetwater

JAY A. ALDOUS is an associate professor in the department of surgery at the University of Utah, School of Medicine where he directs postdoctoral education programs in general dentistry. He had a private dental practice for 23 yem before embarking on a fourteen-year stay at the University of Utah Doctor Aldous is also interested in infec- tious diseases. In addition to membership in several professional dental organizations, he is a member of the Mormon History Association, Utah Historical Society, and Oregon-California Trails Association River. Inside, were a man and his wife, 'the man down 1851 near the Green River in present-day woming. A with mountain fever "' On the following day, they journal entry by P. V. Crawford relates, "This morning "overtook a train of 10 wagons in which 14 men were we crossed a level, sandy beach of ten miles width, to the tormented by mountain fever."8 Mary Ackley wrote in Green river feny. Here we found five good ferry boats, her drary in 1852, "Brother Jim four years old had moun- which would feny us over for three dollars each wagon, tain fever. . . . When he recovered his hair all fell out"9 by us swimming our cattle. . . . Two of my family were sick here with mountain fever, a common occurrence in Dr. John Hudson Wayman, a physician traveling to this region" By 4 July, he reports, "Weather very pleas- the gold fields in 1852, wrote in his diary on 30 June, ant, health good." Crawford later wrote on 10 July, "This after leaving Fort Laramie: day we remained at the bridge. (at Thomas' Fork near where the Sublette Cutoff meets the Fort Bridger route) I have heard of some deaths occurring from this We had a sick man in the train, who died here. His name mountain fever in such cases I think from what I was John Scott, of Missouri. He had been sick for a long have seen, that it is the result of bad management, time before leaving the States and took the mountain and when death does occur, the immediate cause is fever and it killed him We buried him here."l3 peritoneal inflammation I have visited some cases & indeed the only serious ones were of this charac- From the accounts noted above, the symptoms and ter. This imluced me to think that all fatal cases ter- outcomes vary-indicating that more than one disease minate in this way Peritoneal inflammation seems was being reported. Mormon diarists have left the best to be a natural concomitant of this mountain fever. I descriptions of what they called mountain later. The have seen a number of cases and all seeme to weare descriptions, symptoms, and courses of their illnesses [sic] this tendency. Though if properly managed were uniform enough to be considered one disease. there is no danger."' Variations in symptoms and lengths of illnesses most likely are explained by personal immunological respons- From this reference, we might assume that some fatal es. cases involved gastrointestinal complications. This would seem to be an atypical complication Comparison with current microbiological and medical descriptions suggests that Mormon mountain fever Lydia Rudd, traveling the Oregon Trail along the was what is now known as Colorado tick fever. Both DL Bear River, describes her husband's illness. In her enby Peter Olch, a student of frontier medicine, and the micro- of 23 July 1852, she reports that "Hany was taken with biology text by Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg have a chill this morning very sick we were obliged to encamp identified mountain fever as Colorado tick fever, which at noon he could not travel encamped on bear river." By is caused by a virus mnsmitted by the Roclcy Momah 26 July, Harry was better, and they traveled ten miles.11 wood tick (Demacenter andersoni).l4 The timing, symptoms, and location suggest mountain fever. Tick season begins with warm weather, but ticks may become less active when the temperature increases The country along the Oregon Trail from South Pass and humidity decreases. Ticks perch on vegetation and to the Snake River was the location of sevexal other cases move toward hosts identified by heat, odor, and odorif- of mountain fever. A cluster of cases was reported near erous excretion produced by ticks that have found a host the Portneuf River in Idaho. Charles Harper relates an Thomas Bullock reported: "mere also commences a event from 1847: "A great number of men have been fwe-hundred mile journey through eternal sage plains, taken sick within a few days. The symptoms are violent from six inches to ten feet high, where the sage is, you pain in the head and limbs but generally does not last must not expect to see any grass--but if you should hap- long until they recover. The disease spoken of still con- pen to sit down on a bush, be thanldul if you are not bit- tinues in camp but not fatal. They have nearly all had ten with 'sage ticks'; they are something like the ticks on it"12 cows, and very plaguy."ls

Another cluster of cases was reported on 29 June The winter of 1846 was severe in the Sierra Nevada Mountains and must have extended into the area around possible. Fort Bridger, for both Orson Pratt and Thomas Bullock One popular causality in historical literature is describe snow b& remaining west of Fort Bridger on "high-altitude malaria" caused by mosquitoes infected 9 July 1847.16 The delayed melting of the snow indicates from camer an.imals.l8 The symptoms, come of infec- a late summer, which may have put the Brigham Young tion, and mortality for malaria do not match the symp- Company in the maximum tick infestation period. toms and course of the disease that affected members of the Brigham Young Company. In addition, the only ani- The symptoms of Colorado tick fever have the clos- mals that carry the malaria organism outside of humans est match with the symptoms demonstrated by the are simian (primates). A more complete discussion of Mormon pioneers. The typical course of Colorado tick possible diseases and their elimination is given in Aldous fever results in a fever four to six days following the tick and Nicholes, "Wbat is Mountain Feveren1g bite and is characteized by a sudden onset of symptoms. Chills, muscle and joint pain, headache, deep pain Because of his fame, Brigham Young's bout with behind the eyes, lumbar backache, and nausea and vom- mountain fever has received more attention than the ill- iting are other symptoms that may follow. The fever may nesses of other victims. The Mormon pioneers attributed come and go. The symptoms may last a couple of days, mountain fever to the hot days and cold nights as they after which the patient may impmve. Relapses are fre- traveled across what is now Wyoming. Diarists Erastus Snow, A. P. Rockwood, John Brown, and Levi Jackman and histoxiam -+K such as Wallace Stegner .- and Preston Nibley have said many people were taken ill with mountain fever. Erastus Snow reported that at the Green River, about half the company exhibited symptoms of mountain 1 fever.20 At this point in the journey, the compaq was composed of 157 men and wome1~21 (See Exhiiit I, ''hqof Israel Roster.") If Snow's count is correct, the number of cases reported in this paper is not complete. Wilford Woodruff 1847 Pioneer Wagon Furthermore, marry addi- Carriage House Museum, Salt Lake City, Utah tional cases were reported When Brigham Young entered the Salt Lake Valley he was riding in the back of bemeen the Green and Elder Woodruff S wagon while moveringfmm the eJ2ect.s of Rocky Mountain Fevex BearRivers. In this paper, photograph by Alexander L. Baugh thutyeight people listed quent and may last for an additional three or four days.17 by name were ill with mountain fever in the 1847 companies, indicating that not all individuals afFected were The disease occurs chiefly in adult males, the group usu- recorded. (See Exhibit 11, "Mountain Fever Cases by ally with the greatest exposure to ticks. Even with the close match of symptoms and duration, we cannot be Name and Age.") sure of the cause of the disease without examination of patients and use of laboratory tests, neither of which is Only rarely did people ride in the wagons when crossing the plains because of the increased burden on It is interesting to compm the progress of the their animals. Individuals walked except when injured Brigham Young Company with the Domer Party. The or ill. Wagons were not constructed for comfortable rid- Donners made a mad with only ~~cientimprovement ing, for they had no springs. The vanguard company did to permit their passage through the Wasatch Mountains not stop for the recovery of the ill until Brigham Young while the Mormons were improvingthe Donner Road for was afflicted on the Bear River. Before that a conces- their own and future use. The Donner Party had thiay sion was made allowing some of the ill to ride in the men over fourteen years of age. The exploring and road- wagons. However, Brigham Young and A. P. Rockwood building detachment of the Brigham Young Company were transported following their illness in the back of had forty-two men To cut a road through the Wasatch Wilford WoodmE's caniage. This vehicle was the most Mountains from Fort Bridger to the Salt Lake Valley comfortable transportation in the pioneer company. took the Domer Party nineteen days, less four days of Wallace Stegner wrote: "No one in the pioneer compa- inactivity during which James Reed was securing infor- ny, and few later, died of it [mountain fever], but the joint mation about the route from Lansford Hastings. The pains and headache made riding the jolting wagons a tor- limited accounts of the Donner Party do not report illness ture."22 Levi Jackman wrote: "The stony ground that we in the area from G~enRiver to the Salt Lake Valley. The have to travel on makes it very hard for those that have Mormon groups took fifteen days, less two days to rest to ride in the wagons.'23 on Sundays. When we calculate wok days, the Domers required 450 man/days to cover the distance from Fort After Brigham Young fell ill, the company was reor- Bridger to Salt Lake Valley; and the Mormons took 546 ganized and divided into three segments. Brigham manldays, or about 20 percent longer, to cover the same Young, Heber C. Kimball, Phineas Young, and a few oth- distance. James Reed of the Donner Party makes refer- ers in eight wagons remained behind to come along as ence to a reluctance of some to put their full effort into Brigham Young was able to travel. A group of forty-two the road building. Nevertheless, it took the Mormons men under the leadership of Orson Pratt went ahead to more manldays of work to complete their road than it explore and improve the Donner Road while the main took the Donners. The question may be asked whether portion of the company followed the explorers24 Horace this difference was in part due to illness andlor debilita- Thornton, in a letter to G. Rognon, reported that Orson tion caused by the high rate of mountain fever. Pratt's men were the strongest individuals and selected the weakest animals for the road building and exploring Marry eyewitness narratives exist from the 1847 party-= Brigham Young Company. Most of the Ilarratives of this company have been reviewed for cases of mountain Erastus Snow wmte: "This afniction [mountain fever, but there are most likely additional cases that were fever] detained us so that, with the labor on the roads not recorded. Fmm the references noted, mountain fever through the Wasatch Mountain, we were unable to reach had an impact on the emigratioq causing at least signif- the Great Salt Lake valley until the 21st of July, when icamt delay. The occurrence of mountain fever slowed Orson Pratt and myself, of the working parties, . . . fvst the Camp of Israel, and the illness of Brigham Young emerged into the valley.'26 Levi Jackman, a member of certainly delayed his arrival in the Salt Lake Valley. We the exploring and rod-building group, said on 22 July can only speculate that Pioneer Day might have been cel- 1847, "Our move has slow[ed] for it took all able-bodied ebrated earlier in July had it not been for the pioneers' men from one-half to three-fourths . . . [more] time to diction with mountain fever. Mountain fever illus- make the rod so that we could possibly get along.'27 A. tmtes how a seemingly insignificant event as small as the P. Rockwood's journal notes frequent stops to rest bite of a tick may alter the course of history. because of illness after the group reached the Bear Rive9 Exhibit I: CAMP OF ISRAEL ROSTER Mountain fever victims are in bold. Captains of ten are shown as (C).

FIRSTTEN Pierce, Harvey Boggs, Francis Bumham, Jacob Rappleye, 'Tunis Eldredge, John S. Egbert, Joseph Weiler, Jacob Grant, David Fowler, John S. Kelsey, Steven Freeman, John M. FIm TEN Kendall, Levi N. Pratt, Orson Coltin, Zebedee Newman, Elijah Smith, George k Dixon, John Stewart, James. W. Tborpe, Marcus B. Earl, Sylvester H. Taft, Seth (C) Wardle, George *Empey, W11liam A. Thomas, Robert T. Woodluff, Wilford (C) Goddard, Stephen E (C) Thornton, Horace Henrie, William Williams, Almon M. SECONDTEN Lewis, Tarlton Adams, Barnabas L. Wle,Samuel NINTHTEN Benson, Ezra T. (C) Scholes, George Wings, George Brown, George Shemood, Henry Byard, Robert Bullock, Thomas Clayton, Wi Canington, Albert SIXTHTEN Cloward, Thomas Drim, Sterling Craig, James Cushing, Hosea *Grover, Thomas Howd, Simeon Egan, Howard (C) Little, Jesse c. Owen, Seeley Johnson, Philo +Lyman, Amasa M. Loveland, Chauncey Kimball, Heber C. Richards, Willard Shumway, Andm King, William A. +Stevens, Roswell Shumway, Charles (C) Whipple, Edson Snow, Erastus Rmu, TEN Vance, William TENTH TEN Angell, Truman 0. +Woolsey, Thomas Brown, Nathanial T. Everett, Addison Wordsworth, William Fairbanks, Nathanial Gre.ene, John Y. $Fan, Aaron Rockwood, Albert P. SEVENTHTEN *Harmon, Appleton (C) Scof~ld,Joseph Carter, William Murray, Carlos Stringham, Bryant Case, James (C) Pack, John Tanner, Thomas Dewey, Benjamin Franklin *Pomemy, Francis M. Young, Brigham Eastman, om Redden, Jackson Young, Lorenu, Ensign, Datus Rockwell, Orrin P. $Young7Phineas H. (C) Frink, Monroe Whitney, Horace K. Frost, Burr Whitney, Orson K. FOURTHTEN t$Glines, Eric Atwood, Millen Johnson, Artemus ELEVENTHTEN Dykes, William Losee, Franklin G. Chamberlain, Solomon *Ellsworth, Edmund Smoot, William C. *Davenport, James Fox, Samuel *Stewart Franklin B. Fitzgerald, Perry Granf George, R *Higbee, John S. (C) Hanks, Alvarus EIGHTHTEN Kleinman, Conrad Holman, John Allen, Rufus Rolfe, Benjamin *Johnson, Luke S. (C) Barnum, Charles D. Rooker, Joseph +Tippets, John H. Flake, Green Therlkill, Milton H. Walker, Henson Gleason, John Wheeler, John Matthews, Joseph (C) &OM MORMONBATTALION SICK Summe, Gillroid DETACHMENT TFVELFTH TEN Taylor, Norman Bin- Thomas Bamey, Lewis Buchanan, John Gibbons, Andrew WOMENAND CHILDREN Casto, wfiam Hancock, Joseph Decker, Isaac Perry Clarke, George Harper, Charles A. Kimball, Ellen Sanders Compton, Allen Jacob, Norton (C) Young, Clarissa D. Durfee, Francilias Stephen Young, Harriet P. W. Gould, Samuel Mills,- George Young, Lorenzo Z. Oakley, James Norton, John W. Roberts, Benjamin fwoodward, George MISSISSIPPISAINTS Shupe, Andrew J. Chesney, James Ternll, Joel J. THJRTEE~WHTEN Crow, Benjamin B. Williams, Thomas S. Brown, John (C) Crow, Elizabeth Cmsby, Oscar Crow, Elizabeth J. SAMBRANNAN PARTY Curtis, Lyman Crow, Harriet Brannan, Samuel Hanson, Hans C. Crow, Ida Mnda E. Smith, Charles C. Ivory, Mathew Crow, Ira Minda A. unidentified Jaclonan, Levi Crow, John M. Lw, Hark Crow, Robert Powell, David Crow, Walter H. *Left at the North Platte River ferry Row,Shadrack Crow, William P. ?Stayed at the Platte River ferry and Litle, Archibald caught up with the company. FOURTEENTHTEN Myers, Lewis B. $Sent to Big Company with mes- f Badger, Rodney TherW, George W. sage. Burke, Charles Therllcill, James W. +Sent to guide remaining Pueblo Chessley, Alexander Therlkill, Matilda J. Saints

Exhibit Ik MOUNTAIN FEVER CASES BY NAME AND AGE

Benson, Ezra T. (36)29 Ivory, Mathew (38)42 Sherwood, Henry G. (62)Ss Billings, George (20)30 Jackman, Levi (50)43 Shumway, Andrew P (14)56 Bullock, Thomas (3 1)31 Jacob, Norton (42)44 Smith, George A. (30)57 Carter, William (26)32 Johnson, Artemas's Smoof William (19)58 Case, James (53)33 Kimball, Heber C. (48)46 Snow, Erastus (29Y9 Chamberlain, Solomon (59)34 Little, Jesse C. (32)47 Summey, Sarah (husband 4960 Clayton, William (32)3s Nebeker, William P. (11)48 Thornton, Horace (25)61 cums, Lyman (45)36 Parish, Priscilla (14)49 Wardle, George (27)62 Dewey, Franklin B . (22)37 Parish, Samuel (49)sO Whipple, Edson (42)63 Egan, Howard (32)38 Patton, George (boy?)sl Woodruff, Wilford (40)64 Fowler, John S. (28)39 Richards, Willard (43)52 Young, Brigham (46)6s Goddard, Stephen H. (36)40 Rockwood, AIbert P. (42)53 Young, Clarissa D. (19)66 Grant, Caroline (29)41 Scofield, Joseph (38)w Notes Latter-day Saints ' Millennia1 Star 10:8 (15 April 1848), 117. We do not know if Thomas Bullock made the connection 1. George R. Stewart, The Califmia Trail (Lincoln, between the bite of ticks with mountain fever that affected the Nebraska: Bison Books, 1983), 255. company as a plague. Bullock's statement confirms the fact that ticks were very prevalent. 2. Ralph T. Richards, OfMedicine, Hospitals andDoctars (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1953), 163. 16. From the Orson Pratt journal, quoted in The Monnon Trail, Utah Crossroads, Oregon-California Trails Association, 3. Robert H. Shikes, Rocky Mountain Medicine Poulder, Sesquicentennial Field Trip Guide, 23-24 August 1997; T. Colorado: Johnson Books, 1986), 3 1. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Saints, W111 Bagley, ed. (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1997), 222. 4. Kristin Johnson, Unfortunate Emigrants (Logan, Utah: Utah State University Press, 19%), 293. 17. Jawetz, Melnick, and Adelberg.

5. Lillian Schisel, Women$ Diaries of the Westward 18. Harold Schindler, d.Cmwing the Plains (Salt Lake Journey (New York: Schocken Books, 1992), 67. City: Salt Lake Tribune, 1997), 238. See also Harold Schindler, Owin Porter RockwellMan of CodSon of Thrmdel; 6. Ibid., 57. 2nd ed (Salt Luke City: University of U&h Press, 1983). jp., 161 -62. 7. Ibid., 115. 19. J. A. Aldous and P. S. Nicholes, 'What Is Mountain 8. Eleazar Stillman Ingalls, Journal of a Trip to California Fever?" Overland Journal 15 (Spring 1997), 18-23. by the Overland Route Across the Plains 1850-51 (Fairfield, Washington: Ye Galleon Press, 1979), cited in an unpublished 20. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 215. manuscript by Lloyd W. Gundy, Awada, Colorado, 12. 21. The number is accountable because of the nine men 9. Emmy E. Wemer, Pioneer Chil&en on the Journey left at the Plattc River Ferry, the addition of seventeen West (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1995), 125. Mississippi Saints at Fort Laramie, the thirteen members of the sick detachment of the Mormon Battalion, and Sam Brannan 10. Edgeley W. Todd, ed., A Doctor on the California and two companions at the Grun River. Other members were Trail: The Diary of Jdur Hudron Wyanfimn Cambridge sent to guide or provide instruction to the main party of the Ci& Indiana, to fhe Gold Fields in 1852 (Denver: Old West Mormon Battalion sick detachment and the Big Company fol- Publishing Co., 1971), 14. lowing from Winter Quarters.

11. Schissel, 193. 22. Wallace Stegner, The Gathenirg of Zion (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 198 I), 157. 12. From the Charles Alfred Harper diary, quoted in Peter Olch, "Health-Related Problems on the Emigrants' Trails," 23. A Short Ske&h of the Life of Levi Jackman (1797- Emigrant TroiIs of Soulhern Idaho, Daniel J. Hutchinson and 1876) Transcript BYU, LDS Collectors Edition, Infobases, Larry Jones, tech. eds. (Boise: Bureau of Land Management 1994. and Idaho Historical Society, 1993), 100. 24. Preston Niblcy, Exodus Greatness (Salt Lake City: 13. P. V. Crawford, "Journal of a Trip Across the Plains, Desmt News Press, 1947), 419. 1851," Oregon Historical Society Quarter& 25 (June 1924): 13669. 25. Chronicles of Courage, vol. 3 (Salt Lake City: DUP Printing Co., 1992), 338. 14. From the Charles Alfred Harper diary, quoted in Peter Olch, "Health-Related Problems on the Emigrants' Trails," 26. Erastus Snow, LDS Biographical Encyclopedia, LDS Emigrant Trails of Southern Idoha, Daniel J. Hutchinson and Collectors Edition, Infobases, 194. Larry Jones, tech. eds. (Boise: Bureau of Land Management and Idaho Historical Society, 1993), 99; Ernest Jawetz, Joseph 27. A Short Sketch of the Life of hiJackman. L. Melnick, and Edward A. Adelberg, Medical Microbiology, 20th ed. (Norwalk: Appleton & Lange, 1995), 445. 28. Luceal Rockwood Curtis, Compiled and Assembled Hisby ofAlbert Perry Rockwd (Salt Lake City, n.p., 1%8), 15. Thomas Bullock to Griffith Williams, 4 January 1848, 67-68. 29. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Saints, 217; 48. C. Edward Jacob and Ruth S. Jacob, The Record of Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 208. Norton Jacob (Salt Lake City: 1949), 67-72.

30. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 208. 49. Carter, Heart Throbs of the West.

31. K. B. Carter, Heart Throbs of the West, vol. 9 (Salt 50. Ibid. Lake City: DUP, 1948), 444. 51. William Perry Nebekcr, Biography, LDS Collectors 32. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 231. Edition, Infobases, 1994.

33. Ibid., 256. 52. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Saints, 220.

34. Ibid., 247. 53. Curtis.

35. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Sain~s,217,219; 54. Sara Rich Autobiography, typescript, BYU, LDS Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 208. Collectors Edition, Infobases, 1994.

36. A Shat Sketch of the Life of Levi Jackman. 55. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 256.

37. Schindler, Cmssing the Plains, 256. 56. Carter, Our Pioneer Heritage, 544.

38. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Saints, 219. 57. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Saints; Schindler, Crassing the Plains, 211; Nibley, 412. 39. Ibid. 58. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 256. 40. Schindler, Crossing the Ploinr, 219. 59. Biography of Joseph Scholfield, LDS Collectors 41. Ibid., 216. Edition, Infobases, 1994.

42. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp ofthe Saints, 217. 60. Carter, Our Pioneer Heritage, 84.

43. A Shwt Sketch of the Life of Levi Jackman. 61. Chronicles of Courage.

44. Schindler, Cmssing the Plains, 216; Gene A. Sessions, 62. Bullock, The Pioneer Camp of the Saints, 216. Mormon Thunder: A Documenta~Histov of Jedediah Morgan Grant (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 65. 63. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 208.

45. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 256. 64. Bullock, 222.

65. Curtis; Nibley; Jacob and Jacob.

47. John Brown, John Brown Autobiography, 11 July 66. Schindler, Crossing the Plains, 211; Biography of 1847, quoied in The Monnon Trail Sesquicentennial Field Trip Joseph Scholfield. Guide, Crossroads Chapter OCTA, 23-24 August 1997,18.