Democracy and Human Rights in East Asia and Beyond Od 15 lat misją Collegium Civitas jest oferowanie studiów społecznych i politycznych na najwyższym poziomie, umożliwianie młodym ludziom zdobywania praktycznych umiejętności, – Critical Essays poszerzanie horyzontów oraz kształtowanie dojrzałych postaw obywatelskich. Wojna o pokój trwa… o pokój Wojna Collegium Civitas działa pod patronatem pięciu instytutów nauk społecznych PAN: Instytutu Filozofii i Socjologii, Instytutu Historii, Instytutu Studiów Politycznych, Instytutu Sztuki edited by Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska oraz Instytutu Slawistyki. Collegium Civitas oferuje studia w następujących obszarach: • dyplomacja • stosunki międzynarodowe • dziennikarstwo • bezpieczeństwo • marketing i nowe media • badania rynkowe i psychologia społeczna na najbardziej poszukiwanych kierunkach i specjalnościach: Socjologia, Stosunki Międzynarodowe, Politologia, Dziennikarstwo, Studia Azjatyckie. Collegium Civitas jest uczelnią akademicką – posiada uprawnienia do nadawania stopnia naukowego doktora w dziedzinie socjologii. Uczelnia jest członkiem Konferencji Rektorów Akademickich Szkół Polskich, jako jedna z zaledwie dziewięciu szkół niepublicznych. Collegium Civitas jako pierwsza niepubliczna uczelnia wyższa w Polsce wprowadziło licencjackie i magisterskie studia w zakresie Stosunków Międzynarodowych i Politologii w języku angielskim (International Relations, Political Science). Oferuje ponad 25 programów studiów w języku angielskim i dwujęzycznych (polsko-angielskich) w następujących obszarach: • stosunki międzynarodowe • dyplomacja i komunikacja międzykulturowa • media międzynarodowe i dziennikarstwo • PR i marketing • biznes, zarządzanie i negocjacje międzynarodowe. Zajęcia w CC prowadzone są przez: • blisko 200 wybitnych wykładowców z Polskiej Akademii Nauk o międzynarodowym doświadczeniu naukowym i dydaktycznym • około 90 wykładowców z tytułem naukowym profesora i doktora habilitowanego • osobistości ze świata dyplomacji, sztuki i mediów. Wszystkie informacje na temat działalności Collegium Civitas dostępne są na stronie internetowej www.civitas.edu.pl Pałac Kultury i Nauki, 00-901 Warszawa, plac Defilad 1, XII piętro Recepcja: tel. 22 656 71 87/88 Rekrutacja: tel. 22 656 71 87 do 89 Zeszyty Naukowe e-mail: [email protected] e-mail: [email protected] Zeszyty Naukowe Warszawa 2014 ISBN 978-83-61067-50-4 22 24 C OLLEGIUM C IVITAS Democracy and Human Rights in East Asia and Beyond – Critical Essays Scientific edition Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska Warsaw 2015 COLLEGIUM CIVITAS Scientific editor: Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska, Ph.D. Reviewer: professor Waldemar J. Dziak, Institute of Political Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical editor: Marek Gawron Proofreading: Jacek Łuczak Cover design: Aleksandra Jaworowska, [email protected] Typography: Marek W. Gawron ISBN 978-83-61067-74-0 Publisher: Collegium Civitas Press Palace of Culture and Science, 12th floor 00-901 Warsaw – Poland Plac Defilad 1 tel. +48 22 656 71 96 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.civitas.edu.pl This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license. You are free: • to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work • to remix – to adapt the work under the following conditions: • attribution – You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work); • share alike – If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. Table of contents Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska Democracy and Human Rights in East Asia and Beyond: An Introduction ………………………………………………………………..…………………….………… 5 Monika Zając Human Rights and Social Responsibility of Transnational Corporations – the Case Study of East Asia …………………………...…….. 65 Weronika Składanek ASEAN’s Non-interference Rule – historical and political background and application …………………………….………...……. 81 Anton Ruliou Sinocentrism and Democracy – Mutual Influences ………………………………….….…..…… 101 Aleksandra Wieliczko Myanmar’s policy towards the Rohingya people: the implications for the country's democratic transition process ……………………………... 113 Ibrahim Aktas Uighur Separatism and Human Rights: A Contextual Analysis ……………………………………………………………..………………….……. 135 Adriana Pignuolo The use of torture in China, Singapore and Indonesia – A comparative perspective ……………………………………………………….……………….…… 149 Oksana Kurylo The use of death penalty in China, Japan and Taiwan – A comparative perspective …………………………………………………….…………...…………. 175 Anastasiia Kovalyshyna Indian and Chinese Developmental Paths and their Socio-Economic Consequences – A comparative perspective ……………..……………………………………….…………..………… 191 About Authors ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 205 Publications of Collegium Civitas ……………………………………………….….………… 207 Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska Democracy and Human Rights in East Asia and Beyond: An Introduction The idea for the book came to my mind when three years ago I started to conduct courses on democracy, international human rights and cross-cultural communication for the stu- dents of Collegium Civitas. Many of the topics discussed in those courses revolved around East Asia. As a result, some students have become deeply interested in those scope areas, and when encouraged, they committed their creative faculties to research and writ- ing essays on key issues related to democracy and human rights in East Asia. Their ap- proaches differed, though they could be described in three broad categories. Monika Zając, Weronika Składanek and Anton Ruliou devoted their essays to tracing relationships between key structural factors operating in East Asia at both conceptual and practical levels. Those were, respectively, the interaction between social responsibil- ity of East Asian transnational corporations and human rights; between normative foundations of ASEAN and its practice towards the issues of democratisation and pro- motion of human rights; between democracy and Confucianism as a key social philos- ophy in East Asia. Aleksandra Wieliczko and Ibrahim Aktas presented case studies on the situation of Rohingya in Myanmar and Uighurs in China, respectively. In each of those cases, difficult relations between the state and/or privileged group on one side and a disadvantaged one on the other, often underscored by escalating violence, constitute both a proof of salience of the subject of introducing and protecting democracy and human rights in East Asia and a major contemporary challenge to the credibility of current systemic solutions func- tioning in the region with regard to those issues at state and international levels. And finally, three students took it upon themselves to conduct comparative studies, juxtaposing a certain issue related to human rights or democracy across two or more Asian countries. Thanks to that, regional trends as well as major similarities and differ- ences in the field could be diagnosed. For Adriana Pignuolo such issue is the use of torture, while the states whose practices are analysed are China, Singapore and Indone- sia. Oksana Kurylo selected the practice of death penalty for comparison between China, Japan and Taiwan. Finally, Anastasiia Kovalyshyna comparatively looked into key 5 Marta Kosmala-Kozłowska features behind the Indian and Chinese experiences of respective socio-economic trans- formations, democracy or its lack among those. This diverse approach is valuable and interesting. In most cases students engaged in exercising critical thinking toward issues at hand, generating insights on the subject which run against the media discourse or conventional wisdom. Because of that, they are good pieces of early scholarship and they should be seen as such – not for their inevitable deficiencies, but for their novel, insightful approaches to matters otherwise superficially discussed or ignored. However, upon editing the essays, I felt compelled to put them against a broader framework, to provide proper context to how they address the democracy and human rights-related issues in East Asia. Thus, the aim of the introduction to this volume is to both outline conceptual frameworks for discussing these issues as well as to provide a wider comparative context, reaching across East Asia and beyond, to the inevitable template for any discussions on democracy and human rights – the Western experience. I do not, therefore, put forth a set of hypotheses for concrete aspects of the research agenda outlined above, leaving it to the students themselves, except perhaps a general overarching one. That to understand real conditions of and progress on human rights and democracy in East Asia as well as how and why these conditions and progress are generated and shaped one needs to move beyond Western preferences, solutions and understandings of the issues and embrace the perspective from the analysed region. This is why, while most works related to human rights and democracy mark everything else than the West as beyond, in this book this logic is reversed. The main idea of the above article is to establish a substantive underpinning for the collection of student essays contained in the book. Thus, introduction is divided into sections, each introducing a part of the picture, gradually laying the groundwork for appreciating the critical nature of the essays. Hence, first I present the very emergence of human rights as an internationalised concept in the specific historical